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CAMP'S 


HIGIIEE  GEOGPaPHY, 


TRErARED    TO   ACCOMPAXY 


MITCHELL'S  SERIES  OF  OUTLINE  MAPS, 


AND   DESKJNED   EOR 


GRAMMAR    AND    HIGH    SCHOOLS. 


AND   FOR   THE 


niGIIER  CLASSES  OF  DISTRICT  SCHOOLS. 


BY 


DAVID  N.  CAMP, 


piuNcrrAi,  OF  Tin:  conn,  state  xokmal  school  and  state  superintendent  of  common  schools. 


HARTFOrir>: 
PUCLISIIED    BY   0.   D.    CASE   AND    COMPANY; 

O^H  I  C  A  G-  O  : 

GEOEGE    SIIEP.VrOOD    &    CO. 
1804. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  18G2,  by 

0.     D.     CASE     &     CO., 

lu  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States,  for  the  District  of  Connecticut. 


CASE,   LOCKAVOOD    Sc    CO., 

ELECTKOTYPEKS    AND    PKINTEKS, 

HAKTFORI>,    CONN. 


PREFACE. 


The  following  work  has  been  prepared  for  use  in  High  Schools  and  Academies,  and  for 
the  higher  classes  in  District  Schools.  The  lessons  are  arranged  to  accompany  Mitchell's 
Scries  of  Outline  Maps,  but  can  be  used  independently,  as  the  book  is  complete  in  itself. 
The  maps  are  exact  transcripts  of  thd^utline  Maps  reduced  in  size,  and  the  key  to  the 
maps  in  tlie  book  is  also  a  key  to  the  larger  maps. 

The  map  questions  are  prepared  to  test  the  pupil's  knowledge  of  the  most  important 
things  in  map  studies,  after  he  has  carefully  studied  the  map  with  the  key. 

The  geographical  definitions,  it  is  believed,  are  exact,  and  sufficiently  comprehensive ; 
and  the  lessons  in  descriptive  geography  include  the  more  important  facts  relative  to 
countries  and  cities,  and  are  so  arranged  as  to  facilitate  the  comparison  of  different 
countries,  and  assist  in  generalization  and  classification. 

The  cuts  have  been  specially  prepared  for  this  work,  and  the  subjects  have  been 
selected,  not  only  as  illustrations  of  the  text,  but  as  worthy  of  extended  study  by  the 
pupil. 

The  Outline  Maps  have  been  revised  and  improved  so  as  to  present  to  the  eye,  in  a 
clear  and  distinct  manner,  the  divisions  of  the  earth's  surface  with  the  natural  features 
of  each. 


r-rr>>«  J%*^^  A 


HINTS    TO   TEACHERS. 


In  introducing  tho  study  of  Geography  to  a  class  of  young  pupils,  their  attcutiou 
should  first  bo  directed  to  the  school  yard,  or  a  portion  of  the  road,  or  fields ;  prominent 
objects  should  be  pointed  out,  and  their  relative  position  and  distance  noted.  The  whole 
should  then  be  represented  on  the  blackboard,  by  the  teacher.  Thus  would  be  conveyed 
to  the  child  the  idea  of  a  map.  This  map  should  be  copied  on  a  slate,  by  each  member 
of  the  class,  and  recited  from  as  a  lesson.  Additions  of  surrounding  fields,  roads  and 
prominent  objects,  should  be  made  at  successive  lessons,  till  a  map  of  the  district, 
village,  town,  or  city,  is  completed. 

Various  natural  features  should  be  described  when  located,  such  as  brooks,  ponds, 
hills  and  islands  ;  the  points  of  tlie  compass  indicated  ;  the  boundaries,  peculiarities,  and 
general  features  of  the  wdiole  taught  orally,  and  by  actual  view  of  the  same  if  possililc. 

By  similar  and  successive  steps,  the  geography  of  tlie  county  and  state  should  bo 
taught,  while  an  outline  of  the  same  is  made  upon  the  board  and  copied  by  the  class. 

In  the  use  of  this  book  let  the  mathematical  terms  employed  in  geography  be  carefully 
explained  with  a  globe  or  other  apparatus,  and  the  definitions  be  well  learned  and  fully 
illustrated. 

In  the  study  of  the  maps,  the  pupil  should  be  taught  to  remember  the  various  natural 
objects  from  their  form  and  position,  and  not  alone  from  the  nimibers  which  mark  them. 

In  using  the  Outline  Maps,  the  map  shoidd,  if  convenient,  be  suspended  on  the  north 
side  of  the  room.  In  recitation,  the  pupils  can  name  the  objects  as  pointed  out  by  the 
teacher,  or  can  point  them  out  as  called  Ijy  the  teacher,  or  some  member  of  the  class. 
Commencing  with  the  upper  left  hand  corner  of  each  map,  let  the  countries  and  natural 
bodies  of  land  and  water  be  learned  and  recited  in  their  order,  classified  as  follows  : 

1  Countries.  5     Capes,  Peninsidas  and  Isthmuses. 

2  Oceans,  Seas,  Gulfs  and  Bays.    6     Mountains  and  Deserts. 

3  Straits,  Channels  and  Sounds.     7     Lakes  and  Rivers. 

4  Islands.  8     Cities  and  Towns,  (not  recited  on  Map  No.  1.) 
Tlie  pupil  should  become  so  familiar  with  each  map,  the  natural  features  represented, 

the  political  divisions  and  the  locality  of  places,  as  to  recognize  them  at  once  without 
numbers  or  names. 

This  attainment  can  be  secured  by  a  careful  study  of  the  map  with  the  key  in  the 
geography,  and  by  drawing  the  map  on  the  slate  or  paper,  putting  down  the  parallels 
and  meridians,  and  accurately  filling  up  the  outline  with  the  natural  and  political 
divisions.     The  objects  given  in  Roman  letters  should  be  learned  first. 


HINTS    TO    TEACHERS. 


In  the  location  and  description  of  countries  or  other  bodies  of  land,  and  bodies  of 
water,  it  is  well  for  the  teacher  to  give  a  model  to  be  followed  by  each  member  of  the 
class.     Thus  in  describing 

A  Country  or  State. — Locate  and  bound. 

An  Ocean,  Sea,  Gulf  or  Bay. — Give  its  direction  from  the  nearest  coast,  and  tell 
with  Avhat  bodies  of  water  it  is  connected. 

A  Strait,  Channel  or  Sound. — State  between  what  countries  or  islands  it  lies,  and 
v\'hat  bodies  of  water  it  connects. 

An  Island. — Give  its  direction  from  some  country  or  larger  island,  and  what  water 
surrounds  it. 

A  Cape. — Tell  from  what  country  or  coast,  and  into  what  body  of  water  it  projects. 

A  Peninsula. — Mention  the  body  of  land  with  which  it  is  connected,  and  the  bodies 
of  water  nearly  surrounding  it. 

An  Isthmus. — Mention  the  countries  it  connects  and  the  bodies  of  water  it  lies  between. 

A  Mountain. — Tell  in  what  part  of  what  country  it  is  situated  ;  if  a  range  of  moun- 
tains, give  the  direction  in  which  it  extends. 

A  Lake. — Tell  in  what  part  of  what  country  it  is,  and  give  its  outlet  if  any  is  named. 

A  River. — Tell  its  source,  direction,  and  into  what  body  of  water  it  flows. 

A  City  or  Town. — Locate  and  tell  whether  a  seaport  or  not. 

Each  map  is  to  be  reviewed  by  promiscuous  questions.  A  few  of  these  have  been  given. 
But  the  teacher  should  multiply  and  vary  them,  as  circumstances  require. 

The  questions  on  the  maps  are  followed  by  a  brief  description  of  the  countries  repre- 
sented. The  more  important  facts  are  given  on  each  country.  But  a  full  description 
could  not  be  given,  without  increasing  the  size  and  price  of  the  book  far  beyond  the 
wants  of  our  schools.  Tliis  can  much  better  be  obtained  from  gazetteers,  geographical 
dictionaries  and  cyclopedias,  than  from  any  text-book. 

For  classes  of  advanced  scholars,  topical  instruction  will  often  be  found  the  most 
beneficial. 

For  this  purpose,  let  a  country  be  selected  and  a  topic  given  to  each  member  of  the 
class.  Each  pupil  should  then  consult  reference  books,  such  as  cyclopedias  and  books 
of  travel,  and  from  all  available  sources  obtain  the  information  desired,  and  be  prepared 
to  stand  by  the  map,  before  the  class,  and  give  a  connected,  intelligent  account  of  the 
facts  he  has  obtained,  without  questions  or  suggestions. 

The  following  list  of  topics  is  given  to  be  varied  to  suit  the  size  and  capacities  of  the 
class : 

LIST  OF  TOPICS  FOR  ADVx\NCED  CLASS. 

1  Name  of  Country,  Situation,  Extent  and  Boundaries. 

2  Coast,  (indentations  and  projections.) 
8     Rivers  and  Lakes,  (water-sheds.) 

4  Surface,  (mountains,  plains,  plateaus,  &c.) 

5  Soil  and  Climate,  (how  varied  and  affected.) 


CONTENTS. 


6  Productions,  (animal,  vegetable  and  mineral.) 

7  Manufactures. 

8  Commerce,  (exports  and  imports.) 

9  Cities  and  Towns,  (capitals,  seaports  and  manufacturing  towns.) 

10  Traveling  Facilities, 

11  Inhabitants,,  (population,  manners  and  customs.) 

12  Government.  ^ 

13  Education  and  Eeligion. 

14  History,  (Colonial  Possessions.) 

15  Miscellaneous.      (Natural  curiosities,  places  and  objects  of  interest,  distin- 
guished persons,  &c.) 


CONTENTS. 


Preface,        .... 
Hints  to  Teachers,    . 
Mathematical  Definitions, 
Geographical  Definitions. 

The  Earth, 

Natural  Divisions,   Land,     . 
Natural  Divisions,  V.'atkii, 
Description  op  Map.s,  .  . 

Hemispheres, 

Size,  Motions  and  Circles  of  Earth, 
Latitude,  .... 
Longitude,       .  .  •  . 

Zones,         .  .  .  • 

Maps,  with  Key  and  Questions. 
No.  1,     The  Word, 
No.  2,     North  America, 
No.   S,     British  Provinces, 
No.  4,     United  States  and  Mexico, 
No.  5,     South  America, 
No.   f),     Europe,         .  .  . 


Page. 

No.   7,     Asia, 

Page. 
126 

4 

No.   8,     Africa, 

. 

.       142 

7 

No.   9,     Oceanica, 

. 

156 

No.   10,  The   Physical  World, 

• 

.       164 

8 

Descriptive  Geography. 

8 

North  America, 

. 

29 

9 

British  Provinces, 

. 

3,5 

10 

United  States  and  Mexico, 

. 

49 

10 

South  America,     . 

. 

86 

11 

Europe,            .            .            . 

. 

.       103 

n 

Asia, 

• 

131 

12 

Africa,            .            .            . 

. 

.       146 

12 

Oceanica, 

. 

160 

Physical  Geography, 

• 

,       167 

14 

Land,          .             .             . 

. 

167 

24 

Water, 

• 

.       172 

82 

The  Atmosphere,           .    . 

. 

175 

40 

CJeographical  Distribution  of 

Plants, 

,      177 

82 

GeOORAPHICAL    DlSTHIPrTTON    OF 

Animals, 

178 

96 

'  Vocabulary  and  Tables,    . 

. 

.       180 

HIGHER  GKOGIIAPHY. 


N,o5^'^^--"'>' 


DEFINITIONS  OF  MATIIEJLVTICAL  TERMS  USED  IN  GEOGRAPHY* 


Q.  What  is  a  sphere  ? 

A  solid  bounded  by  a  surface  every  point 
of  which  is  equally  distant  from  a  point 
within,  called  the  center. 

Q.   What  is  the  diameter  of  a  sphere? 

The  distance  from  one  side  to  the  other 
through  its  center. 

Q.  What  is  the  circumference  of  a  sphere  ? 

The  distance  round  it. 

Q.  What  is  the  axis  of  a  sphere  ? 

The  straight  line  about  which  it  revolves. 

Q.  What  are  the  poles  ? 

The  ends  of  the  axis.  A  hemisphere  is 
half  a  sphere. 

Q.  What  is  a  circle? 

A  portion  of  a  plane  bounded  by  a  curved 


line  every  point  of  which  is  equally  distant 
from  a  point  within,  called  the  center.  The 
bounding  line  is  called  the  circumference. 

Note.  In  Geography,  the  term  circle  is  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  the  circumference. 

Q.  What  are  great  circles  of  a  sphere  ? 

Those  which  pass  through  its  center.  All 
which  do  not  pass  through  the  center  are 
small  circles. 

Q.  What  is  an  arc  ? 

A  portion  of  the  circumference  of  a  circle. 

Q.   How  are  arcs  measured  ? 

Every  circle  is  divided  into  360  degrees, 
every  degree  into  60  minutes,  every  minute 
into  60  seconds,  and  these  are  used  for  the 
measurement  of  arcs. 


This  les.«!On  should  be  illustrated  by  a  sphere  or  by  figures  on  a  blackboard. 


G  E  0  G  K  A  P II I  C  A  L     DEFINITIONS. 


GEOGRAPHICAL    DEFINITIONS 


1.     THE  EARTH. 
Q    What  is  Geography  ? 

A  description  of  the  surface  of  the  Earth. 
Q.   AN^hat  do  we  understand  by  "  the  Earth  f 
The  globe  or  world  on  which  we  live. 
Q.   What  is  its  form  ? 

It  is  round  or  spherical,  like  a  hall. 
Q.  Of  what  does  the  surface  of  the  earth  consist  ? 
Of  land  and  water. 


2.     LAND. 

Q.  What  portion  of  the  earth  is  land  ? 

About  one-fourth  part — the  other  three 
parts  are  water. 
j  Q.   What  are  the  principal  divisions  of  land  ? 

Continents  and  Islands. 

Q.   What  is  a  continent  ? 

A  very  large  extent  of  land,  surrounded 
by  water,  as  the  Eastern  Continent  and 
Western  Continent. 

Note.  Divisions  are  somctimeg  called  continents,  as 
Asia,  Africa. 

Q.  What  is  an  island  ? 

A  portion  of  land  less  than  a  continent, 
entirely  surrounded  by  water,  as  Australia. 

Q.   What  other  natural  divisions  of  land  ? 

Peninsulas,  Isthmuses,  Capes  and  Prom- 
ontories. 

Note.      These   divisions   are   parts   of   continents   or 

islands. 

Q.  What  is  a  peninsula  ? 

A  portion  of  land  almost  surrounded  by 
water.     Africa  is  a  peninsula. 

Q.   \\''hat  is  an  isthmus  ? 

A  narrow  neck  of  land  connecting  two 
large  divisions  of  land,  as  the  Isthmus  of 
Darien. 


Q.  Wliat  is  a  cape  ? 

A  point  of  land  extending  into  the  sea, 
as  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Q.   What  is  a  promontor}'  'i 

A  high  point  of  land  extending  into  the 
sea. 

Q.  How  is  the  earth  diversified  ? 

By  Mountains,  Hills,  Plains  and  Valleys. 

Q.  What  is  a  mountain  ? 

A  high  elevation  of  land.  A  continuous 
elevation,  or  a  number  of  mountains  con- 
nected together,  is  called  a  chain  or  range 
of  mountains,  as  the  Andes. 

Note.  The  tops  of  the  highest  mountains  are  covered 
with  ice  and  snow,  even  in  the  warmest  regions  of  the  earth. 

Q.  What  is  a  volcano  ? 

It  is  a  mountain  sending  forth  fire  and 
smoke,  also  lava  or  melted  stones,  from  an 
opening  at  the  top,  called  a  crater. 

Note.  Some  volcanoes  are  constantly  burning,  while 
others  are  intermittent  in  their  eruptions. 

Q.  What  is  a  hill  ? 

An  elevation  of  land  not  so  high  as  a 
mountain. 

Q.  What  is  a  plain  ? 

A  level  tract  of  land. 

Note.  High  and  extended  tracts  of  land  are  called 
Table  Lands,  or  Plateaus. 

Q.  What  is  a  valley  ? 

A  portion  of  land  situated  between  moun- 
tains or  hills. 

Q.  What  is  a  desert  ? 

A  sandy,  barren  tract  of  land. 

Note.     A  fertile  spot  in  a  desert  is  called  an  oasis. 
Q.  What  is  a  shore,  or  coast  ? 
A  portion  of  land  bordering  on  the  water ; 
as  the  Atlantic  coast — Long  Island  shore. 


GrEOGRAPHICAL    DEFINITIONS. 


MOUNTAINS,    HILLS,    PLAINS   AND   VALLEYS. 


S.     WATER. 

Q.  How  is  the  water  divided  ? 

Into  Oceans,  Seas,  Archipelagoes,  Gulfs, 
I>ays,  Sounds,  Channels,  Straits,  Lakes,  and 
Rivers. 

Q.  What  is  an  ocean  ? 

It  is  the  largest  extent  of  water, — as  the 
Pacific  ocean. 

Q.  How  many  oceans  are  there  ? 

Five. — The  Northern,  Southern,  Pacific, 
Atlantic  and  Indian.  They  are  all  connected 
and  form  one  vast  body  of  salt  water. 

Q.  What  is  a  sea  ? 

A  collection  of  salt  water  smaller  than 
an  ocean,  and  nearly  surrounded  by  land. 

Q.  What  is  an  Archipelago  V 

It  is  a  sea  containing  many  islands. 

Note.  The  term  archipelago  is  also  applied  to  groups 
of  islands. 

Q.  What  are  gulfs  and  bays  V 

Portions  of  the  sea  or  ocean,  extending 
into  the  land. 


Q.  What  is  a  strait  ? 

A  narrow  passage  connecting  two  large 
bodies  of  water. 

Q.  What  is  a  channel  ? 

A  wide  strait. 

Q.  What  is  a  sound  ? 

A  strait  or  channel  that  may  be  measured 
with  lead  and  line. 

Q.  What  is  a  lake  ? 

A  body  of  water  surrounded  by  land,  ex- 
cept wliere  it  receives  or  discharges  its  waters. 

Note.  The  water  of  most  lakes  is  fresh.  Salt  Lakes 
arc  generally  called  seas,— as  the  Caspian. 

Q.   What  is  a  river  ? 

A  large  stream  of  water,  flowing  from  its 
source  into  larger  streams  or  other  bodies 
of  water. 

Note  1.  Small  streams  are  called  creeks,  rivulets, 
brooks  or  rills. 

Note  2.  The  banks  of  a  river  are  the  land  bordering 
on  its  sides.  The  right  bank  is  that  on  the  right  hand 
side  as  you  descend  the  stream,  and  the  left  bank  is  on 
the  opposite  side. 


10 


GEOGRAPHICAL    DEFINITIONS. 


OCEAN 


BODIES    OF     LAND    AND    WATER. 


Q.  How  are  rivers  formed  ? 

By  a  union  of  rivulets  flowing  from 
springs,  issuing  from  high  lands,  or  from 
lakes  or  ponds. 

Q.  Where  is  the  source  of  a  river  ? 

That  place  from  which  it  begins  to  flow, 
as  a  spring  or  lake. 

Q.  What  is  the  mouth  of  a  river  ? 

The  place  where  it  discharges  its  waters. 

NoTF.  The  space  occupied  by  the  water  of  a  river  is 
called  its  bed  or  channeL 


4.     MAPS. 

Q.     Describe  a  map. 

A  map  is  a  picture  of  a  part  or  the  whole 
of  the  earth's  surface,  as  it  would  appear  if 
viewed  from  a  place  above  it. 

Not?:.     See  map  of  continent,  &c.,  above. 

Q.   What  does  a  map  represent  ? 

The  forms  of  Continents,  Oceans,  Islands, 
Lakes,  Rivers,  &c. 

Q.  In  what  direction  is  the  top  of  the  map  sup- 
posed to  be  ? 


North. 

Q.  Tiic  bottom  of  a  map  It 

South. 

Q.  The  right  hand  ? 

East. 

Q.  The  left  hand  ? 

West.' 

Q.  What  are  these  directions  called  ? 
The  cardinal  or  chief  points  of  the  com- 
pass. 


5.     HEMISPHERES.* 
Q.  What  does  the  word  Hemisphere  signify  ? 
Half  of  a  globe  or  sphere. 
Q.  How  many  Hemispheres  are  there  ? 

Two,  the  Eastern  and  Western. 

NoTK.  If  we  take  an  orange  and  cut  it  into  halves 
and  place  these  halves  side  by  side,  with  their  flat  sur 
faces  on  the  wall,  they  will  represent  the  Hemispheres. 

Q.  Which  is  the  Eastern  Hemisphere  ? 

The  one  on  the  right  hand. 

*  See  globe  or  map  No.  I 


GEOGRAPHICAL    DEFINITIONS 


11 


Q.  "What  docs  the  map  on  the  Eastern  Hemisphere 
represent  ? 

The  Eastern  side  of  the  earth ;  viz :  Eu- 
rope, Asia,  Africa,  and  a  part  of  Oceanica, 
together  with  the  Indian  ocean,  and  parts 
of  the  Northern,  Southern,  Pacific  and  At- 
lantic oceans. 

Q.  Which  is  the  "Western  Hemisphere  ? 
The  one  on  the  left  hand. 
Q.  "What  docs  the  map  of  the  "\Yestern  Hemisphere 
represent  ? 

The  Western  half  of  the  earth.  It  con- 
tains North  and  South  America,  and  the 
remaining  part  of  Oceanica ;  also  a  part  of 
the  Northern,  Southern,  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
oceans. 

Q.  "Which  Hemisphere  contains  the  most  land  ? 

The  Eastern. 

Q.   "Which  the  most  water  ? 

The  Western. 

Q.  For  what  is  the  Eastern  Continent  distin- 
guished ? 

For  containing  the  most  land,  the  highest 
mountains,  and  the  greatest  number  of  in- 
habitants. 

Q.   For  what  is  the  "Western  Continent  noted  ? 

For  the  number  and  magnitude  of  its 
lakes,  its  extended  ranges  of  mountainSc, 
and  the  length  of  its  rivers. 

6.     SIZE    AND    MOTIONS    OF    THE    EARTH, 
EQUATOR  AND  CIRCLES. 
Note.     The  teacher  should  use  a  globe  to  illustrate 
this  lesson. 

Q.  What  is  the  size  of  the  Earth  ? 
It  is  about  25,000  miles  in  circumference 
and  nearly  8,000  in  diameter. 

Note.  The  earth  is  not  an  exact  sphere,  the  polar  di- 
ameter being  but  7,900  miles,  while  the  equatorial  is  7,926. 

Q.  What  is  the  axis  of  the  Earth  ? 

It  is  an  imaginary  line  passing  through 
its  center,  from  north  to  south,  upon  which 
it  turns. 

Q.  What  are  the  Poles  ? 


The  ends  of  the  Earth's  axis. 
The  northern  is  called  the  north  Pole, 
the  southern  the  south  Pole. 

Note.     These  are  also  imaginary. 

Q.  AVhat  motions  has  the  Earth  ? 

It  has  one  on  its  axis,  called  the  diurnal 
or  daily  motion,  and  one  around  the  sun, 
called  the  annual  or  yearly  motion. 

Note.  The  earth  revolves  or  turns  on  its  axis  from 
west  to  east,  once  in  twenty-four  hours ;  this  causes  day 
and  night.  It  revolves  around  the  sun  once  in  8655-  days. 
This,  with  the  inclination  of  its  axis  to  the  plane  of  its 
orbit,  causes  the  different  lengths  of  days  and  nights,  and 
the  change  of  the  seasons. 

Note.  Tne  earth  has  other  motions,  which  the  pupil 
will  learn  about  in  the  study  of  Astronomy. 

Q.  What  is  the  Equator  ? 

An  imaginary  great  circle  of  the  earth 
situated  at  equal  distances  from  the  poles. 

Q.  How  does  it  divide  the  earth  ? 

Into  two  equal  parts  called  the  Northern 
and  Southern  Hemispheres. 

Q.  How  is  the  Equator  represented  on  the  map  of 
the  hemispheres  ? 

By  a  line  crossing  it  from  east  to  west, 
and  marked  0  on  its  sides. 

Q.  What  are  the  Tropics  ? 

Tavo  imaginary  small  circles  parallel  to 
the  equator  and  23^°  from  it. 

The  northern  is  called  the  Tropic  of  Can- 
cer, and  the  southern  the  Tropic  of  Capri- 
corn. 

Q.  What  are  the  Polar  Circles  ? 

Two  imaginary  small  circles  parallel  to 
the  tropics  and  23i°  from  the  poles. 

The  northern  is  called  the  Arctic  Circle, 
and  the  southern  the  Antarctic  Circle. 

Questions  on  Globe  or  Map  No.  1.  Point  out  the 
North  pole.  South  pole.  Equator.  Eastern  hemis- 
phere. Western  hemisphere.  Northern  hemisphere 
Southern  hemisphere.     Tropics.     Polar  circles. 


/  7.     LATITUDE 

Q.  Wh.at  is  Latitude  ? 


12 


GEOGRAPHICAL    DEFINITIONS. 


Distance  from  the  equator  either  north 

or  south. 

Q.  How  is  Latitude  represented '? 

By  lines  crossing  the  map  from  the  right 
to  the  left,  and  numbered  on  its  sides. 

Q.   What  are  these  lines  called  ? 

Parallels  of  Latitude,  because  they  pass 
around  tlie  earth  parallel  with  the  equator. 

Q.  What  do  the  figures  attached  to  the  parallels  of 
Latitude  show? 

The  number  of  degrees  of  Latitude. 
Q.    Where  do  we  begin  to  reckon  the  degrees  of 
latitude  ? 

At  the  Equator. 

Q.  How  many  degrees  between  the  equator  and  each 
of  the  poles? 

Ninety. 

Q.  What  is  said  of  places  either  north  or  south  of 
the  equator  ? 

Those  north  of  the  equator  are  in  North 
Lititudo,  and  those  sonth,  arc  in  South  Lat- 
itnde 

Q.   What  of  places  on  the  equator  ? 
They  have  no  Latitude. 

Q,   W.iat  is  the  length  of  each  degree  of  latitude  ? 
Sixty  geographical  miles,  or  sixty-nine  and 
a  quarter  statute  miles. 

Note.  The  geographical  mile  must  be  distinguished 
from  the  statute  mile.  The  former  may  be  longer  or 
gliorter — the  latter  is  always  of  the  same  length. 

Q.  How  then  may  we  learn  the  distance  of  a  place 
from  the  equator  V 

By  determining  the  number  of  degrees 
between  it  and  the  equator,  and  reducing 
them  to  miles. 


8.     LONGITUDE. 
Q.   What  is  Longitude  ? 

Distance  east  or  west  from  some  given 
meridian. 

Q.  What  arc  Meridians  ? 

Great  circles  of  the  earth,  extending  from 
pole  to  pole,  cutting  the  equator  at  right 
an"-les.     These  circles,  marked  by  lines  ex- 


tending from  the  top  to  the  bottom  of  the 
map,  represent  Longitude. 

Q.  From  what  meridian  do  wc  usually  reckon 
Longitude  ? 

That  of  Greenwich,  in  England,  which  is 
marked  0  on  the  map,  and  is  called  the  first 

meridian. 

Q.  What  is  tlie  custom  of  different  nations  in  this 
respect  ? 

To  reckon  Longitude  from  their  capitals, 
— as  the  United  States  fromWashington  city. 

Q.  Where  are  the  degrees  of  Longitude  usually 
marked  on  the  maps  ? 

On  the  map  of  the  world,  they  are  marked 
on  the  equator;  but  on  other  maps  they  are 
usually  placed  at  the  top  and  bottom. 

Q.  How  many  degrees  of  Longitude  are  there  ? 

Beginning  at  the  first  meridian  there  are 
180  degrees  of  East  Longitude,  and  180  de- 
grees of  West. 

Q.   How  many  degrees,  then,  around  the  earth  ? 
Three  hundred  and  sixty. 
Q.   What  Longitude  have  places  on  the  first  merid- 
ian ? 

No  Longitude. 

Q.  How  can  you  tell  whether  the  Longitude  of  a 
place  be  East  or  West  V 

If  the  figures  or  degrees  increase  from 
left  to  right,  the  Longitude  is  East ;  if  they 
increase  from  right  to  left  it  is  West. 

Q.   What  is  the  length  of  a  degree  of  Longitude? 

It  is  sixty-nine  and  a  quarter  miles  on  the 
equator,  but  the  degrees  constantly  lessen 
from  the  equator  to  the  poles,  where  they 
cease  to  have  any  length.* 

9.      ZONES. 

Q.  What  are  Zones  ? 

Divisions  of  the  earth's  surface  formed  by 
the  tro])ics  and  tlie  polar  circles. 

Note.  The  word  Zone  means  a  belt ;  hence  it  is  applied 
to  these  portions  of  the  earth's  surface,  because  they  .'-nr 
rouud  the  earth  like  a  belt. 

»  Sec  page  23,  Table. 


GEOGRAPHICAL    DEFINITIONS. 


13 


Q.  How  many  Zones  are  there  ? 

Five— The  North  Frigid;  the  South  Frig- 
id ;  the  North  Temperate ;  the  South  Tera- 
perate,  and  the  Torrid  Zone. 

Q.   Which  is  the  North  Frigid? 

That  part  of  the  earth  whicli  lies  around 
the  North  Pole,  within  the  Arctic  Circle. 

Q.   Which  is  the  South  Frigid? 

That  part  of  the  earth  which  lies  around 
the  South  Pole,  within  the  Antarctic  Circle. 

Q.   What  is  the  cHniate  of  these  Zones  ? 

Tiicy  are  the  coldest  parts  of  the  earth, 
heing  covered  with  snow  and  ice  nearly  all 
the  year.  Hence  they  are  called  the  Frigid 
Zones. 

Q.  Do  they  produce  any  grain  or  fruits  ? 

Neither  grain  nor  esculent  fruits  are  cul- 
tivated, and  the  trees  are  few  and  small. 

Q.  What  animals  are  found  ? 

Only  the  most  hardy  kinds,  as  the  white 
bear,  musk  ox,  reindeer  and  seal. 

Q.   What  can  you  say  of  their  inhabitants  ? 

No  inhabitants  have  been  found  in  the 
South  Frigid  Zone.  Those  of  the  North 
Frigid  Zone  are  few  in  number,  and  gener- 
ally uncivilized. 

Q.  What  part  of  the  earth's  surface  is  embraced  by 
the  North  Temperate  Zone? 

That  part  situated  between  the  Tropic  of 
Cancer  and  the  Arctic  Circle. 

Q.  What  part  by  the  South  Temperate  Zone? 

That  part  situated  between  the  Tropic  of 
Capricorn  and  the  Antarctic  Circle. 

Q.  What  is  the  climate  of  the  Temperate  Zones  ? 

Generally  mild  and  pleasant,  but  in  some 
parts  variable. 

Q.  What  can  you  say  of  their  productions  ? 

They  are  numerous  and  important. — 
A.mong  them  are  the  various  grains,  such 
as  wheat,  rye,  oats,  Indian  corn,  cotton,  rice, 
and  the  sugar  cane ;  also  many  other  useful 
and  beautiful  productions  of  the  vegetable 
kingdom. 


Q.  What  animals  are  found  in  great  numbers  and 
variety  ? 

The  domestic, — as  the  horse,  ox,  cow, 
sheep,  goat,  swine,  &c. 

Q.   What  may  be  said  of  their  minerals  ? 

They  are  rich  and  abundant,  embracing 
almost  every  variety. 

Q.  For  what  is  the  North  Temperate  Zone  more 
particularly  distinguished  ? 

For  containing  the  most  important  coun- 
tries, the  most  powerful  nations,  and  the  lar- 
gest portion  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  earth. 

Q.  How  may  the  inhabitants  of  these  Zones  be 
characterized  ? 

By  their  possessing  fairer  complexions, 
more  regular  features,  stronger  intellects, 
and  greater  energy  of  character,  than  the 
inhabitants  of  either  of  the  other  zones. 

Q.  Where  is  the  Torrid  Zone  situated? 

On  both  sides  of  the  equator,  between  the 
Tropics  of  Cancer  and  Capricorn. 

Q.  What  is  its  climate  ? 

It  is  the  warmest  part  of  the  earth.  Snow 
and  ice  are  here  never  seen,  except  on  the 
tops  of  the  highest  mountains.  For  this 
reason  it  is  called  the  Torrid  Zone. 

Q.  What  are  the  productions  of  this  Zone  ? 

Tea,  coffee,  pepper,  spice,  cloves,  nutmegs, 
rice,  oranges,  lemons,  and  various  other 
fruits. 

Q.  What  animals  are  peculiar  to  this  Zone  ? 

The  largest  and  most  powerful  in  the  world, 
— as  the  elephant,  the  lion,  camelopard,  rhi- 
noceros, tiger,  hippopotamus,  camel,  <fec. 

Q.  Describe  its  inhabitants  ? 

They  are  generally  of  a  dark  complexion, 
and,  with  a  few  exceptions,  deficient  in  in- 
telligence, industry,  and  enterprise. 

Q.  To  what  is  the  Torrid  Zone  subject? 

The  most  violent  storms  of  wind,  which 
often  prostrate  every  thing  in  their  way. 
Also  to  destructive  earthquakes  and  deadly 
diseases. 


THE    WORLD. 

SQUABE  MILES,  190,000,000.      POPITLATIOH,    1,000,000,000. 


KEY  TO 

GRAND  DIVISIONS. 

1  North  America, 

2  South  America, 

3  Europe, 

4  Asia, 

5  Africa, 

6  Oceanica. 


MAP  NO.  1.* 


POLES,  CIRCLES  AND  ZONES. 

7  North  Pole, 

8  South  Pole, 

9  Equator, 

10  Tropic  of  Cancer, 

11  Tropic  of  Capricorn, 

12  Arctic  Circle, 

13  Antarctic  Circle, 

14  Torrid  Zone, 

15  North  Temperate  Zone, 

16  South  Temperate  Zone, 

17  North  Frigid  Zone, 

18  South  Frigid  Zone. 

OCEANS. 

1  Northern  or  Arctic, 

2  Atlantic, 

3  Pacific, 

4  Indian, 

5  Southern  or  Antarctic. 

SEAS,  GULFS  AND  BAYS. 

6  Baffin's  Bat, 

7  Hudson's  Bat, 

8  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrknck, 

9  Gulf  of  Mexico, 

10  Caribbean  Sea, 

11  Bat  of  Panama, 

12  Gulp  of  California, 

13  "Kamtchatka  Sea, 


14  Sea  of  Okhotsk, 

15  Sea  of  Yesso, 

16  Sea  of  JapaK, 

17  Yellow  Sea, 

18  Eastern  Sea, 

19  China  Sea, 

20  Gulf  of  Siam^ 

21  Bat  of  Bengal, 

22  Sea  of  Arabia, 

23  Persian  Gulf 

24  Red  Sea, 

25  Gulf  of  Guinea, 

26  Mediterranean  Ska, 
2Y  Bat  of  Biscat, 

28  North  Sea, 

29  Baltic  Sea, 

30  White  Sea, 

31  Gulf  of  Obi, 

32  Black  Sea, 

33  Caspian  Sea, 

34  Aral  Sea. 


STRAITS  AND  CHANNELa 

35  Behring's  Strait, 

36  Davis's  Strait, 

37  Hudson's  Strait, 

38  Magellan  Strait, 

39  Torres  Strait, 

40  Bass  Strait, 

41  Sunda  Strait, 

42  Malacca  Strait, 

43  Bab-el-Mandeb  Strait, 

44  Mozambique  Channel, 

45  Strait  of  Gibraltar, 

46  English  Channel. 


ISLANDS. 

47  Prince  William's, 

48  Greenland, 

49  Iceland, 


*  In  the  key  to  each  map,  the  most  Important  ohjects  are  in  Roman  letters  and  to  be  learned  first 


THE   WORLD. 


17 


50  Newfoundland, 

51  Azores, 

52  Bkrmcdas, 

53  West  India, 

M  Cape  A'eude  Islands, 

65  Joaiuies, 

56  Falkland, 

67  Terra  del  Fcego, 

58  South  Georgia, 

59  Sandwich  Land, 

60  South    Orhncy, 

61  South  Shetland, 

62  GrahaniH  Laitd, 

63  Victoria  Land, 

64  Balleny  Ixlaud-t, 

65  Juan  Fernandez, 

66  St.  Felix, 

67  Gallipagos, 
63  Aleutian, 

69  Sandwich, 

70  Palmyras, 

71  Marquesas, 

7 2  Pitcainis, 

73  goCIETY, 

74  New  Zealand, 

75  Navigator's, 
7G  Friendly, 

77  New  Caledonia, 

78  New  Hebrides, 

79  Solomon, 

8  »  mulgravk, 

81  Radack, 

82  Spitzisergen, 

83  Nova  Zemula, 

84  iV^6'?o  Siberia, 

85  Koorile, 

86  Sagiialien, 

87  Yesso, 

88  NiPHON, 

89  JSlacjclkni.-i  Archipelago, 

90  Loo  Ciioo, 

91  Formosa, 

92  PillLIPPINE, 

93  Ladrone, 

94  Caroline,  < 

95  N^ew  Ireland, 

96  JVcw  Georgia, 

97  New  Guinea, 

98  louisiade, 

99  Australia, 

100  Van  Dieman's  Land, 

101  SriCE, 


1()2  Celebes, 
lu3  Borneo, 

104  Java, 

105  Sumatra, 

106  Ceylon, 

107  Madagascar, 

108  Mascarentia, 

109  St.  Paul's, 

110  Kerguelcn, 

111  Crozet, 

112  Antarctic  Continent, 

113  Endcrby  Land, 

114  Tristan, 

115  St.  Helena, 

116  Ascension, 

117  Canary, 

118  Madeira, 

119  Great  Britain, 

120  Ireland, 


CAPES  AND  PENINSULAS. 

121  Pt.  Babrow, 

122  Qape  Farewell, 

123  Cape  Race, 

124  Cape  Sable,  N.  S.  ' 

125  Peninsula  of  Florida^ 

126  Cape  Sable,  F. 

127  Cape  St.  Roque, 

128  Cape  Horn, 

129  Cape  Blanco, 

130  Cape  St.  Lncas, 

131  Peninsula  of  Californla,   , 

132  Peninsula  of  Alaska, 

133  Cape  Prince  of  Wales, 

134  Cape  East, 

135  Cape  North, 

136  Cape  North- EaM, 

137  Peninsula  of  Kamtchatka, 

138  Peninsula  of  Corea, 

139  Peninsula  of  Malacca, 

140  Cape  Comorin, 

141  Cape  Guardafui, 

142  Cape  Good  Hope, 

143  Cape  Verde. 


MOUNTAINS  AND  DESERTS. 

144  Rocky, 

145  Alleghany, 

146  Andes, 


18 

1 

THE    WORLD. 

14Y  Geral, 

RIVERS. 

148  Brazilian, 

186  Mackenzie's, 

149  Scandinavian, 

187  St.  LA■^VRE^cE, 

150  Ural, 

188  Mississippi, 

151  Altai, 

189        Ohio, 

152  Stanovoi, 

190        Missouri, 

153  Thian  Shan, 

191         Arkansas?, 

154  Ktteti  Lull, 

192  Rio  Grande, 

155  Meting, 

193  Colorado, 

156  Himalaya, 

194  Columbia, 

j                    157  Hindoo  Koosh, 

195  Orinoco, 

158  Capcasus, 

196  Amazon, 

169  Carpathian, 

197        Negro, 

160  Alps, 

108           UCAYALK, 

161  Apknnines, 

199        Madeira, 

j                             162    I*YRKNKKS, 

200  Tocantins, 

'                     1G3  Atlas, 

201  St.  Francisco, 

164  Kong, 

202  Rio  de  la  Plata, 

165  Moon, 

203         Parana, 

166   Ci-yxtal, 

204              Paraguay, 

167  Snati', 

205  Obi, 

168  Deskrt  of  Cobi, 

206  Yenisei, 

\                   169  Arabian  Deskrt, 

207  Lena, 

1                    170  Sahara  Desbrt. 

208  Amoor, 

[ 

^h 

209  Hoang  Ho, 

210  Yang  tse  Kiamg, 

211  Cambodia, 

LAKEa 

212  Irrawadili/, 

ITl  Great  Bear, 

213  Bralminpootra, 

172  Great  Slate, 

214  Ganges, 

173    ATHAnASCA, 

215  Indus, 

174  Winnipeg, 

216  Euphrates, 

175  Superior, 

217  Amoo, 

176  Michigan, 

218  Ural, 

177  Huron, 

219  Volga, 

178  Erie, 

220  Don, 

179  Ontario, 

221  Danube, 

180   Titicaca, 

222  Nile, 

181   Tchany, 

223  Zambcze, 

182  Baikal, 

224   OraiKjv, 

183  Tchad, 

225   Congo, 

184    Ukerewe, 

226  Nifitu, 

185  Maravi. 

227  Senegal. 

RELATIVE  HEIGHT  OF 

SOME  OF  THE 

PRINCIPAL  MOUNTAINS  ON  THE  GLOBE. 

1  Mt.  Everest,                Asia, 

29,002  feet. 

10  Mt.  Teneriffe,              Canary  Isles, 

12,200  feet. 

2  Aconcagua,                  S.  America. 

23,910     " 

]  1  Pike's  Peak,                N.  America, 

11,500    " 

3  Chimborazo,                S.  America, 

21,424    " 

12  MtQH,  Vol.,                Europe, 

10,870    " 

4  Cotopaxl,  Vol.,            S.  America, 

18,875     " 

13  Sinai,                             Asia, 

7,500    " 

5  Mt.  St.  Elias,               N.  America, 

17,900    " 

14  Mt.  Washington,        N.  America, 

6,234    " 

6  Popocatapetl,  Vol.,    Mexico, 

17,700    " 

15  Katahdin,                     N.  America, 

5,385    " 

7  Mt.  Ararat,                  Asia, 

17,300    " 

16  Hecla,  Vol.,                 Iceland, 

5,110    " 

8  Mt.  Blanc,                   Europe, 

15,810    " 

17  Vesuvius,  Vol.,          Europe, 

3,968     " 

9  Mt.  Hooker,                N.  America, 

15,690    " 

' 

THE    WORLD. 


19 


QUESTIONS   ON  THE  MAP  OF  THE  WESTERN  HEMISPHERE. 


SExVS,  GULFS  AND  BAYS. 
Describe  a  sea.  What  sea  north  of  South  America  ? 
10.  Describe  a  bay.  What  two  large  bays  in  the 
northern  part  of  North  America  ?  6,  7.  Describe  a 
gulf  What  large  gulf  on  the  southern  coast  of  North 
America?  9.  What  gulf  west  of  the  island  of  New- 
foundland ?  8.  What  gulf  on  the  western  coast  of 
North  America  ?  12.  What  bay  south  of  the  Isthmus 
of  Darien  ?  11. 


STRAITS. 
Describe  a  strait.     What  strait  separates   North 
America  from  Asia  ?  35.  What  strait  connects  Baffin's 
Bay  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean  V   36.     What  strait  at 
the  southern  extremity  of  South  America  ?  38. 


ISLANDS. 
Describe  an  island.  What  island  west  of  Baffin's 
Bay?  47.  What  island  east  of  Baffin's  Bay?  48. 
What  island  east  of  Greenland?  49.  What  island 
east  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence?  50.  What  two 
clusters  of  islands  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean  east  of  North 
America  ?  51,  52.  Where  are  the  West  India  Islands  ? 
53.  What  island  does  the  Strait  of  Magellan  separate 
from  South  America?  57.  What  islands  east  of  Terra 
del  Fucgo  ?  56,  58.  Where  are  the  islands  of  Juan 
Fernandez  ?  G5.  What  is  the  principal  group  of  isl- 
ands in  the  Pacific  Ocean  north  of  the  Equator?  69. 
Which  is  the  most  southern  island  in  Oceanica  ?  74. 


CAPES  AND  PENINSULAS. 
Describe  a  cape.     Which  is  the  most  western  cape 
in  North  America?  133.     Which  is  the  most  eastern 


cape  in  the  Western  Hemisphere  ?  127.  Which  is  the 
most  southern  cape  in  the  Western  Hemisphere  ?  128 
What  is  the  most  western  cape  of  South  America  ?  129. 
What  cape  west  of  the  Gulf  of  California  ?  130.  What 
cape  forms  the  southern  point  of  Greenland?  122. 
What  two  capes  does  Behring  Strait  separate?  133, 
134.  Describe  a  peninsula.  What  peninsula  east  of 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico?  125. 


MOUNTAINS. 
Describe  a  mountain.  What  range  of  mountains 
on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  North  America?  145.  What 
range  of  mountains  extends  the  whole  length  of  North 
America?  144.  What  mountains  extend  the  whele 
length  of  South  America  ?  146. 


LAKES. 
Describe  a  lake.     What  five  large  lakes  m  North 
America  are  connected,  and  discharge  their  waters 
into  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence?  175-179. 

RIVERS. 

Describe  a  river.  What  river  flows  into  the  North- 
ern Ocean?  186.  What  large  river  flows  into  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  ?  187.  Of  what  lakes  is  it  the 
outlet?  175-179.  What  two  rivers  flow  into  theGulf 
of  Mexico  ?  188,  192.  What  three  principal  branches 
has  the  Mississippi?  189-191.  What  large  rivers  in 
South  America  flow  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ?  195, 196, 
202.  What  river  flows  into  the  Rio  de  la  Plata?  203. 
What  river  flows  into  the  Parana?  204.  What  river 
flows  into  the  Gulf  of  California?  193.  What  river 
of  North  America  flows  into  the  Pacific  Ocean  ?  194. 


QUESTIONS   ON   THE  MAP  OF  THE  EASTERN   HEMISPHERE. 


SEAS,  BAYS  AND  GULFS. 
What  seas  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Asia?  14-19. 
What  sea  on  its  southern  coast  ?  22.  What  sea  be- 
tween Asia  and  Africa  ?  24.  What  Sea  between  Eu- 
rope and  Africa  ?  26.  Europe  has  three  seas  on  its 
northern  coast ;  give  their  names.  28-30.     Where  is 


the  Black  Sea  ?  32.  What  two  seas  east  of  the  Black 
Sea  ?  33,  34.  What  sea  south-east  of  the  island  of 
Nova  Zembla?  31.  What  bay  south  of  Asia?  21. 
What  bay  west  of  Europe  ?  27.  Where  is  the  Gulf 
of  Siam  ?  20.  What  gulf  has  Africa  on  its  western 
coast?  25. 


THE    WORLD. 


CHANNELS  AND  STRAITS. 
In  what  part  of  Africa  is  the  Mozambique  Channel  ? 
44.  What  strait  west  of  the  peninsula  of  Malacca  ?  42. 
What  strait  between  the  island  of  Sumatra  and  Java  ? 
41.  What  strait  at  the  entrance  of  the  Red  Sea  ?  43. 
What  strait  at  the  entrance  of  the  Mediterranean  ? 
45. 

ISLANDS. 
What  islands  in  the  Northern  Ocean?  82-84. 
Where  are  the  Koorile  Isles  ?  85.  What  islands  east 
of  the  sea  of  Japan?  87,  88.  What  empire  do  they 
form  ?  Ans.  Empire  of  Japan.  What  island  does  the 
Tropic  of  Cancer  cross  ?  91.  Mention  the  principal  isl- 
ands south-east  of  Asia  in  Occanica.  102-105,  07,  90. 
AVhat  island  south  of  Hindostan?  100.  What  large 
island  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa?  107.  What 
1  ind  in  the  Southern  Ocean  ?  113.  Where  is  the  Isl- 
and of  St.  Helena?  115.  For  what  is  it  remarkable? 
Ans.  As  the  place  of  Napoleon's  exile  and  death. 
Wliat  islands  on  the  coast  of  xVfrica  near  the  strait  of 
Gibraltar?  118.  What  islands  west  of  Europe?  119, 
120. 


CAPES  AND  PENINSULAS. 
Where  is  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ?  142.    What  cape 
east  of  Africa  ?  141.     What  peninsula  forms  the  most 
southern  point  of  Asia?  139.     What  peninsula  east 


of  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk  ?  137.     Where  in  Europe  is 
Cape  North  ?  185. 


MOUNTAINS. 
What  arc  the  principal  ranges  of  mountains  in  Asia  ? 
151-157.  In  Africa?  1G3-1G7.  What  two  ranges 
form  a  part  of  the  boundary  line  between  Europe  and 
Asia  ?  150,  158.  In  what  particular  do  the  moun- 
tains on  the  Eastern  Continent  differ  from  those  on 
the  Western  ?  Ans.  Those  on  the  Eastern  Continent 
have  the  general  direction  of  east  and  west,  while 
tiioso  on  the  Western  run  north  and  south. 


LAKES. 

From  what  lake  does  the  Yenisei  flow  ?  182.     What 
lakes  in  Africa ?  183-185. 


RIVERS. 

What  three  large  rivers  flow  into  the  Northern 
Ocean?  205-207.  What  two  large  rivers  flow  into 
the  Yellow  Sea?  209,  210.  What  three  principal 
rivers  flow  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal?  212-214.  Into 
what  does  the  River  I^dus  flow?  22.  The  Persian 
Gulf  receives  the  waters  of  what  river?  216.  Into 
what  does  the  Nile  flow?  20.  What  rivers  on  the 
western  coast  of  Africa?  225-227.  What  two  large 
rivers  flow  into  the  Caspian  Sea?  218,  219.  AVhut 
river  flows  into  the  Black  Sea?  221. 


QUESTIONS   ON   BOTH   HExMISPHERES. 


In  what  latitude  is  North  America  ?  South  Amer- 
ica? Europe?  Asia?  Africa?  Australia?  What 
is  the  latitude  of  Cape  Farewell  ?  Cape  Horn  ?  Cape 
of  Good  Hope"?     Behring's  Strait  ?     Borneo  ? 

What  is  the  longitude  of  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  ? 
Isthmus  of  Suez  ?  Cape  St.  Roqne  ?  Cape  Horn  ? 
Cape  of  Good  Hope '?     Madagascar  ? 

In  what  zones  is  North  America  ?  South  America  ? 
Europe  ?     Asia  ?     Africa  ? 

What  grand  divisions  are  crossed  by  the  Equator  ? 
2,  5,  6.  What  by  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  ?  What  by 
the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  ?  What  by  the  Arctic  Circle  ? 
What  islands  are  crossed  by  the  Equator?  67,  101- 
103,  105.  What  two  large  islands  by  the  Tropic  of 
Capricorn  ?  99,  107.  Are  any  divisions  crossed  by  the 
Antarctic  Circle?  What  lands  in  the  South  Frigid  Zone? 


What  grand  divisions  border  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ? 
On  the  Pacific  ?  On  the  Indian  ?  Bound  North  Amer- 
ica.    South  America.     Europe.     Asia.     Africa. 

Name  the  seas,  gulfs  and  bays  tributary  to  the  At- 
lantic Ocean  ?  6-10,  25-29.     To  the  Pacific  ?  11-13,  20. 
What  bay  in  the  northern  part  of  North  America?  7. 
What  sea  between  North  and  South  America?  10. 
What  seas  between  Europe  and  Asia?  32,  33. 

Name  the  straits  in  the  Eastern  Hemisphere.  39- 
40. 

Name  the  islands  in  the  North  Frigid  Zone  ?  48,  82 - 
84.  AVhat  islands  between  North  and  South  America  ? 
53.     What  island  east  of  Greenland?  49. 

Name  the  rivers  that  flow  into  the  Northern  Ocean. 
186,  205,  200,  207.  On  which  side  of  the  Western 
Hemisphere  are  the  rivers  the  largest  ?     Why  ? 


GEOGRAPHICAL    DEFINITIONS, 


21 


TIIK    RACES    OF    MEN. 


10.     RACES  OF  MEN. 

Q.   How  are  mankind  divided  ? 

Into  five  races  of  men,  viz. :  the  European 
or  Caucasian,  the  Asiatic  or  Mongolian,  the 
American,  the  Malay,  and  the  African. 

Q,  How  is  the  European  race  distinguished  ? 

By  fair,  or  white  complexion,  and  regular 
features. 

Q.   What  nations  are  included  in  the  European  race  ? 

The  people  of  Europe,  excepting  Lapland- 
ers ;  those  of  Western  Asia,  Northern  Africa, 
and  the  white  inhabitants  of  America. 

Q.  How  is  the  Asiatic  race  distinguished  ? 

By  a  yellow  complexion,  flat  forehead, 
and  small  eyes. 

Q.  What  nations  does  it  include? 

Those  of  Eastern  Asia,  excepting  the  Ma- 
lays; the  Finns,  Laplanders,  Greenlanders, 
and  Esquimaux. 

Q.  How  is  the  American  Indian  race  distin- 
guished ? 

By  the  red  complexion,  straight  black 
hair  and  high  cheek  bones. 

Q.   What  nation  does  it  include  ? 


All  the  Indians  of  America  except  the 
Esquimaux  and  those  of  Greenland. 
Q.  How  is  the  Malay  race  distinguished  ? 
By  a  brown  complexion  and  large  features. 

Q.  What  nations  are  included  in  this  race  ? 

The  people  of  Malacca,  Malaysia  and  the 

Asiatic  isles. 

Q.  How  is  the  African,  or  black  race  distinguished  ? 

By  a  brownish  black  color,  low  forehead, 
dark  woolly  hair  and  thick  lips. 

Q.  What  nations  docs  it  include? 

The  negroes  of  Africa,  Australia  and  New 

Zealand. 


11.     STAGES  OF  SOCIETY. 
Q.  On  what  does  the  social  condition  of  men  depend? 
On  their  progress  in  knowledge,  learning 
and  refinement;  and  on  their  skill  in  the 
mechanical  arts. 

Q.  AVhat  do  the  diiFerent  degrees  of  advancement 
among  men  in  these  particulars  form? 
Various  stages  of  society. 
Q.  How  many  of  these  are  there  ? 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DEFINITIONS, 


Four,  viz. :  savage,  or  barbarous,  half-civ- 
ilized, civilized  and  enlightened. 

Q.  What  can  you  say  of  savage  nations  ? 

They  live  by  hunting,  fishing,  and  plun- 
der; dwell  in  huts  or  caverns,  and  dress  in 
the  skins  of  animals ;  as  the  American  In- 
dians. 

Q.  What  is  the  condition  of  half-civilized  nations  ? 

They  understand  agriculture  and  many  of 
the  arts  tolerably  well.  They  have  written 
languages,  and  some  knowledge  of  books. 
Example;  Chinese. 

Q.   What  nations  are  civilized? 

Those  which  have  a  knowledge  of  the 
arts  and  the  sciences ;  and  who  derive  their 
subsistence  from  agriculture,  manufactures 
and  commerce. 

Q.  Give  examples  ? 

The  natives  of  Mexico,  Paraguay,  &c. 

Q.  For  what  are  enlightened  nations  noted  ? 

Intelligence,  enterprise,  industry  and 
their  great  skill  in  the  arts  and  sciences. 
They  are  also  more  courteous  than  other 
nations,  and  treat  their  females  with  respect 
and  politeness. 

Q.  What  nations  are  enlightened  ? 

The  United  States,  Great  Britain,  and  the 
northern  and  central  European  States. 

Q.  How  are  enlightened  and  civilized  nations  dis- 
tinguished ? 

By  the  number  and  variety  of  their  public 
buildings,  and  their  works  of  national  utili- 
ty, as  colleges,  hospitals,  libraries,  bridges, 
canals,  railroads,  &c. 


12.     GOVERNMENT. 
Q    What  are  the  different  forms  of  Government  ? 
Monarchy,  Aristocracy  and  Democracy. 

Q.    What  is  Monarchy  ? 

It  is  a  government  in  which  the  power  is 
vested  in  a  king,  or  emperor,  who  usually 
rules  during  life. 


Note.  Monarchies  are  of  two  kinds,  Absolute  and 
Limited. 

Q.  What  is  an  Absolute  Monarchy  ? 

It  is  one  where  the  will  of  the  monarch 
is  law;  as  China,  Persia. 

Q.  What  is  a  Limited  Monarchy  ? 

That  in  which  the  power  of  a  monarch  is 
limited  by  a  constitution  or  law.  Great 
Britain  is  a  Limited  Monarchy. 

Q.  What  is  an  Aristocracy  ? 

A  government  by  the  nobles. 

Q.  What  is  a  Democracy  ? 

A  government  by  the  people. 

Note.  In  a  Democracy,  the  supreme  power  is  usually 
placed  in  the  hands  of  rulers  chosen  by,  and  from  the 
whole  body  of  the  people,  or  by  their  representatives  in 
a  national  assembly. 


13.     POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 
Q.  What  are  the  Political  Divisions  of  the  earth  V 
Empires,  Kingdoms,  Republics,  &c. 
Q.   What  is  an  Empire  V 

A  country  controlled  or  governed  by  an 
emperor.     Example ;  Russian  Empire. 

Q.  What  is  a  Kingdom  ? 

A  country  governed  by  a  king  or  queen. 

Q.  What  is  a  Republic? 

A  country  governed  by  men  who  are  cho- 
sen by  the  people. 

Q.  What  is  the  chief  officer  of  a  Republic  called  ? 

A  president. 

Q.  How  are  Empires,  Kingdoms,  and  Republics 
subdivided  ? 

Into  Departments,  Cantons,  Provinces, 
States,  Territories,  Parishes,  Districts,  &c. 

Note.  States  are  subdivided  into  Counties,  Parishes, 
or  Districts,  and  these  into  Cities,  Towns  and  Villages, 


14.     RELIGION. 
Q.  What  are  the  principal  systems  of  Religion? 
Christian,    Mohammedan,    Jewish     and 

Pagan. 

Q.  AVhat  nations  are  called  Christian  V 


GEOGRAPHICAL    DEFINITIONS. 


23 


Those  that  believe  in  Jesus  Christ  as  a 

Q.  Who  are  the  Jews  ? 

Saviour. 

Those  who  believe  in  the  Old  Testament 

Q.  How  are  Christians  divided  ? 

but  reject  the  New,  and  expect  a  Saviour 

Into  Protestant,Greek  and  RomanCatholic. 

yet  to  come. 

Q.  Who  are  Mohammedans  ? 

Q.  Who  are  Pagans  ? 

Those  who   believe  in   Mohammed  who 

Those  who  believe  in  false  gods  and  prac- 

lived about  600  years  after  Christ. 

tice  idolatry. 

QUESTIONS   ON  THE  MAP   OF  THE  WORLD. 


In  what  latitude  is  North  America  ?  South  Amer- 
ica ?  Europe  ?  Asia  ?  Africa  ?  Australia  ?  What 
is  the  latitude  of  Cape  Farewell  ?  Cape  Horn  ?  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  ?     Behring's  Strait  ?     Borneo  ? 

AVhat  is  the  longitude  of  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  ? 
Isthmus  of  Suez  ?  Cape  St.  Roque  ?  Cape  Horn  ? 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  ?    Madagascar  ? 


In  what  zones  is  North  America  ?  South  America  ? 
Europe?  Asia?  Africa?  What  seas  and  bay  in 
the  Torrid  Zone  ?  What  sea  and  bays  in  the  North 
Temperate  Zone?  What  bay  in  the  North  Frigid 
Zone  ?  What  is  the  width  of  the  Torrid  Zone  ?  Of 
the  North  Temperate  ? 


TABLE  OF  LONGITUDE. 

The  following  Table  shows  the  number  of  miles  in  a  degree  of  longitude  on  a  parallel  of  latitude  for 
every  five  degrees  from  the  Equator  to  the  Poles, — sixty  geographical  miles  being  taken  equal  to  sixty-nine 
and  a  quarter  statute  miles. 


Degree  of  Latitude. 

Geographical  Miles. 

Statute  Miles. 

Degree  of  Latitude. 

Geogr/iphical 

Milgs. 

Statute  Miles. 

0 

60.00 

69.25 

50 

38.57 

44.43 

5 

59.77 

68.85 

55 

34.41 

39.64 

10 

59.09 

68.06 

60 

30.00 

34.56 

15 

57.95 

66.76 

65 

25.36 

29.21 

20 

56.38 

64.95 

70 

20.52 

23.64 

25 

54.38 

62.64 

75 

15.53 

17.89 

30 

51.96 

59.85 

80 

10.42 

12.00 

35 

49.15 

56.62 

85 

5.23 

6.02 

40 

45.96 

62.94 

90 

0.00 

0.00 

45 

42.43 

48.88 

TABLE  OF  RACES. 


European,  or  Caucasian, 
Asiatic,  or  Mongolian,    . 
African,  or  Negro,    . 
Malay,    . 
American,  or  Indian, 


Jews, 
Christians, 
Pagans, 
Mohammedans, 


TABLE  OF  PREVAILING  SYSTExMS  OF  RELIGION. 


420  millions. 
460  millions. 

60  millions. 

40  millions. 

20  millions. 


5  millions. 
800  millions. 
595  millions. 
100  millions. 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


SQUARE  MILES,   8,370,000.      POPULATION,   40,000,000. 


KEY  TO  MAP  NO.  2. 


COUNTRIES,  CAPITALS,  CHIEF  TOWNS. 

1  Russian  America,  i  Sitka. 

2  British  America. 
Labrador. 

Canada,  l  Ottawa,  2  Quebec,   ."  Montreal,  4 

Kingstou,  5  Toronto. 

Nova  Scotia,  6  Halifax. 

New  Brunswick,  T  Fkkdeuicton. 

Newfoundland,  8  St.  John's. 

3  Greenland,    l     rpi:RNAViK,     2     Hohteinhurri^     3 

Sidkeriop,  4  New  Herii/utt,  5 
Liehteufels,  6  Julianshaab,  7 
Lichtcnau. 

4  United  States,  l   "Washington,  2  Boston,  3  New- 

York,  4  Philadelphia,  5  Buffalo,  6 
Pittsburg,  V  Baltimore,  8  Charles- 
ton, 9  Savannah,  10  New  Orleans, 
11  St.  Louis,  12  Louisville,  13  Cin- 
cinnati, 14  Detroit,  15  Chicago,  16 
San  Francisco. 

5  Mexico,         l  Mexico,  2  Chihuahua,  3  Zacatecas,  4 

San.  Luis  Poto.si,  5  Guanajuato,  6 
Guadalajara,  Y  Queretaro,  8  Puebla, 
9  Merida. 

6  Balize,         i  Baljze. 

7  Central  America,  l  San  Salvador,  2  Old  Guate- 

mala, 3  New  Guatemala,  4  San 
Jose. 


OCEANS,  SEAS,  GULFS  AND  BAYS. 

1  Arctic, 

2  Atlantic, 

3  Pacific, 

4  Cauicbkan  Sea, 

5  Coronation  Gulf., 

6  Boothia  Gulf, 

7  Baffin's  Bat, 

8  Melville  Bay, 

9  Bitico  Bai/, 

10  Hudson's  Bat, 

11  Jamks's  Bat, 

12  Ungava  Bay, 

13  St.  Lawrence  Gulp, 

14  Bat  of  Fcndt, 

15  Gulf  of  Mexico, 

16  Bat  of  Campeacht, 

17  Bat  of  Honduras, 

18  Bay  of  Guatemala, 

19  Gulf  of  Tehuantepec, 

20  Gulf  of  California, 

21  San  Francisco  IJat, 

22  Gulf  of  Georgia, 

23  Prince  of  Wales  Archipelago, 

24  Bristol  Bay. 


STRAITS,  CHANNELS  AND  SOUNDS. 

25  BanVs  Strait, 

26  Melville  Strait, 

27  Victoria  Strait, 

28  Prince  Regent's  Inlet, 

29  Barrow's  Strait, 
SO    Wellington  Channel, 

31  Lancaster  Sound, 

32  Sniith\s  Sound, 

33  Davis's  Strait, 

34  Cumberland  Strait, 


26 


NORTH   AMERICA, 


35  Frobiiihcr  Strait, 

36  Hudson's  Stuait, 

37  Bellisle  Strait, 

38  Gulf  Stream, 

39  Florida  Strait, 

40  Channel  of  Yucatan, 

41  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca, 

42  Prince  William's  Sound, 

43  Cook's  Inlet, 

44  Norton  Sound, 

45  Beuring's  Strait. 


ISLANDS. 

46  Baring, 

4*7  Melville, 

48  North  Georgia, 

49  Victoria  Land, 

50  Boothia, 

61  North  Devon, 

52  Prince  William's  Land, 

63   Cumberland, 

54  Disco, 

55  Iceland, 

56  Southampton, 

57  Mansfield, 

58  Newfoundland, 

59  Anticosti, 

60  Cape  Breton, 

61  Prince  Edward's, 

62  Long  Island, 

63  Bermuda  Islands, 

64  Bahama  Islands,  1  Nassau. 

65  GUANAIIANI, 

66  Cuba,         1  Havana,  2  Mantanzas,   3  Puerto 

Principe,  4  SantiaffO  de  Cuba. 

67  Isle  of  Pines, 

68  Jamaica,    1  Spanish  Town,  2  Kingston. 

69  Hayti,        1  Port  au  Prince,  2  Cape  Ilar- 

iien,  3  St.  Domingo. 

70  Porto  Rico,  1  St.  John's. 

71  Caridbees, 

72  Lesser  Antilles, 

73  Revillagigedo, 


74  Santa  Barbara, 

75 

Vancouver's, 

76  Queen  Charlotte's, 

77 

Sitka, 

78 

Kodiak, 

79 

Slwomagin'sy 

80 

Nunivak. 

PENINSULAS,  CAPES  AND   ISTHMUS. 

81  Labrador, 

82  Nova  Scotia, 

83  Florida, 

84  Yucatan, 

85  California, 

86  Alaska, 

87  Cape  Barrow, 

88  Cape  Bathurst, 

89  Cape  Brewster, 

90  Cape  Farewell, 

91  Cape  Walsinghamy 

92  Cape  Chudleigh, 

93  Cape  St.  Lewis, 

94  Cape  Race, 

95  Cape  Sable, 

96  Cape  Cod, 

97  Cape  Hatteras, 

98  Cape  Sable,  Flor., 

99  Cape  St.  Antonio, 

100  Cape  Catochc, 

101  Cape  Gracias  a  Dios, 

102  Cape  Corrientcs, 

103  Cape  St.  Lucas, 

104  Cape  Mendocino, 

105  Cape  Orford, 

106  Cape  Flatter)/, 

107  Cape  Elizabeth, 

108  Cape  Romanzoff, 

109  Cape  Prince  of  Wales, 

110  Icy  Cape, 

111  Isthmus  of  Darien, 


MOUNTAINS. 

112 

Rocky, 

113 

Mt.  Brown, 

114 

Mt.  Hooker, 

115 

Arctic  Highlands, 

116 

Alleghany, 

117 

Sierra  Madre, 

118 

Cosiguina  Volcano, 

119 

Popocatapetl, 

120 

Sierra  Nevada, 

121 

Cascade  Range, 

122 

Mount  Faiuweatheb, 

1    •.\ 

Mount  St.  Elias, 

121 

GiiEAT  American  Plains 

NORTH     AMERICA. 


27 


LAKES. 

12o    CtUKAT    BkaR, 

126  Orkat  Si-AVK, 

127  Atiiahasca, 

128  Little  Slave, 

129  Deer, 

130  WlNSIPKC, 

131  Winiitpcrfoiix, 

132  Matiitoba, 

133  Lakk  of  tiu:  Woops, 

134  SrPKUioR, 

135  MicuiOAN, 

136  IIiROX, 

137  Erik, 

138  Ontario, 

139  NlCARACilA, 

140  Chajmhi, 

141  Great  Salt  Lake. 


RIVERS. 


142  Mackenzie, 

143  Slave, 

144  Peace, 


145 

Athabasca, 

146 

Great  Fish, 

147 

CncRcniLL, 

148 

Nelson, 

149 

Saskatchewan^ 

150 

Severn, 

151 

Albany, 

152  Abbiiibbee, 

153 

East  Main, 

154 

Great  Whale, 

155 

Koksal; 

156 

St.   Lawrence, 

157 

Ottawa, 

158 

Mississippi, 

15? 

Ohio, 

160 

Tennessee, 

161 

MlSSOTRI, 

162 

Yellow  Stone, 

163 

Arkansas, 

164 

Red, 

165 

Brazos, 

166 

Rio  Grandk, 

167 

Colorado, 

168 

Gila, 

169 

Columbia, 

170 

Lewis, 

171 

Clarke's. 

QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


What  part  of  the  globe  does  North  America  com- 
prise ? 

The  northern  division  of  the  Western 
Continent. 

What  is  its  length  ? 

Four  thousand  eight  hundred  miles. 

What  is  its  breadth  ? 

From  two  thousand  six  hundred,  to  three 
thousand  two  hundred  miles. 

What  ocean  bounds  North  America  on  the  north  ? 
1.  On  the  east?  2.  On  the  west?  8.  What  isth- 
mus connects  it  with  South  America?  111.  Bound 
Greenland.  Russian  America.  British  America. 
United  States.  Mexico.  Guatimala.  Balize.  Name 
the  capital  of  British  America.  United  States.  Mex- 
ico.    Guatimala. 


SEAS,  GULFS  AND  BAYS. 

What  sea  between  North  and  South  America? 
4. 

What  large  gulf  south  of  the  United  States  ?  15. 
What  gulf  west  of  Mexico  ?  20.  West  of  Newfound- 
land? 13.  On  the  west  coast  of  British  America? 
22.  What  two  gulfs  has  British  America  on  the 
north  ?  5,  6. 

What  bay  separates  Prince  William's  Land  from 
Greenland  ?  7.  What  two  baj'S  in  the  central  part 
of  British  America?  10,  11.  What  bay  north  of 
Labrador?  12.  What  bay  between  Nova  Scotia  and 
New  Brunswick  ?  14.  South  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ? 
16.  South  of  Balize?  17.  In  the  western  part  of 
the  United  States?  21.  South-west  of  Russian 
America?  24. 


28 


NORTH     AMERICA. 


STRAITS,  CHANNELS  AND  SOUNDS. 

What  strait  between  Asia  and  North  America  ?  45. 
What  straits  and  inlet  north  of  British  America  ? 
25-30.  What  strait  between  British  America  and 
Greenland?  33. 

What  sound  north  of  Baffin's  Bay?  32.  West? 
31.  What  three  straits  north  of  Labrador?  34-36. 
What  strait  between  Newfoundland  and  Labrador  ? 
37.  Between  the  United  States  and  Cuba?  39. 
What  strait  connects  the  Gulf  of  Georgia  with  the 
Pacific  Ocean?  41. 


ISLANDS. 

What  islands  in  the  Arctic  Ocean  ?  46-51.  Where 
is  Prince  William's  Land  ?  52.  What  island  in  Plud- 
son's  Bay  ?  56.  East  of  Greenland  ?  55.  What  west  ? 
54.  What  three  islands  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  ? 
5!)-61.  What  island  east  of  this  gulf?  58.  What 
island  upon  the  eastern  coast  of  the  United  States 
near  the  parallel  of  40  degrees  north  latitude  ?  62. 
What  group  of  islands  south  of  Nova  Scotia  in  the 
Atlantic  Ocean?  63. 

Which  are  the  four  largest  islands  in  the  West 
India  group?  66,  68-70.  What  other  islands  form  a 
part  of  this  group?  64,  71,  72.  Name  some  of  the 
Caribbee  islands.  Ans.  St.  Christopher's,  Antigua, 
Guadaloupe,  Martinique,  St.  Lucia,  Barbadoes,  St. 
Vincent,  Grenada,  Tobago,  and  Trinidad.  What 
island  south  of  Cuba?  67.  North  of  the  Strait  of 
Juan  de  Fuca  ?  75.  AVest  of  British  America  ?  76. 
What  islands  near  the  coast  of  Russian  America? 
77-80. 


PENINSULAS  AND  CAPES. 

What  peninsula  south  of  New  Brunswick?  82. 
East  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ?  83.  South  of  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  ?  84.  West  of  the  Gulf  of  California  ?  85. 
South  of  Russian  America?  86.  Which  is  the  most 
northern  cape  of  North  America?  87.  Which  is  the 
most  southern  cape  of  Greenland  ?  90.  What  cape 
has  Prince  William's  Land?  91.  What  two  capes 
has  Labrador  ?  92,  93.  What  cape  east  of  Newfound- 
land ?  94.     What  cape  has  Nova  Scotia?  95. 

What  two  capes  on  the  eastern  coast  of  the  United 
States?   96,  97.     What  cape  south  of  Florida?   98. 


AVest  of  Cuba?  99.  What  cape  has  (Yucatan?  100. 
Guatimala?  101.  What  cape  upon  thie  western  coast 
of  Mexico  ?  102.  At  the  southern  point  of  the  Penin- 
sula of  California?  103.  What  capes  on  the  western 
coast  of  the  United  States?  104-106.  West  of  Rus- 
sian America?  108,  109. 


MOUNTAINS. 

What  mountains  extend  through  North  America 
from  north  to  south?  112.  What  are  they  called  in 
Mexico?  117.  What  range  of  mountains  on  the  east- 
ern coast  of  the  United  States?  116.  What  two 
ranges  in  the  western  part?  120,  121.  What  two 
mountains  in  Russian  America?  122,  123.  Where  is 
Cosiguina  Volcano?  118. 


LAKES. 


What  lakes  in  British  America  discharge  their 
waters  by  the  river  Mackenzie  ?  125-128.  What  by 
the  river  Nelson  ?  130-132.  What  four  great  lakes 
between  British  America  and  the  United  States  ?  184, 
186-138.  What  large  lake  wholly  in  the  United 
States  south  of  Lake  Superior?  135.  What  lake  in 
the  United  States  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  ? 
141.     What  lake  in  Guatimala?  139. 


RIVERS. 


What  large  river  flows  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  ?  142. 
What  two  rivers  flow  into  Lake  Athabasca  ?  144,  145. 
What  rivers  flow  into  Hudson's  Bay  ?  147,  148, 
150.  What  into  James'  Bay?  151-154.  What 
river  flows  into  Ungava  Bay?  155.  Into  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence?  156.  What  is  its  principal 
branch?   157. 

What  large  river  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ? 
158.  Mention  its  principal  tributaries.  159,  161, 
163,  164.  What  river  forms  part  of  the  boundary 
line  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico?  166. 
What  river  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  California?  167. 
What  is  its  principal  branch?  168.  What  large 
river  in  the  United  States  flows  into  the  Pacific? 
169.  What  are  its  two  principal  branches?  170, 
171. 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


29 


NOKTH    AMKRICA. 


DESCRIPTIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


North  America  is  the  third  grand  divi- 
sion, in  size. 

It  abounds  with  noble  rivers  and  lakes ; 
has  two  extended  ranges  of  mountains,  and 
is  well  diversified  with  hills  and  plains. 

The  climate  is  hot  in  the  southern  portion, 
temperate  in  the  middle,  and  excessively 
cold  in  the  northern. 

Almost  every  variety  of  soil  is  found. 
Its  productions  are  numerous  and  valuable. 
Among  them  are  wheat,  Indian  corn,  rye, 
oats,  grass,  potatoes,  cotton,  sugar,  lumber, 
butter,  cheese,  and  honey. 

It  is  quite  rich  in  minerals,  as  gold,  silver, 
copper,  lead,  coal,  and  iron. 

It  has  a  large  variety  of  animals,  though 
the  number  of  wild  animals  is  rapidly  dimin- 
ishing. 

North  America  has  seven  principal  polit- 


ical divisions;  viz.:  Greenland,  Russian 
America,  British  America,  the  United  States, 
Mexico,  Balize,  and  Central  America. 

Its  principal  islands  are  Greenland,  Ice- 
land, Newfoundland,  and  the  West  Indies. 

Questions. — What  is  said  of  the  extent  of  North 
America  ?  The  rivers  and  lakes  ?  The  surface  ?  Cli- 
mate? Soil?  Productions?  "What  minerals  are 
found  ?  What  can  you  say  of  its  animals  ?  How  is 
North  America  divided?  Which  are  its  principal 
islands  ? 


1.     GREENLAND. 
Square  miles,  380,000.     Population,  9,400. 
Greenland,  a  large  island  north-east  of  the 
continent,  is  a  cold,  elevated  region  covered 
with  ice  and  snow  most  of  the  year.     It  pro- 
duces lichens,  mosses,  currants,  and  a  few 


30 


NORTH     AMERICA. 


flowering  slirubs.    Stinted  birch,  willow  and 
ash  trees  arc  found  in  small  numbers. 


SKAL    CATCHING. 

The  wild  animals  arc  the  reindeer,  polar 
fox  and  white  bear.  The  only  domestic 
animal  is  the  dog.  Sea-fowls,  fish,  seals,  and 
walrus,  abound,  and  furnish  the  natives  with 
most  of  their  food  and  clothing. 

Esquimaux  Indians  inhabit  it,  with  a  fow 
Danes.     It  belongs  to  Denmark. 

Questions.  Describe  Greenland.  What  are  its 
productions?  Animals?  Who  inhabit  it?  To 
whom  does  it  belong  ? 


2.     RUSSIAN  AMERICA. 
Square  miles,  394,000.     Population,  61,000. 

Russian  America  occupies  the  north-west 
portion  of  North  America. 

It  is  mountainous,  dreary,  and  but  par- 
tially explored. 

Its  climate  is  cold,  and  soil,  sterile. 

The  productions  are  lichens,   moss  and 
a  few  shrubs. 

The  animals  are  similar  to  those  of  Green- 
land. 

The  inhabitants  consist  of  Esquimaux, 


and  a  few  Russian  traders,  who  reside  there 
for  the  i^urpose  of  collecting  furs. 

Sitka,  its  capital,  is  on  a  small  inland  near 
the  coast.  It  is  defended  by  a  fort.  It  con- 
tains a  foundry  and  steam  engine  factory. 
Several  small  steam  yachts  have  been  built 
here.  There  are  a  number  of  public  schools 
for  the  natives  and  European  children. 

Questions.  What  is  the  situation  of  Russian 
America  ?  What  is  said  of  its  surface  ?  Climate  and 
soil  ?  Productions  ?  Animals  ?  Who  arc  the  in- 
habitants ?    Describe  Sitka. 


3.     BRITISH  AMERICA. 

Square  miles,  3,000,000.     Population,  2,690,000. 

British  America  is  a  vast  territory  cm- 
bracing  all  the  region  north  of  the  United 
States,  excepting  Russian  America  and 
Greenland. 

It  includes  Hudson's  Bay  Territory,  La- 
brador, and  the  provinces  of  Canada,  New 
Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia,  and  Newfoundland. 

Questions.  Describe  British  America.  What 
does  it  include  ? 

4.     HUDSON'S  BAY  TERRITORY. 

Square  miles,  2,190,000.     Population,  180,000. 

The  Hudson's  Bay  Territory  comprises 
the  northern  and  western  portions  of  British 
America,  extending  from  the  Arctic  Ocean 
to  the  United  States,  and  from  Labrador  to 
the  Pacific. 

With  the  exception  of  the  region  traversed 
by  the  Rocky  Mountains,  this  territory  is 
generally  level,  and  contains  a  great  num- 
ber of  lakes  and  rivers  communicating  with 
each  other. 

The  climate  in  the  northern  part  is  almost 
perpetual  winter.      In  the  southern  part, 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


81 


the  winters  are  very  long  and  cold,  and  the 
summers,  short  and  very  warm. 

Owing  to  the  severity  of  the  climate,  there 
are  few  agricultural  productions.  The  prin- 
cipal animals  hunted  for  food,  are  deerl, 
buffaloes,  rabbits  and  porcupines.  Wild 
fowl  are  also  numerous. 


\^Mf''ffr^/ 


FUR     TRADERS. 


The  principal  articles  of  traffic  are  the 
skins  of  fur-clad  animals,  of  which  there 
is  a  great  variety. 

Questions.  What  does  Hudson's  Bay  Territory 
comprise  ?     What  is  said  of  its  surface  ?     Its  lakes 


and  rivers?      Climate?      Productions?      Animals? 
Articles  of  traffic  ? 


5.     LABRADOR.  * 
Square  miles,  450,000.     Population,  6,000. 

Labrador  is  an  extensive  peninsula,  lying 
between  Hudson's  Bay  and  the  Atlantic, 
and  extending  from  Hudson's  Strait  to  the 
Strait  of  Belle  Isle. 

The  coast  is  mostly  bleak,  rugged  and 
desolate.  The  climate  is  too  cold  for  most 
grains,  but  potatoes  and  some  other  vege- 
tables are  raised. 

The  inhabitants,  consisting  chiefly  of  Es- 
quimaux, subsist  principally  by  hunting  and 
fishing.  The  fisheries  on  the  coast  are 
valuable  and  give  employment  to  a  large 
number  of  vessels  from  other  provinces  and 
the  United  States. 

Many  valuable  furs  are  exported. 

Questions.  Describe  Labrador.  Its  coast.  Cli- 
mate. Productions.  What  is  said  of  its  inhabitants  ? 
Fisheries  ?     Exports  ? 

For  a  description  of  the  other  British  Provinces  see 
Geography  of  map  No.  3. 

For  description  of  4,  5,  6  and  7  see  Geography  of  map 
No.  4. 


GENERAL  QUESTIONS  ON  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Name  the  political  divisions  of  North  America. 
Where  is  British  America  ?  Hudson's  Bay  Territory  ? 
Russian  America  ?  Greenland  ?  Balize  ?  Mexico  ? 
Which  is  the  largest  division  ?  The  most  populous  ? 
On  what  oceans  does  North  America  border  ?  What 
range  of  mountains  in  the  western  part  ?  In  the 
eastern  part?  In  which  divisions  are  volcanoes 
found  ?     Name  the  volcanoes  ? 

What  lakes  are  there  in  North  America  ?  Which  is 
the  largest  ?  What  bays  indent  the  eastern  coast 
of  North  America  ?  The  western  ?  What  large 
gulf  south  of  North  America  ?     What  large  bay  in 


the  northern  part  ?  Where  is  Chesapeake  bay  ? 
What  large  island  north-east  of  North  America? 
What  islands  east  ?  South  ?  North  ?  Where  are 
the  Bahama  islands  ?  Aleutian  islands  ?  Newfound- 
land ?  Where  is  Cape  Farewell  ?  Cape  Sable  ?  Cape 
St.  Lucas?     Cape  Corrientes? 

How  does  North  America  rank  among  other  divi- 
sions in  size  ?     Which  division  is  the  most  mountain- 


ous ?      The    most    level  ?      Who 
America  ?     What  is  its  capital  ? 

*  See  Map  No.  3. 


inhabit   Russian 


BRITISH    PROVINCES. 

SQUARE   MILES,  3,080,000 

POPULATION,  2,000,000. 

KEY    TO    MAP    ]SrO.    3. 

COUNTRIES,  CAPITALS  AND  CHIEF  TOWNS. 

15   Gut  of  Canso, 

1  Hudson's  Bay  Territory. 

16  Northumberland  Strait^ 

2  Labrador. 

11  St.  Mary's  Strait. 

3  Upper   Canada,   l  Toronto,  2  Cdlingirood,   3  '"Ot- 
tawa, 4  Brockville,  5  Kuic/stoti,  6 

Coburg,  7  Niagara,  8  Hamilton,  9 

ISLANDS. 

Brautford,  10  London. 

18  Manitoulin  Isles, 

4  Lower   Canada,    l  Montreal,    2  Tltrcc    Riverx,   3 

19  Orleans, 

Quebec,  4  Shcrbrookc,  5  St.  John, 

20  Anticosti, 

6  St.  Hyaciiithe.  , 

21  Maopalen  Islands, 

5  New  Brunswick,   l  Fredericton,    2  Bat/mrst,    3 

22  Cape  Breton, 

Liverpool,     4    Dorchester,     5    St. 

23  Prince  Edward's. 

John's,  6  5<.  Andrews. 
Q  Nova   Scotia,    1  Halifax,   2  Picton,   3  Sydney,   4 

Lunenburg,    5  Shelbume,    6  Far* 

CAPES. 

»/io?</A. 

24  Des  Montes, 

7  Newfoundland,  l  St.  John's. 

25   Mliittle, 

26  Bauld, 

■ 

27  Race, 

OCEANS,  BAYS,  &o. 

28  St.  Mary, 

29  Ray, 

1  Atlantic  Ocean, 

30  North, 

2  Hun.soN's  Bay, 

31   Canso, 

3  James's  Bay, 

32  Sable. 

4  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrekck, 

5  mate's  Baxj, 

6  Notre  Dame  Bay, 

7  Bonaviita  Bay, 

LAKES. 

8  Placentia  Bay, 

S3  Caniapuscaw, 

9  St.  George's  Bay, 

34  Nitcheguo7i, 

10  Halifax  Harbor, 

35  Mistissinny, 

1 1  Bay  of  Fundy, 

S6  Abritibbke, 

12  Bay  of  Chaleur. 

37  Huron, 

88  Georgian  Bay, 

39  SiMCOE, 

40  Nipissing, 

CHANNELS  AND  STRAITS. 

41  St.  Clair, 

1 3  Canadian  Channel, 

42  Erie, 

14  Bellisle  Strait, 

43  Ontario, 

44  Grand, 

*Ottawa  is  the  capital  of  the  whole  of  Canada. 

45  St.  John. 

34 


BRITISH    PROVINCES. 


RIVERS. 


46  Albany, 

47  Moose, 

48  Abbitibbee, 

49  Harricanaw, 

50  Rupert^ 

51  East  Main, 

52  Great  Whale, 

53  Koksak, 

54  St.  Lawrence, 

55  Sagcenat, 


66  St.  Maurice, 

57  Ottawa, 

58  Oatiitcau, 

59  MadaivaskOf 

60  XiAOARA, 

61  Sorel, 

62  St.  Franch, 

63  Miramichi, 

64  St.  John, 

65  St.  Croix. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  THE  BRITISH  PROVINCES. 


Bound  British  America.*     In  what  part  is  Hud- 
son's  Bay   Territory?      Labrador?      Bound    Upper 


Canada.     Lower   Canada. 
Scotia.     Newfoundland. 


New  Brunswick.     Nova 


OCEANS,  SEAS  AND  BAYS. 
What  ocean  east  of  the  British  Provinces?  L 
What  large  bay  in  the  northern  part  ?  2.  What  is 
its  southern  extremity  called?  3.  What  large  gulf 
between  New  Brunswick  and  Newfoundland?  4. 
What  bays  around  Newfoundland  ?  5-9.  What  harbor 
south  of  Nova  Scotia  ?  10.  What  bay  west  of  Nova 
Scotia?  11.    What  bay  north  of  New  Brunswick  ?  12. 


STRAITS  AND  CHANNELS. 

What  channel  between  Canada  and  Anticosti  ?  13. 
What  strait  between  Labrador  and  Newfoundland  ? 
14.  What  strait  between  Nova  Scotia  and  Cape 
Breton?  15.  What  strait  between  Nova  Scotia  and 
Prince  Edward's?  16.  What  strait  connects  Lakes 
Superior  and  Huron  ?  17. 


ISLANDS  AND  CAPES. 
What  island  in  the  northern  part  of  Lake  Huron  ? 

18.  What  island  in  the  St.  Lawrence  near  Quebec? 

19.  What  island  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence? 

*   See  map  No.  2. 


20.  What  island  east  of  New  Brunswick  ?  23.  What 
islands  north-east  of  Pr.  Edward's  ?  21.  What  island 
north-east  of  Nova  Scotia  ?  22.  What  cape  south  of 
Labrador?  25.  'What  cape  at  the  northern  extremity 
of  Newfoundland  ?  26.  At  the  southern  extremity  ? 
27.  At  the  south-western  extremity  ?  29.  North  of 
Cape  Breton  ?  30.  At  the  eastern  extremity  of  Nova 
Scotia?  31.     At  the  southern  extremity  ?  32. 


LAKES. 

VThat  lake  in  Labrador  ?  33.  What  two  lakes  cast 
of  James's  Bay  ?  34,  35.  What  lake  is  the  source 
of  the  Abbitibbee  ?  36.  What  lakes  between  Canada 
and  the  United  States  ?  37,  41-43.  What  bay  con- 
nects with  Lake  Huron  ?  38.  What  lakes  wholly  in 
Canada?  39,  40,  44,  45. 


RIVERS. 


What  rivers  flow  into  James's  Bay  ?  46-51.  What 
river  in  the  northern  part  of  Labrador  ?  53.  What 
river  is  the  outlet  of  the  great  lakes?  54.  What 
branches  has  it  on  the  north  ?  55-57.  Which  is  the 
boundary  river  between  Upper  and  Lower  Canada  ? 
57.  What  river  connects  lakes  Erie  and  Ontario  ?  60. 
Which  way  does  it  run?  What  falls  has  it?  Ni- 
agara Falls.  What  rivers  flow  into  the  St.  Lawrence 
from  the  south  ?  61,  62.  What  rivers  in  New  Bruns- 
wick ?  63,  64.  What  river  is  the  boundary  between 
New  Brunswick  and  the  United  States  ?  65. 


BRITISH     PROVINCES. 


35 


PARLIAMKNT    nriLniNCS    AT    OTTAWA. 


DESCRIPTIVE     GEOGRAPHY 


The  Province  of  Canada  embraces  a  sec- 
tion of  British  America,  lying  south  of  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Territory  and  Labrador,  ex- 
tending about  1,400  miles  from  east  to  west, 
and  varying  in  width  from  200  to  400  miles. 

It  was  formerly  divided  into  two  pro- 
vinces. Upper  Canada,  lying  on  the  great 
lakes  and  west  of  the  Ottawa  river,  and 
Lower  Canada,  occupying  the  valley  of  the 
St.  Lawrence  from  the  mouth  of  the  Ottawa 
river  to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

The  government  of  Canada  is  similar  to 
that  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  It  con- 
sists of  a  Governor-General  appointed  by 
the  Crown  as  its  representative,  aided  by 
tlie  Executive  Council,  and  a  Provincial 
Parliament. 

The  prevailing  religion  of  Lower  Canada 
is  Roman  Catholic,  that  of  Upper  Canada, 
Protestant.  There  are  churches  of  various 
denominations  in  both. 

Canada  was  first  settled  by  the  French  in 
1541.     It  was  acquired  by  the  English  in 


17G0,  and  has  since  remained  a  part  of  the 
British  Empire. 

Questions.  Give  the  situation  and  extent  of  Can- 
ada. What  is  said  of  its  divisions  ?  Government  ? 
Religion  ?     History  ? 


3.  UPPER  CANADA  OR  CANADA  WEST. 

Square  miles,  148,000.     Population,  1,396,000. 

Upper  Canada  has  generally  a  level  or 
slightly  undulating  surface,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  table  ridge  which  forms  the  water 
shed  between  Lakes  Superior  and  Huron, 
and  Hudson's  Bay. 

The  soil  is  fertile,  especially  on  the  rich 
alluvial  flats  of  the  river  courses. 

The  climate  is  affected  to  some  extent  by 
the  large  lakes.  It  is  healthy,  and  highly 
favorable  to  the  growth  of  grain  and  the 
production  of  the  finest  fruits.  Wheat  is 
the  staple  product.  Peas,  rye,  barley,  oats, 
buckwheat,  Indian  corn,  potatoes,  hemp, 
and  flax,  are  raised  extensively.     In  the 


3G 


BRITISH     PROVINCES. 


southern  part,  peaches  and  apples  arc  pro- 
duced in  great  abundance. 

Extensive  forests  of  white  and  red  pine, 
and  other  forest  trees,  furnish  large  quanti- 
ties of  timber  for  exportation. 

Iron  of  the  best  quality  is  found  in  great 
abundance.  Copper  abounds  on  Lakes  Su- 
perior and  Huron.  Silver  has  been  dis- 
covered in  small  quantities,  and  lead  and 
tin  occur  in  several  places. 

AVhitefish,  lake  trout  and  sturgeon  of 
great  size  abound  in  the  large  lakes,  and  are 
taken  for  home  consumption  and  export. 

The  educational  system  of  Upper  Canada 
is  very  complete. 

Ottawa  is  the  capital  of  the  whole  of 
Canada.     It  contains  fine  public  buildings. 

Toronto  is  situated  on  a  circular  bay  on 
the  north-west  shore  of  Lake  Ontario.  The 
streets  generally  cross  each  other  at  right 
angles.  The  buildings  are  mostly  of  light 
colored  brick,  giving  the  town  a  pleasant 
appearance. 

The  Normal  School  and  Education  Office 
for  Upper  Canada  are  located  liere.  These 
buildings  are  the  most  extensive  of  their 
kind  in  North  America. 

Hamilton  is  situated  on  Burlington  Bay 
at  the  western  extremity  of  Lake  Ontario. 
It  contains  many  fine  buildings.  It  has 
manufactures  of  various  kinds,  and  pos- 
sesses superior  commercial  advantages. 

Questions.  "What  is  said  of  the  surface  of  Upper 
Canada?  Soil?  Climate?  Productions?  Forests? 
What  arc  its  minerals  ?  What  abound  in  the  lakes  ? 
What  is  said  of  its  educational  system  ?  Describe 
Ottawa.     Toronto.     Hamilton. 

4.     LOWER  CANADA,  OR  CANADA  EAST. 
Square  miles,  210,000.     Population,  1,110,000. 
Lower  Canada  has  a  broken  and  irregu- 


lar surface,  and  in  the  eastern  part  is  moun- 
tainous, presenting  varied  and  picturesque 
scenery.  The  country  is  well-watered,  and 
though  not  as  fertile  as  Upper  Canada,  has 
a  good  soil,  and  some  portions  of  it  are 
highly  cultivated.  The  winters  are  cold 
and  severe,  but  during  the  summers,  vege- 
tation is  very  rapid. 

The  productions  are  wheat,  corn,  rye,  oats, 
peas,  flax,  and  hemp.  From  the  forests,  tim- 
ber of  various  kinds  and  maple-sugar  are 
obtained,  both  for  consumption  and  export. 

Iron,  copper  and  gold  are  the  most  impor- 
tant minerals. 

The  majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  of 
JFrench  origin,  and  still  speak  the  French 
language. 


h  vLL-i  ut    ^iO^TM()Rl•^tl 


Montreal,  on  an  island  of  the  same  name 
in  the  St.  Lawrence  river,  is  favorably  situ- 
ated for  intercourse  with  both  provinces  and 
with  the  United  States.  The  buildings  are 
principally  of  a  grayish  limestone.  Some 
of  the  public  edifices  are  magnificent  struc- 
tures. Its  quays,  also  built  of  cut  limestone, 
are  unsurpassed  in  America.  The  Victoria 
brido-e  across  the  St.  Lawrence  consists  of 


BRITISH     PROVINCES. 


37 


a  wrought  iron  box  twenty  feet  deep,  six- 
teen feet  wide,  and  seven  thousand  feet 
long,  supported  by  towers  of  stone,  and  is 
used  for  the  trains  of  the  Grand  Trunk 
Railway. 

Quebec,  the  most  ancient  and  important 
port  in  Canada,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  about  one  hund- 
red and  eighty  miles  north-east  from  Mont- 
real. It  has  a  picturesque  situation,  and  is 
divided  into  the  upper  and  lower  towns; 
the  former  on  the  highest  part  of  the  pro- 
montory of  Cape  Diamond,  the  latter  at  its 
base. 

It  is  engaged  extensively  in  trade,  par- 
ticularly in  the  exportation  of  lumber.  The 
Falls  of  Montmorenci  arc  about  seven  miles 
from  the  city. 

Ql-estions.  What  is  said  of  the  surfax:o  of  Lower 
Canada?  Soil?  Climate?  Productions?  Minerals? 
Inhabitants  ?    Describe  Montreal.     Quebec. 


5.     NEW  BRUNSWICK. 
Square  miles,  27,700.     Population,  252,000. 

The  Province  of  New  Brunswick  is  situ- 
ated between  Maine  and  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence. 

The  surface  is  varied ;  mountain  ridges, 
anfl  sheltered  valleys  and  plains,  alternating 
with  each  other. 

The  soil  is  fertile ;  the  climate  is  subject 
to  great  extremes  of  heat  and  cold. 

A  great  part  of  the  province  is  covered 
witii  dense  forests  which  furnish  large  quan- 
tities of  timber.  Oats,  rye,  barley,  and  the 
fruits  of  northern  New  England,  are  the 
chief  products. 

The  coal  fields  are  said  to  extend  over 
10,000  square  miles.  Iron  and  copper  are 
abundant,  and  large  deposits  of  manganese 
and  plumbago  have  been  discovered. 


The  rivers,  lakes  and  sea-coasts,  abound 
with  fish  which  are  taken  in  great  quanti- 
ties. 

Almost  the  whole  province  can  be  reached 
by  its  streams.  Several  railways  are  com- 
pleted, or  in  progress.  The  great  extent  of 
sea-coast,  with  its  numerous  bays,  furnishes 
excellent  facilities  for  commerce. 

The  affairs  of  the  province  are  adminis- 
tered by  a  Lieutenant  Governor,  aided  by  an 
Executive  Council,  a  Legislative  Council,  and 
a  House  of  Assembly  chosen  by  the  people. 

Fredericton,  the  capital,  is  situated  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  river  St.  John.  It  is 
regularly  laid  out,  and  a  place  of  consider- 
able trade. 

St.  John's  is  situated  on  a  rocky  peninsula 
at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  John's  river.  It 
stands  on  a  declivity,  and  presents  an  im- 
posing appearance  to  persons  approaching 
from  the  sea.  Its  harbor  is  safe  and  capa- 
cious and  never  obstructed  by  ice. 

Questions.  How  is  New  Brunswick  situated? 
Wha4;  is  said  of  its  surface  ?  Soil  ?  Climate  ?  For- 
ests ?  Productions  ?  Coal  fields  ?  Minerals  ?  AVith 
what  do  its  rivers  and  lakes  abound  ?  What  are  its 
facilities  for  commerce?  Government?  Describe 
Fredericton.     St  John's. 


/^  6.    NOVA  SCOTIA. 

Square  miles,  19,000.*  Population,  330,000.* 
Nova  Scotia  is  a  large  peninsula  lying 
south-east  of  New  Brunswick,  with  which  it 
is  connected  by  an  isthmus  fifteen  miles 
wide.  It  contains  no  mountains  of  great 
magnitude.  A  broad  belt  of  high  and 
broken  land  extends  along  the  Atlantic 
shores. 

The  surface  is  undulating  throughout  and 
highly  picturesque.     The  numerous  rivers 

*  Including  Cape  Breton. 


38 


BRITISH     PROVINCES. 


COD    AND   MACKEREL    FISHERIES. 

and  lakes  form  an  interesting  feature  in  the 
province. 

The  soil  varies  greatly  in  productiveness. 
The  climate  is  remarkahly  temperate,  con- 
sidering its  high  northern  latitude.  Dense 
fogs  arc  prevalent  on  the  Atlantic   coast. 

The  principal  productions  are  wheat,  bar- 
ley, rye,  oats,  buckwheat,  and  potatoes. 

Large  quantities  of  apples  are  raised  in 
the  western  counties. 

Coal,  iron  and  copper,  arc  abundant.  Sil- 
ver and  lead  are  found  to  some  extent. 
Large  quantities  of  gypsum  are  exported. 

Its  fisheries  give  employment  to  a  great 
number  of  men  and  boats. 

It  has  over  1,200  miles  of  sea-coast,  pene- 
trated by  the  finest  bays  in  the  world,  which 
arc  open  to  navigation  throughout  the  year, 
giving  it  superior  commercial  advantages. 

The  eastern  arm  of  the  bay  of  Fundy, 
called  Mines  Bay,  is  remarkable  for  the 
height  of  its  tides  which  sometimes  rise 
sixty  or  seventy  feet. 

The  inhabitants  consist  principally  of  de- 
scendants of  the  English,  Scotch  and  Irish, 
who  now  form  but  one  race  living  in  perfect 
harmony. 

It  is  subject  to  Great  Britain,  the  govern- 


ment being  simi- 
lar to  that  of  New 
Brunswick. 

Nova  Scotia 
was  first  discov- 
ered by  the  Ca- 
bots  in  1497. 

Halifax   is   a 
seaport,  situated 
on  Halifax  Har- 
bor.    Its   streets 
are  spacious  and 
cross  each  otlier 
at  right    angles.      It  has  extensive   steam 
communication  with  the  United  States  and 
West  Indies,  and  is  the  port  at  which  the 
Cunard  mail  steamers  touch  on  their  voy- 
ages to  and  from  Europe.     It  is  also  the 
terminus  of  the  railroad  designed  to  connect 
Quebec  with  the  Atlantic. 

Questions.  How  is  Nova  Scotia  situated  ?  What 
is  said  of  its  mountains  ?  What  is  its  surface  V  Soil  ? 
Climate  ?  What  are  its  productions  ?  Minerals  ? 
What  is  said  of  its  fisheries  ?  Describe  its  sea-coast. 
Mines  Bay.  Its  inhabitants.  Government.  Wlien 
and  by  whom  was  Nova  Scotia  discovered  ?  Describe 
Halifax. 


CAPE  BRETON. 

Cape  Breton  has  long  been  celebrated  for 
its  fisheries ;  the  principal  are  cod  and  mack- 
erel. Large  quantities  of  excellent  ship 
timber  are  exported. 

It  is  a  colony  under  Nova  Scotia,  and 
sends  two  members  to  its  House  of  Assem- 
bly. 

Sydney,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  island, 
is  situated  near  the  famous  Sydney  coal 
mines.     It  has  an  excellent  harbor. 

Lunenburg  is  a  place  of  considerable 
trade. 


BRITISH    PROVINCES. 


Questions.  For  what  is  Cape  Breton  celebrated  ? 
With  what  province  is  it  united  in  government? 
Describe  Sydney.     Lunenburg. 

Note.  The  extent  and  population  of  Cape  Breton  are 
included  in  those  of  Nova  Scotia. 

7.    NEWFOUNDLAND. 
Square  miles,  36,000.     Population,  128,000. 

Newfoundland  is  a  large  island  in  the 
mouth  of  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  and 
nearer  to  Great  Britain  than  any  other  part 
of  America. 

It  is  very  irregular  in  form,  its  coast  being 
indented  witli  numerous  bays  and  harbors. 

The  interior  of  the  country  has  an  uneven 
and  rocky  surface  with  numerous  rivers  and 
lakes. 

The  climate  is  severe  but  healtliful.  In 
May  and  tlic  beginning  of  June,  dense  fogs 
prevail  on  the  "Banks"  and  neighboring 
shores.  Much  of  the  soil  is  unfit  for  culti- 
vation, though  some  parts  of  the  island  are 
fertile,  producing  grain,  grapes,  and  pota- 
toes. The  principal  forest  trees  arc  spruce, 
birch,  larch,  willow,  and  mountain-ash. 

The  minerals  are  coal,  gypsum,  lead,  cop- 
per, and  iron. 

The  Grand  Bank  of  Newfoundland  forms 
the  most  extensive  submarine  elevation  on 


the  globe,  and  swarms  with  cod  and  other 
varieties  of  fish.  The  greater  part  of  the 
population  are  engaged  in  the  fisheries. 

The  government  is  similar  to  that  of  the 
other  British  North  American  colonies. 

All  religious  sects  are  tolerated.  Consid- 
erable attention  has  been  given  to  educa- 
tion, and  various  grades  of  schools  have 
been  established. 

A  submarine  telegraph,  eighty-five  miles 
in  length,  is  laid  across  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence, connecting  Newfoundland  with  Nova 
Scotia,  and  by  continuous  lines,  with  the 
different  parts  of  the  United  States. 

St.  John's,  the  capital,  is  the  most  eastern 
seaport  in  North  America,  and  only  1G65 
miles  from  Galway  in  Ireland.  It  lias  a  fine 
harbor  enclosed  by  two  mountains,  and  de- 
fended by  numerous  batteries  and  fortifica- 
tions. The  town,  consisting  principally  of 
one  street,  has  many  good  buildings,  and  is 
improving  in  regularity  and  appearance. 

QuESTioxs.  What  is  Newfoundland?  How  is  it 
situated?  AVhat  is  its  form?  Surface?  Climate? 
Soil  ?  What  are  its  productions  ?  Forest  trees  ? 
Minerals  ?  What  is  said  of  the  Grand  Bank  ?  Occu- 
pation of  the  inhabitants  ?  Government?  Religion? 
Education?  Submarine  Telegraph?  Describe  St. 
John's. 


GENERAL  QUESTIONS   ON  THE  BRITISH  PROVINCES. 


Which  province  extends  farthest  east?  South? 
What  division  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence ? 

Where  is  lake  Abbitibbee  ?  Lake  Nipissing?  Lake 
St.  John?  Saguenay  River?  Ottawa  River?  St. 
Francis?  St.  Croix?  Describe  the  St.  Lawrence. 
Placentia  Bay.  Bay  of  Fundy.  Bellisle  Strait. 
Manitoulin  Isles.     Anticosti. 

What  is  the  latitude  of  Montreal?  What  other 
cities  in  and  about  the  same  latitude  ?  What  is  the 
longitude  of  Cape  Race  ? 


What  are  the  vegetable  productions  of  Upper  Can- 
ada ?  In  what  provinces  is  iron  found?  Copper? 
Coal  ?  What  other  minerals  are  found  ?  What  are 
obtained  from  the  forests  ?     From  the  lakes  ? 

By  whom  was  Canada  first  settled?  To  what 
country  does  it  belong  ?  What  language  is  spoken 
in  Lower  Canada  ?  How  is  Montreal  situated  ?  De- 
scribe Quebec.     St.  John's.     Halifax.     Toronto. 

How  would  you  sail  from  Montreal  to  Halifax? 
With  what  countries  has  Halifax  communication  by 
steam  ships  ? 


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UNITED   STATES  AND   MEXICO. 

SQUAES    MILES,    3,800,000.        POPULATION,    34,600,000. 

KE'Y'    TO    MAP    NO.    4. 

STATES,  CAPITALS  AND  CHIEF  TOWNS, 
1  Maine,           l  Augusta,  2  Bangor,  3  Eastport,  4 
Bath,  5  Portland. 

14  North  Carolina,  l  Raleigh,  2  Edenton,  3  New- 
bern,  4  Beaufort,  6  Wilmington,  6 
Fayettevillc, 

2  New  Hampsllire,   l  Concord,  2  Portsmouth,  3 
Manchester,  4  Nashua. 

15  South    Carolina,    l    Columbia,    2   Abbeville,    3 
Camden,  4  Georgetown,  5  Charles- 

3  Vermont,     l  Montpelier,  2  Buriiugton,  3  Brat- 

tleboro. 

4  Massachusetts,  l  Boston,  2  Lowell,  3  New  Bed- 

ford, 4  Worcester,  5  Springfield, 

toe 

16  Georgia,       l  Milledgeville,  2  Atlanta,  3  Augusta, 
4  Savannah,  6  Darien,  6  Columbus, 
1  Macon, 

5  Rhode  Island,  l  Protidenck,  2  Newport, 

17  Florida,         l  Tallahassee,  2  Pcnsacola,  3  Appala- 
chicola,  4   St.    Augustine,  5  Key 

6  Connecticut,  l  Hartford,  2  New  Haven,  3  New 

London. 

7  New  York,  l  Albany,  2  New  York,  3  Brooklyn,  4 

Buffalo,  5  Rochester,  6  Syracuse, 
7  Utica,  8  Oswego,  9  Ogdensburg, 
10   Plattsburg,   11    Whitehall,    12 
Troy,  13  Elmira,  14  Dunkirk. 

West. 

18  Alabama,     l      Montgomery,      2     Hnntsville,     3 

Wctumpka,      4      Tuscaloosa,      5 
Mobile, 

19  Mississippi,  l  i^ckson,  2  Columbus,  3  Natchez,  4 

Vicksburg, 

8  New  Jersey,  l  Trenton,  2  Paterson,  S  Newark. 

9  Pennsylvania,   l   Harrisburg,   2  Philadelphia,  3 

Erie,  4  Wilkesbarre,  5  Pottsville, 
6  Reading,  Y  Lancaster,  8  Carlisle, 
9    Lewistown,    10    Somerset,    11 
Pittsburg. 

20  Louisiana,  l  Baton   Rouge,    2    New   Orleans,    3 

Natchitoches,  4  Shreveport. 

21  Texas,           1  Austin,  2   Houston,  3  Galveston,  4 

Matagorda,    5    Goliad,    6    Corpus 
Christi,  7  Rio  Grande  City. 

10  Delaware,   l  Dover,  2  Wilmington. 

11  Maryland,    l  Annapolis,  2  Baltimore,  3  Easton,  4 

22  Arkansas,  l  Little  Rock,   2  Helena,  3  Columbia, 
4  Van  Buren,  5  Batesvillc. 

Cumberland, 

12  District  of  Columbia,  l  Washington. 

13  Virginia,       l  Richmond,  3  Harper's  Ferry,  4  Fred- 

ericksburg,  5  Petersburg,    6  Nor- 
folk, 7  Lynchburg. 

23  Missouri,  1  Jefferson  City,  2  Independence,  3 

Lexington,    4   St.   Charles,   5   St. 
Louis,  6  Potosi. 

24  Tennessee,  l  Nashville,  2  Knoxvillc,  3  Murfrecs- 

boro',  4  Columbia,  5  Memphis,  6 

13  i  West  Virginia,  l  Wheeling, 

Jackson. 

UNITED     STATES. 


43 


25  Kentucky,  l  Frankfort,  2  Louisville,  3  Maysville, 

4  Georgetown,  5  Lexington,  6 
Bowling  Green,  7  Paducah. 

26  Ohio  1  Columbus,  2  Toledo,  3  Sandusky,  4 

Cleveland,  5  Steubenville,  6  Zanes- 
ville,  7  Lancaster,  8  Portsmouth, 
9  Chillicothe,  10  Cincinnati,  11 
Dayton. 

27  Indiana,       l   Indianapolis,    2   Michigan   City,   3 

South  Bend,  4  Madison,  5  New 
Albany,  6  Evansville,  1  Vincennes, 
8  Terre  Haute,  9  Lafayette. 

28  Illinois,        1  Springfield,  2  Galena,  3  Chicago,  4 

Cairo,  5  Alton,  6  Quiucy,  7  Peoria, 

8  Rock  Island. 

29  Miclligan,    l  Lansing,  2  Saut  St.  Marie,  3  Detroit, 

4  Ann  Arbor,  5  Monroe,  6  Adrian, 
7  Jackson,  8  Kalamazoo,  9  Grand 
Haven. 

30  Wisconsin,  l  Madison,  2  Green  Bay,  3  Fond  du 

Lac,  4  Milwaukee,  5  Racine,  6 
Janesville,  7  Prairie  du  Chien,  8 
La  Crosse. 

31  Iowa,  1  Des  Moines,  2  Dubuque,  3  Daven- 

port, 4  Muscatine,  5  Burlington,  6 
Council  Bluff,  7  Iowa  City. 

32  California,  l  Sacramento,  2  Placer  City,  3  Marys- 

ville,  4  Bcnicia,  5  Stockton,  6  So- 
nora,  7  San  Jose,  8  San  Francisco, 

9  Monterey,  10  San  Diego. 

33  Minnesota,  l  St.  Paul,  2  St.  Anthony. 

34  Nebraska,  i  Omaha  Citt. 

35  Kansas,        l    Topeka,    2  Wabounse,    3  Leaven- 

worth, 4  Lecompton,  5  Lawrence. 

36  Indian,  l   Tahlequah, 

37  New  Mexico,  l  Santa  Fe,  2  Taos,  3  Socorro. 

38  Utah,  1  Salt  Lake  Citt,  2  FiUmore  City. 

39  Oregon,       l  Salem,  2  Astoria,  3  Portland,  4  Or- 

egon. 


40  Washington,  l  Oltmpia,    2   Pacific   City,   3  Ft. 

Vancouver. 

41  Dakota,  l    Yankton. 

42  Colorado,  1  Denver  City. 

43  Nevada,  l    Carson  Citt. 

44  Arizona. 

45  Idaho. 

46  Montana. 


OCEANS,  GULFS  AND  BAYS. 

1  Atlantic  Ocean, 

2  Pacific  Ocean, 

3  Passamaquoddy  Bay, 

4  Penobscot  Bay, 

5  Massachusetts   Bay, 

6  Narragansett  Bay, 

7  New  York  Bay, 

8  Delaware   Bay, 

9  Chesapeake  Bay, 

10  Chatham  Bay, 

11  Charlotte  Harbor, 

12  Tampa  Bay, 

13  Appalachee  Bay, 

14  Pensacola  Bay, 

15  Mobile  Bay, 

16  Galveston  Bay, 

17  Matagorda  Bay, 

18  Corpus  Christi  Bat, 

19  Gulf  of  Mexico, 

20  Gulf  of  California, 

21  San  Diego  Bay, 

22  Monterey  Bay, 

23  San  Francisco   Bay, 

24  Humboldt  Bay, 

25  Gulf  of  Georgia. 


SOUNDS  AND  STRAITS. 

26  Long  Island  Sound, 

27  Albemarle  Sound, 

28  Pamlico  Sound, 

29  Florida  Strait, 

30  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca. 


44 


UNITED     STATES, 


ISLANDS. 

31  Nantucket, 

32  Martha's  Vineyard, 

33  Long  Island, 

34  Florida  Keys, 
85  tortugas, 

36  Santa  Barbara. 


CAPES. 


ST  Ann, 

38  Cod, 

39  Malabar, 

40  May, 

41  Henlopen, 

42  Charles, 

43  Henry, 

44  Hatteras, 

45  LOOKODT, 

46  Fear, 

47  Canaveral, 

48  Florida, 

49  Sable, 

50  Roman, 

51  San  Blas, 

52  Conception, 

53  Mendocino, 

54  Orford, 

55  Flattery. 


MOUNTAINS. 


56  Katahdin, 

57  White, 

58  Green, 

59  Catskill, 

60  Blue  Ridge, 

61  Alleghany, 

62  Cumberland, 

63  Ozark, 

64  Black  Hills, 

65  Rocky, 

66  Fremont's, 

67  Long's, 

68  Pike's, 

69  Spanish, 

70  Sierra  Nevada, 

71  Coast, 
*Z2  Cascade, 


73  Mt.  Hood, 

74  Mt.  St.   Helen's, 

75  Mt.  Ranier, 

76  Great  American  Plains. 


LAKES. 

77  Red, 

78  Lake  of  the  Woods, 

79  Rainy, 

80  Superior, 

81  Michigan, 

82  Green  Bay, 

83  Huron, 

84  Georgian  Bay, 

85  Saginaw  Bay, 

86  St.  Clair, 

87  Erie, 

88  Ontario, 

89  Champlain, 

90  Moosehead, 

91  Chesuncook, 

92  Okechobee, 

93  Pontchartrain, 

94  Tula, 

95  Pyramid, 

96  Klamath, 

97  Great  Salt, 

98  Utah, 

99  Nicollet. 


RIVERS. 


100  St.  Lawrence, 

101  St.  John's, 

102  St.  Croix, 

103  Penobscot, 

104  Kennebec, 

105  Androscoggin, 

106  Saco, 

107  Merrimac, 

108  Connecticut, 

109  Hudson, 

110  Mohawk, 

111  Delaware, 

112  Susquehanna, 

113  Potomac, 

114  Rappahannock, 

115  James,  ^ 


UNITED 

STATES.                                                               4.: 

116  Chowan, 

168               Nebraska, 

117    EOAXOKE, 

169                    North  Fork, 

118  Tar,  or  Pamlico, 

170                    South  Fork, 

119  Neuse, 

171               Kansas, 

120  Cape  Fear, 

172                    Republican  Fork, 

121  Great  Pedee, 

173                    Smoky  Hill, 

122  Santee, 

174              Osage, 

1 23         Wateree, 

175        St.  Francis, 

124  Savasxah, 

176        White, 

125  Altamaha, 

177         Arkansas, 

126        Oconee, 

178               Canadian, 

127            OCMUiGEE, 

179        Red, 

128  St.  Mart's, 

180             Washita, 

129  St.  John's, 

181  Sabine, 

130  Suwanee, 

182  Xeches, 

131  Appalaciiicola, 

183  Trinity, 

132        Flint, 

184  Brazos, 

133        Chattahoochee, 

185  Colorado, 

134  Mobile, 

186  Xueces, 

135         Alabama, 

187  Rio  Grande, 

136            TOMBKJEEE, 

188        Pecos, 

137  Pascagoula, 

189  Colorado, 

138  Pearl, 

100        Gila, 

130  Mississippi, 

191         Grande, 

140         Yazoo, 

192        Greejj, 

141        Ohio, 

19S        Rio  Virgen, 

142             Tennessee, 

194  San  Joaquin, 

143              Cumberland, 

195  Sacramento, 

144              Green, 

196        Feather, 

145              Kentucky, 

197  Klamath, 

146              Big  Sandy, 

198  Columbia, 

147               Kanawha, 

199        Willamette, 

148              Monongahela, 

200        Lewis, 

149               Alleghany, 

201              Salmon, 

150                    MirSKINGUM, 

202        Clarke's, 

151              Scioto, 

203  Bear, 

152              Miami, 

204  Humboldt, 

153               Wabash, 

205  Nicollet, 

154                   White, 

206  St.  Joseph's, 

155         Kaskaskia, 

207  Grand, 

156        Illinois, 

208  St.  Clair, 

157        Rock, 

209  Detroit, 

158        Wisconsin,                                           i 

210  Maumee, 

159        Minnesota, 

211  Niagara. 

160        Iowa, 

161        Des  Moines, 

162        Missouri, 

163              Jefferson, 

2  MEXICO.* 

164              Madison, 

1  Lower  California,  2  Loreto,  3  La  Paz. 

165               Gallatin, 

3  Sonera,                      4  Arhpe. 

166              Yellowstone, 

3  Chihuahua,               5  Chihuahita. 

167                     Big  Horn, 
3 

♦The  States  of  Mexico  may  be  omitted  till  the  review. 

46 


UNITED    STATES. 


4  Cinaloa, 

5  Durango, 

6  Cohahuila, 

7  New  Leon, 

8  Tamaulipas, 

9  San  Luis  Potosi, 

10  Zacatecas, 

11  Jalisco, 

12  Guanajuato, 

13  Queretaro, 

14  Vera  Cruz, 

15  Mexico, 

16  Michoacan, 

17  Colima, 

18  Guerrero, 

19  Puebla, 
20Oajaca, 

21  Tehuantepec, 

22  Tabasco, 

23  Chiapas, 

24  Yucatan, 

3  Balize, 


6   Culiacan,  1  Mazatlan. 

8  Durango. 

9  Salt  ill o. 
10  Monterey. 

12  Victoria,  11  Matamoras. 

13  San  Luis  Potosi. 

14  Zacatkcas. 

1 5  Guadalajara. 

16  Guanajuato. 

17  Queretaro. 

19  Vkka  Cruz,  18  Jalapa. 
1    Mexico, 

20  Valladolid. 

21  Colima. 

22  Acapulco. 

23  Puebla. 

24  Oajaca. 

25  Tchanntcpec. 

26  Tabasco. 

27  Ciudad  Real. 

28  Merida,    29    Cainpeaehi/,  30 

Valladolid. 

1  Balize. 


BAYS. 


212  Campeacht, 

213  Honduras, 

214  Tehuantepec. 


ISLANDS. 

215  Bahama,     1   Nassau. 

216  Cuba,  1  Havana,  2  3Iatanzas,   3  Puerto 

Principe,  4  Santiago. 

217  Isle  op  Pines, 

218  Hayti,        1  Port  au  Prince. 


219  Jamaica,     1  Spanish  Town,  2  Kingstoti,. 

220  COZUMEL, 

221  Pevillagigedo, 

222  The  Three  Marias, 

223  Eapiritu  Santo, 

224  Carmen, 

225  2'i6«m, 

226  Angelas, 

227  Margarita, 

228  Ccrros. 


PENINSULAS. 


229  Yucatan, 

230  California. 


CAPES. 


231  Roxo, 

232  Pe'tconoeida, 

233  Catociie, 
23l  San  Antonio, 

235  Corrientes, 

236  Palma, 

237  San  Lucas, 

238  ^San  Lazaro, 

239  Morro  Hcrmoso. 


MOUNTAINS. 


240  Sierra  Madre, 

241  popocatapktl. 


LAKES. 


242  ClIAPALA, 

243  Tr.RMiNos. 


RIVERS. 


244  Santander, 

245  Tida, 

246  Usumacinta, 

247  Balsas, 

248  Grande, 

249  Yaqui. 


UNITED     STATES, 


QUESTIONS   ON   THE  MAP   OF  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


"What  country  bounds  the  United  States  on  the 
north  ?  What  ocean  on  the  east  ?  AYhat  gulf  and 
country  on  the  south?  What  ocean  on  the  west? 
What  is  the  latitude  of  the  United  States  ?  What  is 
its  longitude  ? 

How  many  states  are  there  ?  Name  them.  How 
many  territories  are  there  ?  Name  them.  Bound 
each  state.  Give  the  capital  of  each.  What  states 
border  on  the  Atlantic?  On  the  Gulf  of  Mexico? 
On  the  Pacific  ?  On  the  great  lakes  ?  What  states 
lie  west  of  the  Mississippi  ?  What  states  are  sepa- 
rated by  the  Connecticut  ?  Delaware  ?  Potomac  ? 
Savannah?  Chattahoochee?  Sabine?  Ohio?  What 
states  touch  Lake  Michigan  ? 

AVhat  territories  are  bounded  north  by  British 
America  ?  What  border  on  the  Pacific  ?  What 
territory  is  bounded  by  Mexico  ?  What  territory' 
south  of  Oregon  ?  West  of  Kansas  ?  North  of 
Texas  ? 


GULFS  AND  BAYS. 

What  bays  on  the  coast  of  Maine  ?  3,  4.  What  baj' 
on  the  coast  of  Massachusetts?  5.  South  of  Rhode 
Island  ?  6.  What  bays  on  the  Atlantic  coast  south 
of  Connecticut  ?  7-9.  On  the  west  coast  of  Florida  ? 
10-14.  AVbat  bay  south  of  Alabama?  15.  What 
bays  on  the  coast  of  Texas?  10-18.  On  the  Pacific 
coast?  21-24. 


SOUNDS  AND  STRAITS. 

What  sound  south  of  Connecticut?  26.  What 
two  sounds  east  of  North  Carolina?  27,  28. 

AVhat  strait  south  of  Florida?  29.  North-west  of 
Washington  Territory  ?  30. 


ISLANDS  AND  CAPES. 

What  islands  south  of  Massachusetts?  31,  32. 
What  island  south  of  Connecticut  ?  33.  What  reefs 
south  of  Florida  ?  34.  Which  is  the  most  important 
island  of  Florida  reefs?  Ans.  Key  West.  What 
islands  west  of  Florida  reefs  ?  35. 


What  capes  has  New  England?  37-39.  What 
capes  at  the  entrance  to  the  Delaware  bay?  40,  41. 
At  the  entrance  to  the  Chesapeake  ?  42,  48.  What 
five  capes  between  Albemarle  Sound  and  Florida 
reefs  ?  44-48.  Which  is  the  most  southern  cape  of 
Florida?  49.  What  four  capes  on  the  Pacific  coast 
of  the  United  States  ?  52-55. 


MOUNTAINS. 
What  mountain  in  Maine  ?  56.  What  mountains 
in  New  Hampshire?  57.  In  Vermont?  58.  In  New 
York  ?  59.  What  three  parallel  ranges  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  United  States  ?  60-62.  What  mountains 
in  Missouri  and  Arkansas  ?  63.  What  is  the  most 
extensive  range  of  mountains  in  the  United  States  ? 
65.  Mention  the  principal  peaks.  66-69.  What 
ranges  near  the  Pacific  coast?  71,  72.  What  range 
between  the  Coast  Mountains  and  the  Rock}'^  Moun- 
tains ?  70.  Mention  the  principal  peaks  of  the  Cas- 
cade Mountains.  73-75. 


LAKES. 


What  lakes  between  British  America  and  the 
United  States?  80,  83,  86-88.  What  lake  between 
Michigan  and  Wisconsin  ?  81.  AVhat  bay  in  the 
western  part?  82.  What  lake  between  Vermont 
and  New  York?  89.  What  lakes  in  Maine?  90,  91. 
What  lake  in  Florida?  92.  In  Louisiana?  93.  In 
California?  94.  What  lakes  in  Utah?  97-99.— 
Which  is  the  larsrest  ?  97. 


RIVERS. 
What  river  is  the  outlet  to  the  Great  American 
Lakes?  100.  Which  are  the  seven  principal  rivers 
in  the  New  England  States?  102-108.  Into  what  do 
they  flow  ?  AVhat  river  flows  into  New  York  Bay  ? 
109.  Into  Delaware  Bay?  111.  What  four  rivers  dis- 
charge their  waters  into  the  Chesapeake?  112-115. 
AVhat  t"-*!  rivers  flow  into  Albemarle  Sound  ?  116, 117. 
What  two  rivers  flow  into  Pamlico  Sound?  118,  119. 


4S 


UNITED     STATES. 


What  are  the  principal  rivers  flowing  into  the  Atlantic 
between  Pamlico  Sound  and  Cape  Sable?  120-122, 
124,  125,  128,  129.  What  two  rivers  unite  and  form 
the  Altamaha?  126,  127. 

Which  is  the  largest  river  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico?  139.  Which  are  the  principal  rivers  flow- 
ing into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  east  of  the  Mississippi  ? 
130,  131,  134,  137,  138.  AVhat  large  branches  has 
the  Apalachicola  ?  132,  133.  What  two  rivers  form 
the  Mobile?  135,  130.  Which  are  the  largest  eastern 
branches  of  the  Mississippi?  140,  141,  155-158. 
What  two  rivers  unite  and  form  the  Ohio  ?  148,  149. 
What  are  the  main  branches  of  the  Ohio  ?  142-147, 
150-153.  What  are  the  principal  western  branches 
of  the  Mississippi?  159-162,  175-177,  179.  Where 
does  the  Missouri  rise  ?  What  are  its  main  branches  ? 
163-166,  168,  171,  174.  Which  is  the  principal 
branch  of  the  Arkansas  ?  178.    What  river  between  the 


United  States  and  Mexico?  187.  Which  are  the 
principal  rivers  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  be- 
tween the  Rio  Grande  and  the  Mississippi?  181- 
186. 

What  river  from  the  United  States  flows  into  the 
Gulf  of  California?  189.  What  is  its  principal  east- 
ern branch?  190.  Which  are  the  principal  rivers  in 
Cahfornia?  194,  195-197.  What  river  in  Oregon 
flows  into  the  Pacific?  198.  Which  are  the  two 
largest  branches  of  the  Columbia  ?  200,  202.  What 
branch  has  Lewis  River?  201.  What  rivers  of 
Michigan  flow  into  Lake  Michigan  ?  206,  207.  What 
river  connects  Lake  Superior  with  Lake  Huron? 
Ans.  St.  Mary's.  What  rivers  between  Lake  Huron 
and  Lake  Erie  ?  208,  209.  What  river  connects 
Lake  Erie  with  Lake  Ontario  ?  211.  What  falls  upon 
it  ?  Ans.  Niagara  Falls. 


QUESTIONS   ON   MEXICO  AND   THE  WEST  INDIES. 


What  country  north  of  Mexico  ?  What  body  of 
water  on  the  east  ?  What  Ocean  on  the  south  and 
west  ?  What  states  of  Mexico  are  bounded  north  by 
the  United  States  ?  Which  border  on  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico?  What  state  on  the  Caribbean  Sea?  What 
states  border  on  the  Pacific  Ocean  ?  What  on  the 
Gulf  of  California  ?  AVhich  is  the  most  south-eastern 
state?  AVhich  is  the  most  north-western?  Which 
states  have  no  sea  coast  ? 

What  parallel  of  latitude  crosses  the  northern  part 
of  Mexico  ?  What  is  the  latitude  of  the  bay  of  Teh- 
uantepec  ?  What  is  the  latitude  of  Cuba  ?  Hayti  ? 
What  states  of  Mexico  are  crossed  by  the  Tropic  of 
Cancer  ?  In  what  zones  is  Mexico  ?  In  what  zone 
is  Cuba?  Between  what  degrees  of  longitude  is 
Mexico  ?     Cuba  ?    Hayti  ? 


BAYS  AND  GULFS. 

What  bay  west  of  Yucatan  ?  212.  What  bay 
on  the  coast  south  of  Balize?  213.  What  bay  west 
of  Mexico?  21. 

What  gulf  on  the  southern  coast  of  Mexico? 
214. 


ISLANDS,  CAPES  AND  MOUNTAINS. 

Which  is  the  largest  of  the  West  India  Islands  ? 
216.  What  group  north-east  of  it?  215.  What 
large  island  south-east?  218.  What  two  islands 
south?  217,  219.  What  two  clusters  of  islands  west 
of  Mexico?  221,  222.  What  islands  in  the  Gulf  of 
California  ?  223-226.  What  islands  west  of  Califor- 
nia ?  227,  228. 

What  cape  at  the  north-eastern  extremity  of  Yuca- 
tan ?  233.  What  cape  west  of  Yucatan  ?  232.  West 
of  Cuba?  234.  West  of  Mexico?  235.  At  the 
southern  point  of  California  ?  237.  What  two  capes 
on  the  western  coast  of  California  ?  238,  239. 

What  range  of  mountains  in  Mexico  ?  240.  What 
is  the  principal  volcano?  241. 


LAKES  AND  RIVERS. 

What  lake  in  the  southern  part  of  Yucatan  ?  243. 
What  lake  near  the  center  of  Mexico  ?  242. 

What  river  between  Mexico  and  the  United  States  ? 
187.  What  rivers  flow  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico? 
244-246.  What  into  the  Pacific  ?  247,  248.  What 
into  the  Gulf  of  California  ?  249. 


UNITED     STATES. 


41) 


lilt     tVlllUl.     il    \\AS>IUNG10N 


DESCRIPTIVE    GEOGRAPHY, 


4.     UNITED  STATES. 
Square  miles,  3,000,000.     Population,  31,600,000. 
The  United  States  comprise  a  large  ter- 
ritory extending  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific   Ocean,  and  occupying  the   central 
portion  of  North  America. 

It  has  a  shore  line  of  over  12,600  miles 
on  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans  and  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico. 

It  may  be  divided  physically  into  the 
Northern  Lake  region,  the  Atlantic  slope, 
the  Gulf  region,  tlic  Pacific  slope,  and  the 
Mississippi  valley. 

It  is  well  watered  by  numerous  large 
rivers  and  lakes.  Two  long  ranges  of  moun- 
tains traverse  it,  between  which  stretches 
the  great  valley  of  the  Mississippi  river  and 
its  branches. 

It  possesses  a  healthful  climate,  fertile 


soil,  unrivaled  facilities  for  internal  naviga- 
tion, and  is  one  of  the  most  productive 
countries  in  the  world. 

The  chief  articles  of  cultivation  are  Indian 
corn,  wheat,  potatoes,  oats,  rye,  cotton,  rice, 
tobacco,  and  a  great  variety  of  fruits. 

The  most  useful  minerals  abound,  such 
as  gold,  iron,  copper,  lead,  coal,  and  lime. 
There  are  also  quarries  of  granite,  marble, 
freestone,  and  slate. 

The  manufactures  are  very  extensive, 
embracing  a  great  variety  of  useful  articles. 
Its  commerce  extends  to  all  parts  of  the 
globe,  and  is  second  only  to  that  of  Great 
Britain. 

No  other  nation  has  so  many  steam  and 
canal  boats  traversing  its  waters,  or  so  many 
miles  of  telegraph  lines  and  railroad,  either 
finished,  or  in  course  of  construction. 


50 


UNITED     STATES. 


The  inhabitants  of  the  United  States  are 
chiefly  of  English  descent.  Some  are  of 
Dutch,  Irish,  and  French  extraction  ;  and 
about  four  millions  are  of  the  African  race, 
residing  mainly  in  the  southern  part. 

The  people  are  distinguished  for  industry, 
enterprise  and  intelligence.  Schools  and 
colleges  are  very  numerous,  and  there  are 
few  who  may  not  enjoy  the  means  of  edu- 
cation. 

The  prevailing  religion  is  the  Protestant, 
though  all  sects  are  tolerated  by  law. 

The  government  of  the  United  States  is 
a  Federal  Republic.  Each  State  is  inde- 
pendent in  its  local  affairs,  and  chooses  its 
own  officers,  but  the  defence  of  the  country, 
matters  relating  to  foreign  commerce  and 
the  general  concerns  of  the  nation,  are 
committed  by  the  constitution  to  the  General 
Government. 

The  laws  are  made  by  Congress,  which  is 
composed  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. The  Senate  consists  of  two  mem- 
bers from  each  state,  chosen  for  six  years. 
The  representatives-  are  chosen  by  the  peo- 
ple for  two  years.  The  President  and  Vice- 
President  are  elected  for  four  years. 

In  the  organized  territories,  the  people 
choose  a  legislature  to  make  laws,  but  the 
governor  is  appointed  by  the  President. 

The  first  settlement  in  the  United  States 
was  made  by  the  French,  in  Florida,  in 
1565 ;  the  second, by  the  English,  in  Virginia, 
in  1607. 

The  colonies  were  subject  to  Great  Bri- 
tain till  1776,  when  the  colonists  declared 
themselves  free  and  independent. 

The  war  of  the  revolution  continued 
seven  years,  and  closed  in  1783,  when  Great 
Britain  acknowledged  the  independence  of 
the  United  States. 


The  states  are  divided  into  the  Eastern. 
Middle,  Southern,  and  Western  States. 

EASTERN     STATES. 

1  Maine,  4  Massachusetts, 

2  New  Hampshire,    5  Rhode  Island, 

3  Vermont,  6  Connecticut. 

MIDDLE  STATES. 

7  New  York,  9  Pennsylvania, 

8  New  Jersey,  10  Delaware. 


SOUTHERN 

11  Maryland, 

12  Dist.  of  Colum- 

13  Virginia,      [bia, 
13^  West  Virginia, 

14  North  Carolina, 

15  South  Carolina, 


STATES. 

16  Georgia, 

17  Florida, 

18  Alabama, 

19  Mississippi, 

20  Louisiana, 

21  Texas. 


WESTERN    STATES. 

22  Arkansas,  29  Michigan, 


23  Missouri, 

24  Tennessee, 

25  Kentucky, 

26  Ohio,  . 

27  Indiana, 

28  Illinois, 


30  Wisconsin, 

31  Iowa, 

32  California, 

33  Minnesota, 
35  Kansas, 
39  Oreffon. 


34  Nebraska, 

36  Indian, 

37  New  Mexico, 

38  Utah, 
40  Washington, 


TERRITORIES. 

41  Dakota, 

42  Colorado, 

43  Nevada, 

44  Arizona, 

45  Idaho. 


Questions.  What  do  the  United  States  comprise  ? 
Describe  the  divisions.  Surface.  Climate.  Soil,  &c. 
What  are  the  chief  Vegetable  productions  ?  Most  useful 
minerals  ?  What  can  you  say  of  the  manufactures  and 
commerce?  Steam  and  canal  boats?  Telegraph 
lines  and  railroads?  What  is  said  of  the  inhabi- 
tants?    For   what  are  they   distinguished?     What 


U:;iTED     STATES. 


51 


THE    EASTERN    STATES. 


is  said  of  education  ?  "What  is  the  prevailing  reli- 
gion ?  What  is  the  government  ?  By  whom  are  the 
laws  made?  Who  compose  the  senate?  How  are 
the  representatives  chosen  ?  For  how  long  are  the 
president  and  vice-president  elected  ?  How  are  the 
organized  territories  governed?  Where  and  when 
were  the  earliest  settlements  made  ?  When  were  the 
colonies  declared  independent?  How  long  did  the 
revolutionary  war  continue?  Name  the  Eastern 
States.   Middle.  Southern.   Western.    The  territories. 


EASTERN,  OR  NEW  ENGLAND  STATES. 

The  Eastern  or  New  England  States 
include  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont, 
Massachusetts,  Ehode  Island,  and  Connec- 
ticut, and  occupy  the  north-east  portion  of 
the  United  States. 

They  were  originally  settled  by  the  Puri- 
tans, at  Plymouth,  in  1620, 

New  England  is  agreeably  diversified  in 
surface,  has  a  variable  but  healthful  climate, 
and  has  long  been  distinguished  for  the  in- 


telligence, industry   and   enterprise  of  its 
citizens. 

QtESTioNs.  How  are  the  Eastern  or  New  England 
States  situated  ?  By  whom  and  when  were  they  set- 
tled ?  What  is  said  of  the  surface,  climate,  and 
people  ? 


1.     MAINE. 
Square  miles,  31,TGG.     Population,  028,000. 

Maine,  the  largest  of  the  New  England 
states,  has  in  general  a  level  or  undulating 
surface,  a  productive  soil,  and  cold  climate. 

It  abounds  with  beautiful  forests,  lakes, 
and  rivers,  and  its  coast  is  bordered  with 
numerous  bays  and  islands. 

Agriculture  and  lumbering  are  the  leading 
pursuits,  but  many  of  its  inhabitants  are 
engaged  in  manufactures,  ship  building  and 
fishing.  The  principal  products  are  grass, 
Indian  corn,  rye,  oats,  barley,  potatoes, 
butter,  cheese,  maple  sugar,  and  honey. 


52 


UNITED     STATES. 


Largo  quantities  of  lumber,  lime,  hay, 
and  fish,  are  exported. 

AuCxUSTA,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the 
Kennebec  river,  fifty  miles  from  its  mouth. 

Portland  is  the  largest  city  in  the  state. 
It  is  built  on  an  elevated  site,  has  a  good 
harbor,  and  considerable  commerce.  East, 
port,  on  the  Passamaquoddy  bay,  is  a  place 
of  some  trade.  Its  harbor  is  remarkable 
for  high  tides.  Bangor  is  a  very  flourisliing 
city  upon  the  Penobscot  river,  and  noted  for 
its  lumber.  Bath,  on  the  Kennebec,  is  well 
built  and  enjoys  superior  advantages  for 
navigation,  as  the  river  here  is  seldom  frozen 
in  winter. 

Questions.  Describe  the  surface,  soil  and  climate 
of  Maine.  With  what  does  it  abound?  Mention  the 
chief  pursuits  of  the  people.  Productions.  Tiie 
exports.  What  is  said  of  Augusta  ?  Portland  ? 
Eastport  ?     Bangor  ?     Bath  ? 


2.     NEW  IIAMPSIITRE. 
Square  miles,  9,280.     Population,  826,000. 

New  Hampshire  has  a  hilly,  and  in  some 
portions,  a  mountainovis  surface. 

The  climate  is  very  healthful,  and  the 
soil  varied,  but  generally  better  adapted  to 
grazing  than  to  cultivation. 

It  has  only  eighteen  miles  of  sea  coast, 
and  but  little  commerce.  Agriculture  and 
manufactures  are  the  principal  employments 
of  the  people. 

The  staple  productions  are  wheat,  rye, 
oats,  Indian  corn,  barley,  butter,  cheese, 
and  maple  sugar. 

Concord,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  a 
ftourishing  town,  located  on  the  Merrimac 
river  about  sixty  miles  from  Boston. 

Porlsmoiith  is  situated  on  both  sides  of 
the  Piscataqua  river,  three  miles  from  the 


Atlantic  coast,  and  is  the  only  seaport  in 
the  state.  It  has  a  fine  harbor,  a  large 
navy  yard,  and  some  commerce.  Manches- 
ter, on  the  Merrimac  river,  is  the  most 
important  city  in  the  state,  and  is  noted  for 
its  manufactures.  Nashua  is  an  important 
manufacturing  town. 

Questions.  What  can  you  say  of  the  surface  of 
New  Hampshire  ?  Its  climate  and  soil  ?  Sea  coast  ? 
Employments  of  the  people  ?  Productions  V  What 
is  said  of  Concord?  Portsmouth?  Mimchester? 
Nashua  ? 


3.    VERMONT. 

Square  miles,  10,212.      Population,  315,000. 

Vermont  takes  its  name  from  the  Green 
Mountains,  which  render  its  surface  broken 
and  hilly. 

The  climate  is  cold  and  changeable,  but 
healthful.  The  soil  is  rich,  affording  good 
tillage  and  grazing. 

This  state  produces  the  various  grains,  po- 


UNITED     STATES, 


53 


tatoes,  maple  sugar,  butter,  cheese,  and  large 
quantities  of  wool.  Iron  ore  is  abundant 
and  there  are  extensive  quarries  of  marble. 

It  has  no  sea-coast,  and  its  inhabitants  are 
principally  engaged  in  agriculture. 

MoNTPELiER,  situated  on  the  Onion  river, 
IS  the  capital  of  the  state,  and  a  very  plea- 
sant town. 

Burlington  has  a  beautiful  site  on  the 
east  shore  of  lake  Champlain,  commanding 
a  fine  prospect.  It  is  the  largest  town  in 
the  state,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  University 
of  Vermont. 

Brattleboro  was  the  first  town  settled  in 
Vermont.     It  has  several  manufactories. 

Questions.  What  is  the  surface  of  Vermont? 
Climate  and  soil  ?  Productions  ?  What  is  the  chief 
pursuit?  Describe  Montpelier.  Burlington.  Brat- 
tleboro. 


4.     MASSACHUSETTS. 
Square  miles,  7,800.     Population,  1,231,000. 

Massachusetts  is  generally  level,  or  slight- 
ly uneven  in  the  eastern  part ;  the  interior 
and  western  portions  are  hilly  and  rugged. 

The  •  climate  resembles  that  of  the  other 
Eastern  States,  though  the  coast  is  subject 
to  cold  easterly  winds. 

The  soil  is  light  in  the  eastern  portion 
and  rather  sandy ;  in  the  middle  and  western 
parts  more  fertile.  The  farms  are  highly 
cultivated,  and  produce  wheat,  Indian  corn, 
rye,  oats,  fruits,  butter,  and  cheese. 

Manufactures  and  commerce  chiefly  en- 
gage the  attention  of  its  inhabitants.  In 
cotton  and  woolen  manufactures,  Massachu- 
setts is  the  first  state  in  the  Union. 

The  whale,  cod  and  other  fisheries  are 
very  valuable. 

Massachusetts  is  also  distinguished  for  the 
nximber  and  excellence  of  lier  public  scliools. 


Boston  is  the  largest  city  in  New  Eng- 
land. It  is  situated  at  the  head  of  Massa- 
chusetts Bay,  and  is  noted  for  the  wealth 
and  refinement  of  its  citizens,  and  its  nu- 
merous scientific  and  literary  institutions. 
It  has  a  variety  of  manufactures,  and  an 
extensive  commerce.  The  city  has  many 
fine  building's. 


MANT3TACTURES. 


Charlestown  is  situated  on  a  peninsula 
immediately  north  of  Boston.  It  contains 
the  Bunker  Hill  monument,  and  the  United 
States  Navy  yard,  which  occupies  an  area 
of  more  than  seventy  acres.  Loivell,  on 
the  Merrimac  river,  is  an  important  manu- 
facturing city.  Cotton  and  woolen  goods 
are  produced  in  great  quantities.  Spring-- 
field  is  one  of  the  most  important  com- 
mercial cities  on  the  Connecticut  river. 
Worcester,  Laiorence  and  Lynn  arc  impor- 
tant manufacturing  places.  Salem  holds  a 
high   rank   as   a   commercial   city.       Nfv 


54- 


UNITED     STATES, 


Bedford  is  extensively  engaged  in  the  whale 
fishery. 

Questions.  Describe  the  surface  of  Massachusetts. 
What  is  said  of  its  climate  ?  Soil  ?  Productions  ? 
Manufactures  and  commerce  ?  Fisheries  ?  Public 
schools  ?  Boston  ?  Charlestown  ?  Lowell  ?  Spring- 
field  ?  Worcester,  Lawrence  and  Lynn  ?  Salem  and 
New  Bedford  ? 


5.     RHODE  ISLAND. 
Square  miles,  1,306.     Population,  174,000. 

Rhode  Island,  in  extent  of  territory,  is 
the  smallest  state  in  the  Union. 

The  surface  is  undulating ;  the  soil,  fertile 
on  the  coast,  but  barren  in  the  interior,  and 
the  climate  agreeable. 

The  productions  are  grains,  fruits,  butter 
and  cheese. 

This  state  is  largely  engaged  in  manufac- 
tures.    It  has  considerable  commerce. 

Providence,  one  of  the  capitals,  is  located 
on  Providence  river,  and  is  the  seat  of 
Brown  University.  It  has  a  great  variety  of 
manufactures  and  considerable  commerce. 

Newport,  the  other  capital,  is  built  on 
the  island  of  Rhode  Island,  which  lies  in 
Narragansett  Bay.  This  island  is  a  place 
of  great  resort  in  the  summer  season. 

Questions.  What  is  said  of  the  comparative  size 
of  Rhode  Island ?  Surface  and  soil  ?  Productions? 
Manufactures  ?  Commerce  ?  Describe  Providence. 
Where  is  Newport  situated  ? 


6.     CONNECTICUT. 
Square  miles,  4,674.     Population,  460,000. 
Connecticut  is,  in  general,  undulating  or 
hilly;  the  climate  is  agreeable,  and  the  soil 
fertile,  especially  in  the  valley  of  the  Con- 
necticut River. 

Large  quantities  of  grass,  potatoes,  corn, 


butter,  and  cheese,  are  produced.  There 
are  several  extensive  quarries  of  granite 
and  freestone.  There  are  also  mines  of 
silver,  lead,  copper  and  iron. 

Its  inhabitants  are  chiefly  engaged  in 
agriculture  and  manufactures- 

Hartford  is  situated  on  the  west  bank  of 
the  Connecticut  river,  fifty-three  miles  from 
its  mouth.  It  is  advantageously  situated 
for  trade  and  commerce,  and  largely  engaged 
in  manufactures.  It  contains  Trinity  Col- 
lege, the  American  Asylum  for  the  Deaf 
and  Dumb,  a  Retreat  for  the  Insane,  and 
a  Hospital. 

New  Haven  is  situated  at  the  head  of 
New  Haven  Bay.  It  is  noted  for  its  literary 
and  educational  institutions,  of  which  Yale 
College  is  the  most  important.  It  is  exten- 
sively engaged  in  manufactures  and  has  con- 
siderable commerce. 


FRF.E    ACADEMY,    KORWICU. 

Neio  London  has  a  commodious  harbor, 
and  is  largely  engaged  in  the  whale  fisheries. 
Norwich,  Middle loivn,  Bridgeport  and  Water- 
hury  are  the  remaining  cities. 

Questions.  Describe  the  surface,  soil  and  climate 
of  Connecticut.  What  are  its  productions  ?  Mines  ? 
Principal  employments  of  its  inhabitants?  Describe 
Hartford.     New  Haven.     N'~  .v  London. 


UNITED     STATES. 


55 


HEW    YOKK.    CITY. 


MIDDLE    STATES. 

The  Middle  States  are  situated  south-west 
of  New  England.  They  embrace  New  York, 
New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware ; 
and  comprise  a  great  variety  of  surface, 
climate  and  soil. 

This  section  is  diversified  by  high  and 
broken  ranges  of  mountains,  and  numerous 
rivers  and  lakes. 

The  Alleghany  is  the  principal  range  of 
mountains.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Hud- 
son, Delaware,  Susquehanna  and  St.  Law- 
rence. 

The  Middle  States  possess  superior  facili- 
ties for  commerce  and  trade.  The  eastern 
portion  borders  New  England  and  the  At- 
lantic, and  the  north-western,  the  great 
lakes,  while  tiie  interior  is  traversed  by  nu- 
merous railroads  and  canals. 

Questions.  How  are  the  Middle  States  situated? 
Name  them.  What  do  they  comprise  ?  How  are  they 
diversified  ?     What  is  said  of  commerce  and  trade  ? 


7.     NEW  YORK. 
Square  miles,  47,000.     Population,  8,880,000. 

New  York  is  the  most  wealthy  and  popu- 
lous of  the  United  States  ;  hence  it  is  called 
the  "  Empire  State." 

The  eastern  and  northern  parts  are  hilly 
and  mountainous ;  the  western  portion 
spreads  out  in  table-lands,  rising  from  Lake 
Ontario. 

The  mountainous  sections  have  a  light 
soil ;  the  more  level  are  usually  very  rich 
and  fertile. 

The  climate  is  healthful,  but  cold  in  the 
northern  part.  Agriculture  is  the  chief 
pursuit. 

The  commerce  is  larger  than  that  of  any 
otlier  state  and  extends  to  all  parts  of  the 
world,  and  the  manufactures  are  extensive 
and  constantly  increasing. 

Wheat  is  the  staple  production.  Indian 
corn,  and  other  grains,  with  potatoes,  apples, 
pears,  peaches,  maple-sugar,  butter,  cheese. 


5G 


UNITED     STATES. 


beeswax,  and  honey,  are  the  other  principal 
products. 

Iron,  lead,  limestone,  and  salt  springs, 
abound;  also  mineral  springs,  the  most 
noted  of  which  are  those  at  Saratoga^  Balls- 
ton  and  Avon.  i        ' '    >' •  •''•■ '  ' 

The  natural  curiosities  of  this  state  are 
on  a  grand  scale.  Among  them  are  the 
Falls  of  Niagara,  on  the  Niagara  river, 
which  are  nearly  three  quarters  of  a  mile 
wide,  and  one  hundred  and  sixty  feet  high. 

Two  miles  below  the  cataract,  the  river  is 
spanned  by  a  magnificent  suspension  bridge 
eight  hundred  feet  long,  and  two  hundred 
and  thirty  feet  above  the  water,  supported 
by  four  wire  cables,  nine  and  one-fourth 
inches  in  diameter. 

New  York  is  distinguished  for  her  great 
commercial  advantages,  and  for  her  com- 
mon schools  and  other  educational  institu- 
tions. 

Albany,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the 
Hudson  river,  and  has  a  very  large  inland 
trade.  The  Erie  Canal  here  unites  with 
the  Hudson.  Great  numbers  of  steamboats 
ply  between  this  city  and  New  York. 

Neiv  York  Citij^  situated  on  Manhattan 
island,  is  the  largest  and  most  important 
city  in  America,  and  is  the  center  of  trade 
for  the  Western  Continent.  In  the  extent 
of  its  commerce  and  the  amount  of  its 
manufactures,  it  exceeds  every  other  city  in 
the  New  World.  It  has  many  costly  and 
elegant  buildings,  and  numerous  literary 
and  benevolent  institutions.  Broadway,  its 
principal  street,  and  one  of  the  finest  to  be 
seen  in  any  city,  is  eighty  feet  wide  and 
about  three  miles  in  length.  The  city  is 
sui)plied  with  water  by  means  of  the  Croton 
aqueduct,  which  is  more  than  forty  miles 
lono;- 


Btvoklijn  is  on  the  western  extremity  of 
Long  Island,  opposite  New  York  City,  and 
is  extensively  engaged  in  commerce.  It 
contains  many  fine  buildings,  and  a  large 
Navy  Yard.  Buffalo,  on  Lake  Erie,  carries 
on  an  extensive  trade  with  the  West.  Its 
manufactures  are  important.  It  is  largely 
engaged  in  the  converting  of  wheat  into 
flour.  Its  principal  public  buildings  are  a 
Court  House,  Jail,  Market  House,  and  sev- 
eral fine  churches.  Rodtesler  is  remark- 
able for  its  extensive  manufacture  of  flour. 
Syracuse  is  noted  as  the  seat  of  the  most 
valuable  salt  manufactures  in  the  United 
States.  Troy,  situated  on  both  sides  of  the 
Hudson  river  at  the  head  of  steamboat  nav- 
igation, contains  numerous  manufactories 
and  has  important  facilities  for  commerce. 

Questions.  "What  rank  has  New  York  ?  Describe 
its  surface.  Soil.  Climate.  What  is  said  of  agricul- 
ture? Commerce  and  manufactures ?  Productions? 
Minerals  and  springs  ?  Natural  curiosities  ?  Suspen- 
sion bridge  ?  For  what  is  New  York  di.stinguished  ? 
Describe  Albany.  NetN^  York  City.  Brooklyn.  Buf- 
falo.    Rochester.     Syracuse.     Tro}'. 


8.     NEW  JERSEY. 
Square  miles,  8,320.     Population,  672,000. 

New  Jersey  is  hilly  in  the  northern  part; 
in  the  soutliern,  quite  level. 

Its  climate  is  mild,  and  the  soil  product- 
ive, except  in  the  southern  portion  of  the 
state,  where  it  is  sandy. 

The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  employed  in 
agriculture  and  the  raising  of  fruit.  The 
finest  apples,  peaches  and  garden  vegetables, 
are  sent  to  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and 
other  markets. 

New  Jersey  is  extensively  engaged  in 
manufactures.     Its  commerce  is  small. 


UNITED     STATES. 


It  has  also  valuable  shad  and  oyster  fish- 
eries. 

Iron  ore  and  zinc  are  found  abundantly 
in  some  portions  of  the  state. 

Education  is  receiving  increasing  atten- 
tion. 

Trenton,  the  capital,  is  situated  at  the 
liead  of  tide  water  on  the  Delaware  river. 
It  is  a  pleasant  city,  and  the  place  where 
General  Washington  captured  the  Hessians 
in  1776. 

Newark  is  the  largest  city  in  the  state, 
and  largely  engaged  in  manufactures.  It 
is  ten  miles  west  of  New  York  City.  Pat- 
erson,  at  the  Passaic  Falls,  is  also  a  very 
flourishing  manufacturing  town. 

Questions.  What  is  said  of  the  surface  of  New 
Jersey  ?  Its  climate  ?  Soil  ?  Productions  ?  Man- 
ufactures ?  Commerce  ?  Its  fisheries  ?  Minerals  ? 
Describe  Trenton.     Newark.     Paterson. 


9.     PENNSYLVANIA. 

Square  miles,  4G,000.     Population,  2,906,000. 

Pennsylvania  is  a  large  and  important 
state,  distinguished  for  its  mineral  resources, 
manufactures,  and  internal  improvements. 

Its  eastern  section  is  level  or  undulating, 
with  a  fertile  soil  and  mild  climate;  the 
middle  is  mountainous,  and  subject  to  ex- 
tremes of  heat  and  cold;  and  the  western, 
hilly,  but  productive  and  agreeable. 

The  people  are  largely  interested  in  agri- 
culture, manufactures  and  mining.  Wheat, 
Indian  corn,  orchard  fruits,  potatoes,  butter, 
and  wool,  are  the  chief  products.  The  farms 
are  generally  large  and  well  conducted. 

The  manufactures  are  very  extensive,  and 
comprise  a  great  variety  of  articles.  In  the 
production  of  coal  and  iron,  Pennsylvania 
surpasses  any  otlier  state  in  the  Union. 


Canals  and  railroads  arc  numerous,  great- 
ly increasing  the  facilities  of  trade. 

This  state  was  settled  in  1681,  by  William 
Penn,  aQuaker,whose  kind  and  liberal  treat- 
ment of  the  Indians  secured  peace  to  the 
settlers  for  seventy  years. 

Harrisburg,  the  capital,  is  pleasantly 
located  on  the  Susquehanna  river. 


MPRCIIANTb     K\CIIVNC;t,     PIIILADLLPIII  A. 

Philadelphia^  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Del- 
aware river,  is,  in  size,  the  second  city  of  the 
United  States.  It  is  laid  out  in  squares,  is 
remarkably  neat,  and  is  extensively  engaged 
in  trade,  manufactures  and  commerce. 
Many  of  the  public  buildings  are  elegant. 
It  has  a  mint  for  coining  money,  and  a  Navy 
Yard.  Philadelphia  is  supplied  with  water 
by  the  Fairmount  water-works,  which  con- 
vey the  water  of  the  Schuylkill  river  through 
the  city  in  iron  pipes. 

Erie  has  one  of  the  largest  and  best  har- 
bors on  the  lake.  Lancaster  is  situated  in 
the  midst  of  a  populous  agricultural  district, 
and  has  considerable  trade.  Pittsburgh  is  a 
very  flourishing  manufacturing  town,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Alleghany  and  Monongahela 
rivers,  and  has  a  large  inland  trade.  From 
its  extensive  manufactures  of  iron,it  is  called 
the  "Birmingham  of  America."     Pottsville 


58 


U  N  I  T  E  D     S  T  A  T  E  S , 


TOF    '-OnilH  N    ^TiTF- 


andWilkesbarre  are  situated  in  a  coal  re- 
gion. 

Questions.  Describe  Pennsylvania.  What  is  said 
of  the  surface,  soil,  and  climate  ?  Of  the  pursuits  ? 
Productions  ?  Manufactures  ?  Minerals  ?  Canals  and 
railroads?  By  whom  was  Pennsylvania  settled  ?  What 
can  you  say  of  Harrisburg?  Philadelphia?  Erie? 
Lancaster  ?    Pittsburg  ?    Pottsville  and  Wilkesbarre  ? 


10.     DELAWARE. 
Square  miles,  2,120.     Population,  112,000. 

Delaware  is  the  smallest  state  in  the  Union 
except  Rhode  Island. 

It  is  generally  level.  Its  soil  is  fertile  in 
the  northern  part,  but  sandy  in  the  central 
and  southern  portions. 

The  climate  resembles  that  of  New  Jer- 
sey. The  principal  pursuits  are  agriculture 
and  manufactures. 

Wheat  is  the  staple  production.  Apples 
and  peaches  are  raised  in  great  abundance, 
and  of  a  fine  quality. 

Dover,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated 
on  Jones'  Creek. 

Wilmington,  its  largest  city,  is  located  near 
the  junction  of  Christiana  and  Brandywine 


Creeks.    It  lias  considerable  commerce,  and 
is  engaged  extensively  in  manufactures. 

Questions.  How  does  Delaware  compare  with  the 
other  states  in  size  ?  What  is  its  surface  and  soil  ? 
Its  climate  ?  What  are  the  chief  pursuits  ?  Produc- 
tions ?     Describe  Dover.     Wilmington. 


> 


SOUTHERN  STATES. 

The  Southern  States  are  Maryland, 
Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina, 
Georgia,  Florida,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Louisiana,  and  Texas. 

They  extend  along  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  from  Delaware  Bay 
to  the  Rio  Grande. 

The  coast  is  level  and  sandy ;  the  interior 
is  undulating  and  more  fertile.  The  Alle- 
ghany mountains  extend  through  the  west- 
ern portions  of  Virginia  and  North  and 
South  Carolina. 

The  inhabitants  are  mostly  of  English  and 
French  descent. 

Questions.  Name  the  Southern  States.  What  is 
said  of  their  extent?  Describe  their  surface  and 
soil.     What  is  said  of  the  inhabitants  ? 


UNITED     STATES. 


59 


11.     MARYLAND. 
Square  miles,  11,124.     Population,  687,000. 

Maryland  comprises  a  small,  well  watered 
country  lying  on  the  shores  of  the  Chesapeake 
bay  -which  divides  the  state  into  two  parts. 

The  shores  are  level,  warm,  and  in  sum- 
mer, unhealthy.  The  western  portion  is 
hilly,  and  the  climate  agreeable. 

The  soil  is  productive  and  well  adapted  to 
the    cultivation    of   grain    and 
fruits.     Wheat  and  tobacco  are  ^ 

raised  in  large  quantities.  Indian 
corn  is  an  important  product. 

Iron  and  coal  are  its  most  im- 
portant minerals.  Coal  is  chiefly 
found  in  the  western  part. 

Agriculture  and  commerce 
are  the  principal  pursuits  of  the 
people. 

This  state  was  colonized  by 
English  Catholics  under  Lord 
Baltimore,  in  1632.  Under  his 
wise  administration  the  colony 
was  very  prosperous. 

Annapolis,  the  seat  of  gov- 
ernment, is  situated  three  miles  ""'^ 
from    Chesapeake   bay  on   the 
river  Severn. 

Baltimore  is  situated  on  a  branch  of  the 
Patapsco  river,  and  is  the  largest  city  in  the 
state.  It  has  an  extensive  commerce,  and 
a  large  trade  in  flour  and  tobacco.  From 
the  number  and  elegance  of  its  monuments, 
it  is  called  the  "  Monumental  city."  Easton 
and  Cumberland  are  places  of  some  import- 
ance. The  latter  has  an  extensive  trade  and 
several  large  flouring  mills. 

Questions.  What  does  Maryland  comprise  ?  De- 
scribe its  surface  and  climate.  Soil.  What  are  its 
principal  productions  ?  Minerals  ?  Pursuits  ?  By 
whom  was  it  colonized  ?  What  is  said  of  Annapolis  ? 
Baltimore  ?     Easton  and  Cumberland  ? 


12.     DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

Square  miles,  60.     Population,  75,000. 

The  District  of  Columbia  lies  on  the  east 

bank  of  the  Potomac,  one  hundred  and  fifty 

miles  from  its  mouth,  and  belongs  to  the 

United  States. 

Note.  It  formerly  embraced  a  tract  ten  miles  square, 
lying  on  both  sides  of  the  Potomac,  and  ceded  by  the 
states  of  Maryland  and  Virginia.  The  Virginia  portion 
has  been  ceded  back. 


SmITHSui^IaN    I^STITLXIO^. 


Washington  City,  the  capital  of  the 
nation,  is  located  here.  It  was  laid  out  un- 
der the  direction  of  General  Washington, 
whose  name  it  bears,  and  became  the  seat 
of  government  in  the  year  1800.  It  con- 
tains the  Capitol,  President's  House,  Gen- 
eral Post  Office,  Patent  Office,  and  other 
public  buildings. 

The  Capitol  is  built  of  white  freestone 
and  marble  in  the  form  of  a  cross.  It  is 
a  magnificent  building,  surmounted  with 
domes,  and  contains  the  Senate  Chamber 
and  Representatives'  Hall. 

The  President's  House  is  also  a  hand- 
some building:  of   white  freestone.      It  is 


00 


UNITED   STATES. 


situated  on  an  cmincnco  about  a  mile  and 
a  half  west  of  the  Capitol,  and  is  surrounded 
by  beautiful  grounds. 

South-west  from  the  Capitol,  on  a  gently 
rising  ground,  stands  the  Smithsonian  In- 
stitution. It  is  a  noble  structure,  four 
hundred  and  fifty  feet  long,  and  built  of 
red  sandstone,  in  the  Norman  style. 

Questions.  Describe  the  District  of  Columbia. 
Washington  City.  "What  can  you  say  of  the  Capitol  ? 
The  President's  House?    Smithsonian  Institution? 


13.     VIRGINIA. 
Square  miles,  38,400.     Population,  1,164,300. 

Virginia  is  low  and  level  in  the  eastern 
part;  the  interior  and  northern  parts  are 
hilly  and  mountainous. 

The  climate  is  warm  in  the  lowlands,  but 
mild  and  healthful  in  the  elevated  portions 
of  the  state. 

The  soil  is  fertile  in  the  valleys,  but  bar- 
ren on  the  mountains. 

Tobacco,  Indian  corn,  wheat,  and  potatoes, 
are  the  chief  productions. 

Gold,  iron,  lead,  copper,  and  coal,  are 
found;  there  arc  also  noted  mineral  springs. 

The  Natural  Bridge,  over  Cedar  Creek,  is, 
a  solid  rock  covered  with  earth  and  trees, 
and  crosses  a  chasm  two  hundred  feet  deep 
and  sixty  feet  wide. 

Richmond,  the  capital  of  the  state,  has  a 
fine  site  on  the  James  river,  one  hundred 
and  ten  miles  from  the  Chesapeake  bay. 

Norfolk,  on  the  river  Elizabeth,  has  a  very 
commodious  harbor.  It  is  the  chief  seaport 
of  Virginia. 

Petersburg',  on  the  Appomattox,  is  well 
situated  for  trade. 

Questions.  "What  is  the  surface  of  Virginia  ?  Cli- 
mate?    Soil?     "What  are  the  productions  ?     Minerals? 


Describe  the  Natural  Bridge.     L,ichmond.     Norfolk. 
Petersburg. 


13i.     WEST  VIRGINIA. 
Square  miles,  22,950.     Population,  348,102. 

West  Virginia  is  mostly  hilly  and  broken 
in  surface. 

The  climate  is  temperate  and  healthful. 
The  soil  is  very  fertile  in  the  western  parts. 

The  chief  agricultural  productions  are 
Indian  corn,  wheat  and  tobacco.  Large 
numbers  of  cattle  and  hogs  are  fattened  for 
market. 

The  minerals  are  coal,  iron  and  salt. 

This  state  was  incorporated  by  act  of  Con- 
gress in  December,  1862. 

Wheklixg,  on  thcOhio  river,  has  a  large 
trade  and  extensive  manufactures.  The 
hills  in  the  vicinity  contain  inexhaustible 
beds  of  coal. 

Questions.  What  is  the  surface  of  Wcsi.  Virginia  ? 
Climate?  Soil?  What  is  said  of  the  productions? 
Minerals  ?    When  incorporated  V    Describe  Wheeling. 


14.     NORTH  CAROLINA. 
Square  miles,  50,704.     Population,  992,000. 

North  Carolina  is  level  and  sandy  in  the 
eastern  part.  The  sea-coast  abounds  with 
swamps,  and  is  bordered  by  sand  bars. 

The  interior  is  undulating  and  productive. 

The  western  portion  is  a  broad  table  land 
which  rises  into  the  Alleghany  mountains. 

Near  the  coast  the  climate  is  hot,  but  the 
elevated  portions  are  cooler  and  more  salu- 
brious. 

The  chief  articles  of  cultivation  are  In- 
dian corn,  tobacco,  sweet  potatoes,  wheat, 
oats,  cotton,  and  rice.  Its  forests  furnish 
large  quantities  of  lumber,  turpentine,  tar, 
and  rosin. 

It  has  valuable  gold  mines  which  are  ex- 


UNITED     STATES, 


CI 


tcnsivcly  Avrought.     Iron,  copper  and  coal, 
arc  also  found. 


TURPENTINE    DISTILLERY. 

Hicc,  cotton,  and  naval  stores,  arc  the 
principal  exports. 

Raleigh,  tlio  capital,  has  an  elevated  and 
healthful  situation,  and  is  laid  out  with  f^reat 
regularity.  It  contains  a  fine  State  House 
built  of  granite  after  the  model  of  the  Par- 
thenon. 

Wilmington  is  the  largest  town  in  the 
state.  It  is  located  on  the  Cape  Fear  river, 
thirty-five  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  has 
considerable  commerce.  Neivbern  and  Faij- 
etteville  are  also  towns  of  considerable  trade 
and  commerce. 

Questions.  What  is  the  surface  and  soil  of  the 
eastern  part  of  North  Carolina?  Of  its  interior? 
Western  part  ?  What  is  the  climate  ?  What  are  the 
chief  productions  ?  What  can  you  say  of  its  gold 
mines?  Other  minerals  ?  Exports?  Raleigh?  Wil- 
mington?   Newbern  and  Fayetteville  ? 


15.     SOUTH  CAROLINA. 
Square  miles,  29,385.     Population,  703,000. 
South.  Carolina  is  level  and  marshy  upon 

4 


the  sea-coast.  The  interior  and  western 
portions  are  undulating. 

The  soil  is  in  many  places  sandy  and  un- 
productive, but  much  of  it  is  rich  and  fer- 
tile, especially  on  the  banks  of  the  rivers. 

In  the  lowlands  the  climate  is  moist  and 
unhealthful, — in  the  elevated  districts,  it  is 
more  temperate  and  agreeable. 

The  inhabitants  are  mostly  farmers  or 
planters.  Cotton,  rice,  Indian  corn,  sweet 
potatoes,  wheat,  oats,  and  tobacco,  are  the 
principal  agricultural  productions. 

There  are  several  islands  along  the  coast 
of  this  state  and  Georgia,  which  produce  the 
finest  cotton,  called  "Sea  Island  Cotton." 

The  tropical  fruits  here  begin  to  flourish, 
as  oranges,  lemons,  figs,  &c. 

South  Carolina  has  few  manufactures, 
but  considerable  commerce.  Its  exports  of 
cotton  and  rice  are  extensive. 

Columbia,  its  capital,  is  pleasantly  situated. 

Charleston,  at  the  junction  of  the  Ashley 
and  Cooper  rivers,  is  handsomely  built.  It 
has  been  the  principal  sea-port  of  the  state. 
Camden,  on  the  "Wateree  river,  is  noted  for 
the  defeat  of  General  Gates,  by  Lord  Corn- 
wallis,  in  the  Revolutionary  War.  A  battle 
was  also  fought  here  between  the  Americans 
under  General  Greene,  and  the  British  un- 
der Lord  Rawdon.  Georgetown,  situated 
on  Winyaw  bay,  is  a  place  of  some  trade. 

Questions.  Describe  the  surface  of  South  Carolina. 
Soil.  Climate.  What  can  you  say  of  its  productions  ? 
Fruits?  Manufactures  and  commerce?  Columbia? 
Charleston  ?     Camden  ?     Georgetown  ? 


16.    GEORGIA. 

Square  miles,  58,000.     Population,  1,057,000. 

Georgia  is  a  large  state,  level  on  the  coast, 
hilly  in  the  interior,  and  mountainous  in  the 
north. 


62 


UNITED     STATES. 


The  Okefenokee  Swamp  extends  from 
Florida  into  its  southern  part,  and  abounds 
with  alligators  and  reptiles. 

Cotton,  rice,  sweet  potatoes,  and  Indian 
corn,  are  the  chief  articles  of  cultivation, 
but  large  quantities  of  wheat,  oats,  sugar, 
tobacco,  and  fruits,  are  produced. 

The  manufactures  of  Georgia  are  limited, 
but  increasing  in  importance.  Quite  a  num- 
ber of  railroads  are  in  operation. 

Considerable  attention  is  paid  to  educa- 
tion. 


GATHERING    COTTON. 

MiLLEDCxEviLLE,  the  Capital  of  the  state, 
is  regularly  laid  out  at  the  h6ad  of  steam- 
boat navigation  on  the  Oconee  river. 

Savannah,  is  pleasantly  located  on  a  high 
bluff  of  the  Savannah  river,  eighteen  miles 
from  its  mouth,  has  considerable  trade,  and 
abounds  with  a  flowering  tree,  called  the 
"Pride  of  China."  Augusta  is  a  beautiful 
city,  one  hundred  and  seventy  miles  above 
Savannah,  on  the  Savannah  river.  Colum- 
bus, Macon,  Darien,  and  Atlanta,  are  also 
thriving  towns. 

Questions.  What  can  you  say  of  the  size  and  gen- 
eral features  of  Georgia  V  What  of  the  Okefenokee 
Swamp  ?     Name  the  chief  productions  V     What  is 


said  of  manufactures  and  railroads  ?  Of  education  ? 
Describe  Milledgeville.  Savannah.  Augusta.  What 
other  flourishing  towns  ? 


17.    FLORIDA. 
Square  miles,  59,268.     Population,  140,000. 

Florida  is  a  peninsula  on  the  extreme 
south  of  the  United  States,  approaching 
within  a  degree  and  a  half  of  the  Torrid 
Zone.  The  southern  portion  is  covered 
with  marshes  and  shallow  lakes,  and  is  called 
"The  Everglades."  The  northern  and  cen- 
tral portions  are  mostly  level.  The  soil  is 
generally  sandy,  but  productive  in  many 
parts.  The  chief  products  are  cotton,  sugar 
cane,  rice,  tobacco,  Indian  corn,  and  sweet 
potatoes. 

Oranges,  dates,  figs,  and  other  tropical 
fruits,  abound,  with  a  great  variety  of  blos- 
soming plants. 

The  forests  yield  abundantly  cedar,  and 
the  live  oak  which  is  so  much  used  in  ship 
building. 

The  white  inhabitants  are  chiefly  confined 
to  the  northern  portions  of  the  state. 

Tallahassee,  the  capital,  is  situated  on 
the  Appalachee  bay. 

St.  Augustine  was  the  first  town  settled  in 
the  United  States.  It  has  a  delightful  cli- 
mate, and  is  embosomed  in  orange  trees. 
Appal achicola,  on  the  river  of  the  same 
name,  and  Pensacola,  on  Pensacola  bay, 
are  both  thriving  places,  and  have  consider- 
able trade.  Key  West  is  the  most  populous 
town  in  the  state,  and  occupies  an  island  of 
the  same  name,  four  miles  long  and  a  mile 
wide.  It  has  a  safe  and  capacious  harbor, 
and  its  principal  business  is  derived  from 
salvages  and  other  perquisites  of  wrecked 
vessels. 


UNITED     STATES. 


63 


Questions.  What  can  you  say  of  the  situation  and 
surface  of  Florida  ?  Of  its  soil  ?  Productions  ?  Of 
its  fruits  ?  Forests  ?  Where  do  the  whites  reside  ? 
What  is  said  of  Tallaha.ssee  ?  St.  Augustine  ?  Appa- 
lachicola  ?     Pensacola  ?     Key  West  ? 


18.     ALABAMA. 
Square  miles,  50,722.     Population,  964,000. 

Alabama  is  generally  level,  except  in  the 
northern  part,  where  it  is  mountainous. 

The  soil  for  the  most  part  is  productive, 
and  in  many  places  very  rich.  The  climate 
is  quite  warm  in  the  southern  portion  of  the 
state.  Snow  and  ice  are  occasionally  seen 
in  the  mountainous  districts. 

Agriculture  principally  engages  the  atten- 
tion of  its  inhabitants.  Cotton  and  Indian 
corn  are  the  great  staples.  Wheat,  oats, 
sweet  potatoes,  rice,  and  tobacco,  are  also 
raised. 

It  has  some  commerce  and  manufactures. 

Montgomery,  the  capital,  is  situated  at 
the  head  of  steamboat  navigation  on  the 
Tuscaloosa  river. 

Mobile  is  the  largest  city  in  the  state,  and 
its  principal  seaport.  It  is  pleasantly  situ- 
ated at  the  head  of  Mobile  bay.  Tusca- 
loosa^ Wetumpka  and  Hitnfsville,  are  flour- 
ishing towns,  possessing  considerable  trade. 

Questions.  What  is  said  of  the  surface  of  Alaba- 
ma ?  Soil  and  climate  ?  What  are  the  productions  ? 
What  is  said  of  commerce  and  manufactures  ?  Of 
Montgomery  ?  Mobile  ?  Wetumpka,  Tuscaloosa  and 
Huntsville  ? 


19.     MISSISSIPPI. 
Square  miles,  47,156.     Population,  791,000. 
Mississippi    slopes    towards     the    south 
and  west.     The  southern  part  is  level ;  the 
central  and  northern  portions  are  undulat- 
ing, and  diversified  by  occasional  bluffs  and 


ranges  of  hills.     The  western  part  of  the     i 
state,  upon  the  Mississippi  river,  is  marshy.      I 


PRODUCTIONS    AND    EXPORTS. 


The  climate  is  warm,  and  the  soil  gen- 
erally rich  and  highly  productive. 

The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  devo^ted  to  the 
raising  of  cotton.  Indian  corn,  rice  and 
sugar,  are  also  produced.  Fruits,  such  as 
figs,  peaches  and  bananas,  are  abundant. 

The  plantations  of  Mississippi  are  gener- 
ally large,  and  often  employ  several  hun^ 
dred  negro  slaves  each. 

Its  first  settlers  were  of  French  descent, 
who  founded  the  town  of  Natchez  in  1716. 

Jackson  is  the  capital  of  the  state.  It  is 
pleasantly  situated  at  the  head  of  steam- 
boat navigation  on  the  Pearl  river. 

Natchez  is  one  of  the  pleasantest  cities  in 
the  western  valley.  It  stands  on  a  high 
bluff  upon  the  Mississippi,  three  hundred 
feet  above  the  surface  of  the  river.  Great 
numbers  of  steamboats  stop  here,  and  a 
large  trade  is  carried  on.  Vicksburg-  has  a 
very  picturesque  site,  on  the  bank  of  the 
Mississippi  river,  the  land  rising  in  terraces 
from  the  river.      Columbus  is  situated  on 


64 


UNITED     STATES, 


the  left  bank  of  the  Tombigbee  river  one 
hundred  and  eighty  miles  from  Jackson. 
It  is  surrounded  by  an  extensive  planting 
district,  and  has  an  active  business. 

Questions.  What  is  said  of  the  surface  of  Missis- 
sippi?- Climate?  Soil?  Productions?  The  plant- 
ations? First  settlers  ?  Describe  Jackson.  Natchez. 
Vicksburs.     Columbus. 


20.     LOUISIANA. 

Square  miles,  41,255.     Population,  708,000. 

Louisiana  is  remarkably  level,  and  abounds 
with  swamps  and  pine  forests,  which  render 
much  of  its  surface  unfit  for  cultivation. 

The  soil  on  either  side  of  the  Mississippi 
river  is  very  fertile,  producing,  large  crops 
of  cotton,  sugar,  rice,  Indian  corn,  and  to- 
bacco.    The  tropical  fruits  are  abundant. 


SUGAK    PRESS,    FRUITS,    CANE    AND    COTTON. 

The    climate,  in  summer,  is  excessively 
hot  and  often   sickly.     Agriculture  is  the 


leading  pursuit,  but  commerce  is  very  ex- 
tensive and  important. 

Louisiana  formerly  belonged  to  the 
French,  of  whom  it  was  purchased  by  the 
United  States  in  1803. 

Baton  Rouge,  the  capital,  is  situated  on 
the  east  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  one  hundred 
and  thirty-one  miles  above  New  Orleans. 
It  stands  on  the  first  high  bank  which  occurs 
in  ascending  the  river,  and  is  one  of  the 
healthiest  towns  in  the  southern  portion  of 
the  Mississippi  valley. 

New  Orleans  is  situated  on  the  east  side 
of  the  Mississippi  river  about  one  hundred 
miles  from  its  mouth.  When  the  river  is 
high,  the  surface  of  the  water  is  several  feet 
above  the  streets  of  the  city,  and  is  kept 
from  overflowing  by  levees.  This  city  is 
the  great  emporium  of  the  south-western 
and  western  states,  and  its  harbor  is  con- 
stantly crowded  with  sliips,  steamboats  and 
the  various  river  craft  of  the  West.  Many 
of  the  public  buildings  and  churches  of 
New  Orleans  are  large  and  costly  struct- 
ures. The  custom  house,  when  completed, 
will  be  the  largest  in  the  Southern  States. 
The  benevolent  institutions  are  extensive 
and  well  conducted. 

Natchitoches  is  pleasantly  situated  on 
Red  river,  about  five  hundred  miles  from 
New  Orleans.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable 
trade,  having  regular  steam  communication 
with  New  Orleans.  Shreveport  is  a  thriving 
place  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Red  river, 
about  six  hundred  and  eighty  miles  by 
water  above  New  Orleans.  It  is  in  the 
midst  of  an  extensive  planting  region  and 
advantageously  situated  for  trade. 

Questions.  What  can  you  say  of  the  surface  o{ 
Louisiana?  Soil?  Productions?  Climate?  Agri- 
culture and  Commerce?     Of  whom  was  this  State 


UNITED     STATES. 


65 


purchased  V     Describe  Baton  Rouge.     New  Orleans. 
Natchitoches.     Shreveport. 


21.  TEXAS. 
Square  miles,  237,504.  Population,  604,000. 
Texas  is  the  largest  of  the  United  States 
in  extent  of  territory.  It  embraces  ahnost 
every  variety  of  surface  within  its  limits. 
It  is  level  in  the  south-east,  undulating  in 
the  interior,  and  mountainous  in  the  west 
and  north  west.  The  Great  American  Plain 
extends  sixty  miles  within  the  bounds  of 
Texas  on  the  north. 

The  climate  is  free  from  the  extremes  of 
both  the  torrid  and  temperate  zones.  The 
heats  of  summer  arc  much  mitigated  by  the 
winds  which  blow  steadily  from  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  during  that  season. 

The  soil  is  varied,  yet  its  general  charac- 
ter is  tliat  of  great  fertility.  Cotton,  Indian 
corn  and  tobacco  are  the  staple  products. 
Sugar-cane  is  cultivated  in  the  level  coun- 
try. Oranges,  lemons  and  other  fruits  grow 
well.  Cayenne  pepper  is  raised  in  large 
quantities. 

The  minerals  are  gold,  silver,  salt,  copper, 
and  iron.  An  immense  bed  of  gypsum 
traverses  the  north-west  portion  of  the 
state. 

Bisons,  wild  horses  and  cattle  roam  the 
prairies  in  large  herds. 

Texas  formerly  belonged  to  Mexico.  It 
declared  its  independence  in  1836,  and  in 
1845  was  annexed  to  the  United  States. 

Austin,  the  capital,  is  a  flourishing  town, 
situated  on  the  Colorado.  The  river  is 
navigable  to  this  point  during  winter.  The 
scenery  around  Austin  is  highly  pictiir- 
esque. 

Galveston  is  situated  on  Galveston  island. 


and  is  the  principal  seaport  of  Texas.  It  is 
rapidly  increasing  in  population,  and  has 
considerable  commerce.  Houston  is  loca- 
ted on  the  Buffalo  Bayou  about  two  hun- 
dred miles  from  Austin.  It  is  well  situated 
for  trade  at  the  head  of  steam  navigation, 
and  is  the  principal  shipping  port  for  several 
adjacent  counties.  Matagorda  is  situated 
on  a  bay  of  the  same  name  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Colorado  River.  It  has  considerable 
trade  and  is  the  depot  for  the  produce  of 
one  of  the  richest  valleys  in  the  state.  The 
sea-breeze  renders  this  place  a  favorite 
summer  residence  of  citizens  from  the 
interior. 

Questions.-  What  is  said  of  the  comparative  size  of 
Texas  ?  Surface  ?  Climate  and  soil  V  What  are  its 
productions?  Minerals?  What  animals  are  found 
here  ?  When  was  it  annexed  to  the  United  States  ? 
Describe  Austin.     Galveston.     Houston.    Matagorda. 


Note  on  the  SouTnERN  States. 
A  portion  of  the  country  is  at  war  against  the  govern- 
ment as  this  work  goes  to  press,  (August,  1802.) 

The  physical  features  of  the  states  engaged  will  remain 
nearly  the  same,  and  any  change  which  may  take  phice 
in  the  political  condition  of  the  people  will  be  noted  in 
the  appendix. 

The  commerce  of  the  Southern  States  for  the  time,  is 
nearly  ceased.  Means  of  communication  with  other  na- 
tions or  with  the  North,  are  nearly  all  cut  off.  The  effects 
of  the  war  on  commerce,  manufactures  and  agriculture, 
are  seen  in  all  the  states,  and  must  modify  to  some  extent 
the  descriptions  given. 

The  following  states  claim  to  have  seceded  from  the 
Union : 

Alabama,  MissofRi, 

Arkansas,  North  Carolina, 

Florida,  South  Carolina, 

Georgia,  Tennessee, 

Louisiana,  Texas, 

Mississippi,  Virginia. 

These  states  claim  to  have  united  under  the  title  of 
"  The  Confederate  States  of  America."  Their  Congress 
was  first  held  in  Montgomery,  and  afterward  removed 
to  Richmond. 


66 


UNITED     STATES. 


CIIlCAHl,     ILL. 


WESTERN   STATES. 

The  "Western  States  are  Ohio,  Michigan, 
Indiana,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Ar- 
kansas, Missouri,  Iowa,  Wisconsin,  Minne- 
sota, Kansas,  Oregon,  and  California. 

They  comprise  the  greater  portion  of  the 
valley  of  the  Mississippi  and  its  branches, 
and  abound  with  extensive  forests,  vast 
prairies  and  majestic  rivers.  Two  of  these 
States  lie  on  the  Pacific. 

The  climate  is  warmer  than  in  states  of 
the  same  latitude  on  the  Atlantic  coast. 

The  Western  States  are  rapidly  filling  up 
with  emigrants  from  Europe  and  the  older 
States. 

In  some  of  the  Western  States,  a  great 
interest  is  manifested  in  the  cause  of  edu- 
cation. Large  appropriations  have  been 
made  for  instruction  in  public  schools,  and 
these  schools  have  very  much  improved. 

Colleges  and  seminaries  of  learning  have 
been  established  in  important  places. 


Questions.  Name  the  Western  States.  What  do 
they  comprise?  What  is  their  climate?  What  is 
said  of  emigrants  ?     Education  ? 


22.     ARKANSAS. 
Square  miles,  52,198.     Population,  435,000. 

Arkansas  is  marshy  in  the  eastern  part, 
and  subject  to  inundations.  The  remain- 
ing parts  are  elevated  and  broken.  In  the 
low  lands,  the  climate  is  unhealthful ;  in 
the  elevated  districts,  salubrious. 

Near  the  rivers  the  soil  is  generally  fer- 
tile.    Remote  from  them,  it  is  sterile. 

The  chief  productions  are  live  stock,  In- 
dian corn,  cotton,  wheat,  oats,  tobacco,  and 
sweet  potatoes.     It  also  produces  fine  fruits. 

There  are  numerous  hot  springs  about 
fifty  miles  west  of  Little  Rock,  which  are 
much  resorted  to  by  invalids.  There  is  a 
fine  cold  spring  so  near  one  of  these  warm 
springs  that  a  person  can  put  one  hand  into 


UNITED     STATES. 


67 


hot  and  the  other  into  cold  water  at  the 
same  time. 

Little  Rock,  on  the  Arkansas  river,  is 
the  capital  and  most  important  town  of  the 
state. 

Van  Bureyi,  on  the  Arkansas  River,  is  a 
place  of  extensive  commercial  business  and 
some  manufactures. 

Questions.  What  is  said  of  the  surface  of  Arkan- 
sas? Climate?  Soil?  Productions?  Describe  the 
springs.     Little  Rock.     Tan  Buren. 


23.     MISSOURI. 
Square  miles,  67,380.     Population,  1,182,000. 
Missouri  is  agreeably  diversified  in  sur- 
face ;  the  climate  is  subject  to  extremes  of 
heat  and  cold ;  and  the  soil  is,  in  general, 
very  productive. 

Agriculture  and  mining  are  the  leading 
pursuits.  The  chief  productions  are  Indian 
corn,  wheat,  hemp,  flax,  tobacco,  oats,  pota- 
toes, butter,  and  cheese.  Great  numbers 
of  cattle  are  reared. 

Missouri  abounds  in  mineral  treasures. 
There  are  several  small  mountains  composed 
almost  entirely  of  iron  ore.  Lead  is  very 
abundant ;  also  coal,  marble  and  freestone. 
Jefferson  City,  the  capital  of  the  state, 
occupies  a  high  and  commanding  position 
on  a  bluff  of  the  Missouri  River.  . 

St.  Louis,  the  largest  city,  is  situated  on 
the  Mississippi  river,  and  possesses  great 
facilities  for  trade  and  commerce.  It  con- 
tains many  elegant  buildings,  and  is  rapidly 
increasing  in  wealth  and  importance.  St. 
Charles,  near  the  junction  of  the  Mississippi 
and  Missouri  rivers,  has  a  pleasant  location 
and  considerable  trade.  Independence  is 
the  starting  point  in  the  trade  with  New 
Mexico  and  Utah. 


Questions.  Describe  the  surface,  climate  and  soil 
of  Missouri.  What  are  the  chief  pursuits?  Pro- 
ducts ?  Minerals  ?  Describe  Jefferson  City.  St. 
Louis.     St.  Charles.     Independence. 


24.     TENNESSEE. 

Square  miles,  45,600.     Population,  1,109,000. 

Tennessee  is  mountainous  and  rugged  in 
the  eastern  part ;  in  the  western,  level  or 
undulating.  It  is  divided  by  the  Cumber- 
land mountains  into  Esist  and  West  Ten- 
nessee. 

It  has  a  mild,  agreeable  climate,  and  in 
general,  a  fertile  soil.  Agriculture  is  the 
leading  pursuit.  Cotton,  tobacco  and  In- 
dian corn,  are  the  chief  products.  Oats, 
wheat  and  potatoes,  are  also  cultivated. 

Immense  numbers  of  swine  and  mules 
are  raised  in  the  state. 

Iron  and  coal  are  found  in  abundance. 

This  state  also  abounds  with  numerous 
caves,  from  which  nitrous  earth  is  obtained 
for  the  manufacture  of  saltpetre. 

Fossil  remains  of  gigantic  antedeluvian 
animals  have  been  discovered,  particularly 
of  the  mastodon.  Among  the  Enchanted 
mountains,  so  called,  are  found  footprints 
of  animals  imbedded  in  limestone. 

Nashville  has  a  pleasant  site  on  the 
Cumberland  river.  It  is  the  most  wealthy 
and  prosperous  city  of  Tennessee,  and  is 
distinguished  for  its  enterprising  spirit,  lite- 
rary taste,  and  polished  society. 

Memphis,  situated  on  the  Mississippi  river, 
is  an  important  commercial  town. 

Questions.  Describe  the  surface  of  Tennessee. 
Climate  and  soil.  Name  the  chief  pursuit.  Produc- 
tions. What  is  said  of  swine  and  mules  ?  Minerals^ 
Of  caves?     Fossils?     Nashville?     Memphis? 


68 


UNITED     STATES. 


25.     KENTUCKY. 

Square  miles,  37,680.     Population,  1,155,000. 

Kentucky  is  mountainous  in  the  eastern 

part.     Along   the    Ohio    river   it   is   hilly. 

The  remaining  portions  are  undulating  or 

level. 

It  has  an  agreeable  and  healthful  climate, 
and  a  very  productive  soil,  adapted  to  the 
raising  of  various  kinds  of  grain. 

Wheat,  Indian  corn,  hemp,  flax,  and  to- 
bacco, are  the  staple  productions.  Fruits 
of  excellent  quality  abound.  Horses  and 
cattle  are  reared  in  great  numbers. 

Limestone  and  coal  are  common,  and 
salt  springs  are  numerous,  around  which 
the  bones  of  the  mastodon  have  been  fre- 
quently found. 

Agriculture  is  the  main  pursuit,  although 
manufactures  and  commerce  receive  much 
attention. 

Kentucky  abounds 
with  n  u  m  e  r  o  u  s 
caves,  of  which  the 
"  Mammoth  Cave  " 
is  the  most  stupen- 
dous one  known  in 
the  world.  It  has 
been  explored  for 
more  than  fifteen 
miles,  and  contains 
n  u  m  e  r  o  u  s  apart- 
ments,  magnificent 
arches,  and  a  navigable  stream,  abounding 
with  eyeless  fish. 

Kentucky  was  settled  in  1767,  by  the  re- 
nowned Daniel  Boone,  and  a  few  followers. 
Frankfort,    the   seat  of  government,  is 
beautifully  situated  on  a  plain    that  over- 
looks the  Kentucky  river. 

Louisville,  the  largest  city  of  the  state, 
rises   gradually  from   the   Ohio   river,    on 


MA.MMOfll    CAVK 


which  it  is  situated.  It  has  broad  and  reg- 
ular streets,  and  is  extensively  engaged  in 
commerce  and  manufactures.  Lexington 
has  a  very  pleasant  site,  and  a  number  of 
excellent  literary  institutions. 

Questions.  What  is  said  of  the  surface  of  Kentucky? 
Climate  and  soil  ?  What  are  the  chief  productions  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  minerals  ?  Agriculture,  manufac- 
tures and  commerce  ?  What  wonderful  cave  has  Ken- 
tucky ?  When  was  Kentucky  settled,  and  by  whom  ? 
Describe  Frankfort.     Louisville.     Lexington. 

20.     OHIO. 

Square  mues,  39,964.     Population,  2,339,000. 

Ohio  has  no  mountains,  but  the  interior 
is  elevated  about  one  thousand  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.  From  this,  the  surface 
slopes  to  Lake  Erie  and  the  Ohio  river. 

It  has  in  general  a  fertile  soil,  and  a  mild 
climate. 

Its  chief  products  are  wheat  and  Indian 
corn,  though  oats,  rye,  buckwheat,  and 
tobacco,  and  the  fruits  of  the  Middle  States, 
are  raised  in  abundance.  Butter,  cheese, 
and  maple-sugar,  are  produced  to  some  ex- 
tent. Large  numbers  of  horses  and  cattle 
arc  sent  to  the  eastern  markets. 

The  great 'lakes,  in  connection  with  the 
rivers,  canals  and  railroads  of  this  state, 
afford  abundant  facilities  for  inland  com- 
merce and  manufactures,  both  of  which  are 
in  a  very  flourishing  condition. 

Iron  and  coal  are  found  extensively. 

The  state  has  made  very  liberal  appropri- 
ations for  her  public  schools,  both  for  in- 
struction, and  for  libraries  and  apparatus. 

Ohio  was  settled  in  1788,  but  it  grew  very 
slowly  till  1810.  Since  that  time  it  has  in- 
creased rapidly  in  wealth  and  population. 

Columbus,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  finely 
situated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  River  Scioto. 


UNITED     STATES, 


09 


It  is  surrounded  by  a  rich   and   populous 
country  and  is  a  place  of  active  business. 


STATE    lU)lbL,    LULL  MISl  S. 


The  capitol  is  three  hundred  and  eighty- 
four  feet  long,  by  one  hundred  and  eighty- 
four  wide,  and  is  one  of  the  finest  buildings 
in  the  state.  Tlie  other  principal  edifices 
are  the  Ohio  Lunatic  Asylum,  Institution 
for  the  Blind,  Asylum  for  Deaf  and  Dumb, 
and  the  Penitentiary. 

Cmdnnati,  the  largest  city  in  the  state, 
and  the  "Queen  City"  of  the  west,  is  situ- 
ated on  the  Ohio,  and  rises  by  terraces  from 
the  river's  brink.  It  has  grown  with  great 
rapidity,  and  is  distinguished  for  its  wealth, 
and  its  Htcrary  institutions,  as  well  as  for 
its  manufactures  and  trade.  Cleveland  is  a 
beautiful  city  situated  on  Lake  Erie,  pos- 
sessing great  commercial  facilities.  It  has 
one  of  the  best  harbors  on  the  lake.  San- 
duskjj,  situated  on  Sandusky  bay,  and  Toledo 
on  the  Maumee  river,  are  both  flourishing 
cities  engaged  in  the  commerce  of  the  lakes. 
Dayton,  Zanesville  and  Steubenville  are 
thriving  places  and  largely  engaged  in  man- 
ufactures. Chilicothe  and  Lancaster  arc 
also  important  towns. 

Questions.     What  is  said  of  the  surface  of  Ohio? 
Soil  and  climate?     Name  the  chief  products.     What 


is  said  of  horses  and  cattle  ?  Commerce  and  manu- 
factures ?  Iron  and  coal  ?  Of  education  ?  Its  settle- 
ment and  growth  ?  Describe  Columbus.  Cincinnati. 
Cleveland.  Sandusky  and  Toledo.  AYhat  other  im- 
portant towns  ? 

^  27.     INDIANA. 

Square  miles,  83,800.     Population,  1,850,000. 
Indiana  is  generally  level  except  in  the 
south-west,  which  is  broken  and  rocky. 

The  climate  is  mild,  and  the  soil  exceed- 
ingly fertile,  especially  on  the  river  bottoms. 
The  inhabitants  are  principally  devoted 
to  agricidture,  though  the  state  possesses 
facilities  for  manufactures  which  have  been 
to  some  extent  improved. 

Large  quantities  of  Indian  corn,  wheat, 
oats,  pork,  and  beef,  are  exported. 

Copper,  iron,  and  coal,  are  the  chief  min- 
erals; salt  springs  are  also  found,  and  sev- 
eral interesting  caves  have  been  discovered 
and  explored  for  many  miles. 

This  state  has  an  extensive  school  fund, 
and  common  schools  are  rapidly  increasing. 
Indianapolis,  the  seat  of  government,  is 
pleasantly  situated  near  the  White  river.  It 
is  the  terminus  of  several  railroads,which  give 
it  important  facilities  for  trade.  It  has  an  ele- 
gant state-house  and  other  public  buildings. 
Nciv  Albany  is  a  flourishing  city  on  the 
Ohio  river,  remarkable  for  its  rapid  growth 
and  active  trade.  Steamboat  building  is 
carried  on  very  extensively  here.  Madison 
is  advantageously  situated  for  trade,  and 
has  a  considerable  amount  of  capital  cm- 
ployed  in  manufactures.  La  Fayette  is 
pleasantly  tituatcd  on  the  Wabash  and  is 
the  principal  grain  market  in  the  state. 

Questions.  AVhat  is  said  of  the  surftice  of  Indiana  ? 
Climate  and  soil  ?  Agriculture  and  manufactures  ? 
Exports?  Minerals?  Common  schools?  Indian- 
apolis?    New  Albany?     Madison?     La  Fayette? 


70 


UNITED     STATES. 


28.     ILLINOIS. 
Square  miles,  55,405.     Population,  1,711,000. 

Illinois  is  principally  a  table  land,  sloping 
to  tlie  south  and  west.  In  climate,  soil  and 
productions,  it  resembles  Indiana. 

Agriculture  is  the  chief  pursuit ;  and  In- 
dian corn,  wheat  and  oats,  with  a  variety 
of  fruits  and  vegetables,  are  raised  in  the 
greatest  abundance. 

The  prairies  afford  fine  pasture  for  horses, 
cattle  and  sheep,  which  are  reared  in  great 
numbers.  A  large  number  of  hogs  are 
fatted  for  market. 

Lead,  coal  and  iron  abound.  The  lead 
mines  of  Galena  are  very  profitable. 

Illinois  has  made  ample  provision  for 
education,  and  has  an  extended  system  of 
internal  improvements. 

Springfield,  the  capital,  is  a  flourishing 
town  near  the  center  of  the  state.  It  is 
surrounded  by  rich  and  extensive  prairies, 
which  contain  largo  quantities  of  bitumin- 
ous coal. 

Chicago,  on  lake  Michigan,  is  the  largest 
city  in  tlie  state.  It  has  grown  with  re- 
markable rapidity,  and  is  the  center  of  a 
large  and  greatly  increasing  trade.  It  com- 
municates, by  means  of  the  chain  of  lakes 
and  railroads,  with  the  Atlantic  cities,  and 
by  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  canal  and  by 
railroads,  with  the  country  west  and  south. 

Peoria  is  a  flourishing  city  beautifully 
situated  on  the  Illinois  river,  and  has  an 
extensive  trade.  Alton,  Quincy  and  Rock 
Island  on  the  Mississippi  river,  are  rapidly 
increasing  in  population  and  importance. 
Galena  is  the  center  of  mining  operations 
for  this  state. 

Questions.  What  can  you  say  of  the  surface 
of  Illinois?  Climate  and  soil?  Agriculture  and 
products  ?      Animals  ?     Minerals  ?      Education    and 


internal    improvements  ?       Springfield  ?       Chicago  ? 
Peoria  ?     Alton,  Quincy  and  Rock  Island  ?     Galena  ? 


29.     MICHIGAN. 
Square  miles,  56,243.     Population,  749,000. 

Michigan  consists  of  two  peninsulas,  the 
northern  lying  between  Lakes  Superior  and 
Michigan,  and  the  southern  between  Lakes 
Huron,  St.  Clair  and  Erie,  on  the  east,  and 
Lake  Michigan  on  the  west. 

The  northern  peninsula  is  rugged,  and  in 
some  parts,  mountainous.  The  southern 
consists  of  an  extensive  undulating  plain 
seldom  broken. 

The  northern  part  is  cold,  with  a  sterile 
soil.  The  southern  is  mild  and  very  fertile. 
The  staple  products  are  wheat,  Indian  corn, 
oats,  potat;»es,  butter,  maple-sugar,  wool, 
and  live  stock. 


DKTROIT,    MICH. 

The  northern  peninsula  is  very  rich  in 
copper.  Iron,  silver,  lead,  gypsum,  and 
coal,  are  found. 

Michigan  has  an  efficient  common  school 
system,  and  is  doing  much  for  the  interests 
of  education. 

Lansing,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the 
Grand  river,  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles 
from  Detroit. 


UNITED     STATES. 


Yl 


Detroit,  the  principal  city  of  the  state,  is 
situated  on  the  west  bank  of  Detroit  river. 
It  has  great  advantages  for  trade  and  com- 
merce. Monroe,  on  the  river  Raisin,  is 
connected  with  the  lake  by  a  ship  canal, 
and  is  the  principal  market  for  wheat  pro- 
ducts in  this  part  of  the  state.  Ann  Arbor, 
Adrian,  Jackson,  Kalamazoo,  Grand  Rapids, 
and  Grand  Haven,  are  important  thriving 
towns,  engaged  in  manufactures  and  trade. 

On  the  southern  shores  of  Lake  Superior 
are  bluffs  and  precipices,  towering  to  the 
height  of  three  hundred  feet,  and  over- 
hanging the  water.  They  are  called  the 
"Pictured  Rocks,"  because  the  waters  have 
by  their  ceaseless  surges  worn  them  into 
various  forms  of  grace  and  beauty. 

Questions.  Of  what  does  Michigan  consist  ?  De- 
scribe the  surface  of  Michigan.  CHmate  and  soil. 
What  are  its  staple  products  ?  Minerals  ?  What  is 
said  of  education  ?  Describe  Lansing.  Detroit. 
I^Ionroe.     Other  towns.     The  "Pictured  Rocks." 


30.     WISCONSIN. 
Square  miles,  53,924.     Population,  775,000. 

Wisconsin  has  an  undulating,  and  in  some 
parts,  a  hilly  surface,  but  no  mountains. 

Its  southern  portion  has  a  mild  climate, 
and  very  productive  soil.  The  northern 
section  is  more  sterile. 

The  chief  productions  are  wheat,  Indian 
corn,  oats,  potatoes,  maple  sugar,  and  live 
stock.  Considerable  quantities  of  rye,  peas, 
barley,  and  buckwheat,  are  also  raised. 

It  is  rich  in  lead  and  iron..  Copper,  zinc, 
marble,  and  gypsum,  are  found  to  some  ex- 
tent. 

Liberal  appropriations  have  been  made 
for  the  support  of  common  schools. 

Madison,  the  capital,  is  pleasantly  situ- 


ated on  an  isthmus  between  Tliird  and 
Fourth  lakes.  The  capitol  is  a  fine  lime- 
stone structure,  surrounded  by  a  public 
square.  The  city  is  well  situated  for  busi- 
ness, and  possesses  many  attractions  to 
those  seeking  health  and  pleasure. 

Blilivaukee  is  located  on  the  shore  of  Lake 
Michigan.  The  general  appearance  of  the 
city  is  peculiar  and  striking  from  the  color 
and  superior  quality  of  the  bricks  used  in 
building.  They  are  of  a  delicate  and  en- 
during cream  color  which  is  highly  agree- 
able to  the  eye.  It  is  the  center  of  trade 
for  a  rich  and  rapidly  improving  country. 
It  has  an  extensive  water  power  employed 
in  various  manufactures.  Its  commerce  is 
rapidly  increasing.  •  Racine,  situated  on  the 
west  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  has  one  of  the 
best  harbors  on  the  lake.  It  is  regularly 
laid  out  with  wide  streets,  and  contains  a 
number  of  fine  public  buildings.  Green 
Bay,  La  Crosse,  Janesville,  and  Fond  dii  Lac, 
are  flourishing  towns. 

Questions.  What  is  the  surface  of  Wisconsin? 
Climate  and  soil  ?  What  are  the  chief  productions  ? 
Minerals  ?  What  is  said  of  common  schools  ?  Mad- 
ison?    Milwaukee?     Racine?     Green  Bay,  &c.? 


31.     IOWA. 
Square  miles,  50,914.     Population,  675,000. 

Iowa  is  generally  composed  of  rolling 
prairies  crossed  by  rivers  whose  banks  are 
skirted  with  wood.  A  small  portion  in  the 
north-east  is  rugged  and  rocky. 

The  soil  is  exceedingly  fertile,  the  climate, 
agreeable  and  healthful.  The  staple  pro- 
ductions are  Indian  corn,  wheat  and  live 
stock. 

Its  lead  mines  are  very  rich.  Coal,  iron, 
copper,  and  limestone,  abound. 


72 


UNITED     STATES. 


Agriculture  and  mining  are  the  leading 
pursuits. 

Des  Moines,  the  capital,  became  the  seat 
of  government  in  1857. 

Dubuque  is  the  central  depot  of  the  min- 
ing region  of  Iowa,  and  a  place  of  active 
trade.  Davenport  is  a  flourishing  city  on 
the  Mississippi  at  the  foot  of  the  upper 
rapids.  Muscatine,  Burlington,  Council 
Bluff,  and  Iowa  City  are  important  towns. 

Questions.  What  is  said  of  the  surface  of  Iowa  ? 
Soil?  Chmate?  Productions?  Minerals?  Pursuits? 
Dos  Moines?    Dubuque?    Davenport?    Other  towns? 


33.  MINNESOTA. 
Square  miles,  75,000.  Population,  172,000. 
Minnesota  abounds  in  lakes  and  ponds, 
and  though  there  are  no  high  mountains  in 
the  state,  it  is  the  most  elevated  tract  of 
land  between  Hudson's  Bay  and  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  and  from  its  central  heights,  sends 
its  waters  to  every  point  of  the  compass. 


FALLS    OF    ST.    ANTHONY. 


The  agricultural  productions  are  Indian 
corn,  wheat  and  oats.  Copper,  lead  and 
iron,  are  the  principal  minerals. 

Its  unsettled  portions  abound  in  wild 
animals,  among  which  the  buffalo,  elk,  deer, 
and  antelope,  are  found. 

St.  Paul  is  a  flourishing  city  situated  on 
the  Mississippi,  nine  miles  below  the  falls 
of  St.  Anthony.  It  is  at  the  head  of  steam- 
boat navigation  and  a  place  of  active  busi- 
ness.    Its  growth  has  been  rapid. 

St.  Anthony,  situated  at  the  Falls  of  St. 
Anthony,  is  an  important  place.  It  has  an 
immense  water  power,  which  is  being  rap- 
idly improved  for  manufacturing  purposes. 

Questions.  What  is  said  of  Minnesota  ?  Its  Cli- 
mate ?  Soil?  Productions?  Minerals?  Animals? 
St.  Paul  ?     St.  Anthony  ? 


The  climate  is  cold,  especially  in  the 
Northern  part.  The  soil  is  various,  but 
generally  fertile  in  the  valleys  of  the  rivers. 


35.     KANSAS. 
Square  miles,  114,798.     Population,  107,000. 

Kansas  is  a  new  state  lying  west  of  Mis- 
souri. 

The  eastern  part  of  the  state  is  level  or 
gently  undulating;  the  western  is  hilly,  and 
sometimes  mountainous. 

It  has  numerous  rivers.  The  Missouri 
forms  its  north-eastern  boundary.  The 
Kansas  is  the  largest  river  principally  with- 
in the  territory,  and  is  said  to  be  navigable 
for  900  miles. 

The  eastern  portion  and  the  valleys  of 
the  principal  rivers  are  unrivaled  in  fer- 
tility. Its  productions  are,  similar  to  those 
of  Missouri. 

It  has  valuable  forest  trees  and  timber, 
consisting  of  oak,  hickory,  ash,  cottonwood, 
and  sugar-maple,  on  the  river  bottoms,  and 
cedar,  pine,  and  poplar,  on  the  slopes  of  the 
mountains. 


UNITED     STATES. 


73 


Kansas  was  erected  into  a 
territory  in  1854,  and  ad- 
mitted as  a  state  in  1861. 

ToPEKA  is  the  capital. 

Leavenworth,  Lecompton, 
and  Lawrence,  are  the  prin- 
cipal towns. 

Questions.  How  is  Kansas  situ- 
ated 1  "What  is  said  of  the  surface  ? 
Its  rivers  ?  The  soil  ?  Productions  ? 
Forest  trees  ?     History  ?    Towns 


fe-^^i  ^istA-^je^  ^-^ 


32.     CALIFORNIA. 
Square  miles,  155,980.     Population,  380,000. 
California   is    the   most  western   of   the 
United  States,  and  extends  for  seven  hnn- 
dred  miles  on  the  shores  of  the  Pacific. 

It  has  an  undulating  surface  with  numer- 
ous valleys,  deep  ravines  and  high  mountains. 
The  climate  is  warm  and  dry  in  summer, 
and  wet  in  winter. 

In  the  valleys,  the  soil  is  very  fertile. 
Barley,  wheat,  oats,  potatoes,  and  fruits, 
are  the  chief  products.  In  the  southern 
parts,  the  fruits  of  tropical  climates  are 
produced. 

The  rich  deposits  of  gold  make  this  one 
of  the  most  important  mineral  regions  in 
the  world.  Quicksilver  is  found  in  abund- 
ance. Copper,  silver  and  platina  have  been 
discovered  in  various  places. 

California  was  first  colonized  by  the  Span- 
iards. It  became  a  province  of  Mexico,  and 
was  subject  to  revolutions  and  disturbances 
till  by  the  treaty  of  peace  of  1818,  it  became 
a  part  of  the  United  States. 

The  discovery  of  gold  in  1847,  was  the 
principal  cause  of  the  early  rapid  growth 
of  California,  which  gained  for  it  admission 
into  the  Union  as  a  state,  in  1850. 


SVN    UlANtlstO 


Sacramento  is  situated  on  the  Sacramen- 
to river  about  one  hundred  and  twenty 
miles  from  the  ocean,  and  is  extensively  en- 
sraired  in  trade.  It  is  accessible  for  steamers 
and  sailing  vessels  of  a  large  size,  at  all  sea- 
sons of  the  year.  Its  streets  are  well  laid 
out,  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles. 

S>an  Francisco  lies  on  the  western  side 
of  a  bay  of  the  same  name.  It  is  regularly 
laid  out,  has  a  fine  harbor,  and  considerable 
commerce.  It  is  the  natural  market  for  the 
state,  and  one  of  the  finest  ports  in  the  world. 
Stockton,  near  the  San  Joaquin  river,  is  an 
important  trading  point  for  the  southern 
mines,  and  Marysville,  on  the  Feather  river, 
for  the  northern  mines. 

Questions.  How  is  California  situated?  What 
is  said  of  its  surface?  Climate?  Soil?  Produc- 
tions? Minerals?  History?  Describe  Sacramento. 
San  Francisco.     Stockton  and  Marysvillc. 


39.     OREGON. 
Square  miles,  100,000.     Population,  52,000. 
Oregon  lies  north  of  California,  on  the  Paci- 
fic Ocean.    It  is  mostly  hilly  or  mountainous. 
A  part  of  it  consists  of  elevated  plateaus- 


74 


UNITED     STATES. 


The  climate  is  mild  and  healthy.  The 
valleys  are  very  productive.  Wheat  is  the 
staple ;  but  oats,  barley,  turnips,  and  most 
of  the  fruits  of  the  Middle  States  flourish. 

Gold  and  coal  have  been  discovered  in 
Oregon. 

The  forests  abound  with  wild  animals, 
such  as  deer,  black  and  grizzly  bears,  elks, 
foxes,  wolves,  and  antelopes,  and  the  rivers 
are  well  stocked  with  fish. 

Salem,  the  capital,  is  pleasantly  situated 
on  the  Willamette,  in  the  midst  of  a  fertile 
country. 


CASCADES    OF    THE    COLUMniA. 


Astoria^  on  the  Columbia,  ten  miles  from 
its  mouth,  is  the  principal  port  of  entry. 
Portland,  at  the  head  of  ship  navigation,  on 
the  Willamette  River,  is  the  largest  and 
most  commercial  town  in  Oregon. 

Questions.  Where  is  Oregon  situated  ?  What  is 
said  of  the  surface  ?  Climate  ?  Soil  ?  Productions  ? 
Minerals?    Animals?    Salem?   Astoria?    Portland? 


TERRITORIES. 
The  Territories  of  the  United.States  com- 
prise that  portion  of  the  country  not  yet 


organized  with  state  governments,  and  ad- 
mitted into  the  confederacy  as  states.  They 
arc  mostly  thinly  settled,  or  in  a  wild  state. 
A  portion  have  territorial  governments, 
and  send  delegates  to  Congress.  Some  of 
them  are  rapidly  increasing  in  population 
and  wealth,  and  will  soon  be  organized  as 
states,  and  admitted  into  the  Union. 

Questions.      What    constitutes    the    Territories  ? 
What  is  their  condition? 


84.     NEBRASKA. 
Square  miles,    75,000      Population,  29,000. 

Nebraska  includes  a  large  tract  of  coun- 
try lying  west  of  the  Missouri  River,  and 
north  of  Kansas. 

The  surface  is  principally  a  high  prairie 
land.  The  climate  is  mild,  and  the  soil, 
fertile,  especially  in  the  river  bottoms. 

The  timber  trees  are  black  walnut,  oak, 
and  lime  trees. 

The  principal  wild  animals  are  grizzly 
bears,  buffaloes  and  beavers. 

A  great  number  of  fossils  have  been 
found  in  this  territory. 

Omaha  City  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Missouri  River. 

Questions.  What  dc^  Nebraska  include  ?  What 
is  said  of  its  surface ?% Climate?  Soil?  Timber 
trees  ?    Wild  Animals  ?    iFossils  ?     Omaha  City  ? 


36.     INDIAN  TERRITORY. 

Square  miles,  71,000. 

Indian  Territory  lies  west  of  Arkansas, 
between  Kansas  and  Texas. 

It  is  inhabited  principally  by  Indians, 
many  of  whom  removed  from  the  Southern 
States  east  of  the  Mississippi.  The  Chero- 
kees,  Choctaws,  Creeks  and  Chickasaws  are 


UNITED     STATES. 


the  most  improved  of  the  aborigines,  and 
are  advancing  in  civilization.  There  are 
good  schools  and  churches  among  them. 

Questions.  Where  is  Indian  Territory?  By 
whom  is  it  principally  inhabited  ?  What  is  said  of 
the  Chcrokees,  &c. 


87.     NEW  MEXICO. 
Square  miles,  110,000.     Population,  88,000. 

New  Mexico  is  west  of  Texas,  between 
Mexico  and  Colorado. 

This  territory  is  principally  a  high  table 
land  traversed  by  broken  ranges  of  moun-. 
tains,  tlie  most  prominent  of  which  is  the 
Sierra  Madre. 

Tiie  soil  is  generally  sterile,  except  in  the 
valleys  of  the  rivers,  which  are  productive, 
yielding  large  crops  of  wheat,  Indian  corn 
oats  and  barley,  and  apples,  peaches,  melons, 
and  grapes. 

The  minerals  are  gold,  silver,  iron,  copper, 
lead,  coal,  and  gypsum. 

The  inhabitants  are  Indians,  Mexicans, 
and  Americans. 

New  Mexico  is  a  part  of  the  tract  acquired 
from  Mexico,  by  the  treaty  of  1848. 

Santa  Fe,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the 
Santa  Fe  River,  a  branch  of  the  Rio  Grande. 
The  houses  are  principally  built  of  adobes, 
or  sun  dried  bricks.  Each  house  usually 
forms  a  square  with  a  court  within,  upon 
which  nearly  all  tlie  apartments  open. 
This  town  is  the  great  emporium  of  the 
overland  trade  from  Missouri  and  Kan- 
sas. 

Questions.  Where  is  New  Mexico  situated  ? 
What  is  its  surface?  Soil?  Minerals?  Inhabit- 
ants ?  When  was  New  Mexico  acquired  ?  Describe 
Santa  Fe. 


38.     UTAH. 
Square  miles,  106,000.     Population,  40,000. 

TTtah  Territory  is  situated  west  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  and  is  wholly  in  the  in- 
terior. 

The  eastern  part  is  diversified  with  hills, 
mountains  and  fertile  valleys.  The  west- 
ern portion,  known  as  the  Great  or  Fre- 
mont Basin,  is  an  elevated  table  land  hem- 
med in  by  mountains,  with  its  own  system 
of  rivers  and  lakes. 

The  climate  of  the  plateau,  in  mid-sum- 
mer, is  dry  and  hot,  with  cool  mornings  and 
evenings.  The  winters  are  mild,  and  the 
temperature  is  generally  more  uniform 
than  in  the  eastern  states. 


WESTERN     EMIGRATION. 


The  greater  part  of  the  territory  is  barren 
and  can  not  be  cultivated  with  profit.  Some 
of  the  valleys  are  fertile,  and  produce 
wheat,  rye,  oats,  barley,  and  Indian  corn. 

Gold  has  been  discovered  in  considerable 


76 


UNITED     STATES. 


quantities;  and  salt  is  collected  from  the 
lakes. 

The  most  extensive  lake  is  the  Great  Salt 
Lake.  It  is  about  seventy  miles  long  and 
thirty  wide,  with  no  visible  outlet.  The 
water  is  so  salt,  that  no  living  thing  can 
exist  in  it. 

The  Utah  lake,  about  thirty-five  miles 
long,  is  a  fresh  water  lake  stored  with  fish. 

It  is  connected  with  Great  Salt  Lake  by 
the  Jordan  River.  The  other  principal 
lakes  are  the  Pyramid,  Humboldt  and  Ni- 
collet Lakes  ;  all  of  them  Avithout  any  visi- 
ble outlet. 

Most  of  the  civilized  inhabitants  of  the 
territory  are  Mormons.  They  are  settled 
in  a  well-watered  fertile  district  east  of  the 
Great  Salt  Lake. 

Salt  Lake  City  is  situated  near  the  east 
bank  of  the  Jordan  river.  It  was  laid  out 
in  July,  1847. 

Fillmore  City  was  the  former  capital. 

Questions.  Where  is  Utah  Territory  ?  What  is 
said  of  the  surface?  Climate?  Soil?  Minerals? 
Great  Salt  Lake?  Utah  Lake?  Other  principal 
Lakes  ?     Inhabitants  ?     Salt  Lake  City  ? 


40.     WASHINGTON. 
Square  miles,   64,000.      Population,  11,000. 

Washington  Territory  occupies  the  north- 
west portion  of  the  United  States,  lying  on 
the  Pacific,  with  British  America  for  its 
northern  boundary. 

The  surface,  soil  and  productions  are 
similar  to  those  in  Oregon.  The  climate  is 
more  variable.  The  highest  peaks  of  the 
mountains  are  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

Coal  has  been  found. 

Olympia,  the  capital,  is  situated  at  the 
head  of  Puget's  Sound. 


FORT  VANCOUVER. 


Questions.  What  does  Washington  Territory  oc- 
cupy ?  What  is  said  of  the  surface,  soil  and  produc- 
tions ?  Climate  ?  What  mineral  is  found  ?  Where 
is  Olympia  ? 


41.     DAKOTA. 
Square  miles,  .149,000.  Population,  5,000. 

Dakota  is  a  new  territory  lying  west  of 
Minnesota,  and  bounded  north  by  British 
America. 

Its  surface  is  broken  by  mountains  and 
valleys.  The  valleys  are  quite  fertile  and 
productive. 

In  the  northern  part  the  climate  is  cold, 
and  the  winters  severe;  in  the  southern 
part  it  is  more  mild. 

The  products  are  Indian  corn,  wheat, 
oats,  barley,  and  potatoes.  Timber  is  scarce 
in  some  parts  of  the  territory. 

Coal  has  been  found  in  several  places. 

There  are  numerous  salt  lakes  in  the 
northern  part. 

Yancton  is  the  capital. 

Questions.  Where  is  Dakota  ?  What  is  said  of 
its  surface  ?  Soil  ?  Climate  ?  Productions  ?  Coal  ? 
Salt  lakes  ?    Yancton  ? 


MEXICO, 


77 


42.     COLORADO. 
Square  miles,  100,000.     Population,  34,000. 

Colorado  lies  between  Kansas  and  Utah. 
Its  surface  is  uneven,  and,  in  some  parts, 
mountainous.  The  Rocky  Mountains  pass 
through  nearly  the  center  of  the  territory. 

The  valleys  of  most  of  the  rivers  are  fer- 
tile, but  much  of  the  soil  is  unfitted  for 
cultivation. 

Gold  is  produced  in  large  quantities. 

Denver  CIty  is  an  important  place,  and 
has  considerable  trade. 

Questions.  What  is  said  of  Colorado  ?  Its  sur- 
face ?  The  Rocky  Mountains  ?  The  valleys  ?  Gold  ? 
Denver  City? 


44.     ARIZONA. 
Square  miles,  120,000. 
Arizona  is  situated   south   of, Utah,  be- 
tween New  Mexico  and  California. 

It   consists    principally   of  a  table  land 
somewhat  broken  by  mountains. 

It  contains  mines  of  gold  and  silver. 

Questions.     "Where  is  Arizona  situated?     Of  what 
does  it  consist  ?     What  does  it  contain  ? 


43.     NEVADA. 
Square  miles,  80,000.     Population,  7,000. 

Nevada  is  between  Utah  and  California. 
Its  surface  is  broken  with  mountains  and 
valleys.  Some  of  the  latter  are  very  fer- 
tile. The  soil  in  the  northern  and  western 
parts  is  sterile. 

Tlie  climate  is  mild  and  generally  healthy. 
Wheat,  barley,  oats,  potatoes,  and  fruits, 
are  the  chief  vegetable  products. 

It  contains  rich  silver  mines. 

Carson  City,  the  capital,  is  pleasantly 
situated  in  the  Carson  Valley. 

Questions.  How  is  Nevada  situated?  What  is 
said  of  its  surface  ?  Soil  ?  Climate  ?  Productions  ? 
Silver  mines  ?     Carson  City  ? 


45.     IDAHO. 
Square  miles,  205,000. 

Idaho  is  situated  north  of  Utah,  and  in- 
cludes a  complete  section  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

The  surface  is  broken  and  mountainous. 
This  territory  contains  many  gold  mines, 
and  has  extensive  forests  of  timber. 

Questions.  Where  is  Idaho  situated  ?  What  does 
it  include ?  What  is  said  of  its  surface?  MIiks  and 
forests  ? 


2.    MEXICO. 

Square  miles,  850,000.     Population,  7,062,000. 

Mexico  occupies  the  southern  portion  of 
North  America,  and  comprises  twenty-two 
states,  one  federal  district,  and  five  territo- 
ries. 

It  has  in  general  a  very  elevated  though 
broken  surface ;  and  is  traversed  by  the 
Sierra  Mad  re,  or  the  southern  portion  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains. 

The  shores  are  low,  hot,  and  unhealthy ; 
the  table  lands,  mild  and  salubrious;  the 
mountainous  districts  are  cold. 

There  are  some  barren  tracts,  but  most 
of  the  soil  is  very  fertile,  producing  the 
grains  and  fruits  of  the  temperate  zone, 
and,  in  the  lowlands,  the  most  valuable 
tropical  products. 

Indian  corn,  wheat,  sugar, coffee,  tobacco, 
and  the  American  aloe,  or  maguey  plant, 
are  the  chief  vegetable  productions. 

Agriculture,  manufactures  and  commerce, 
are  all  much  neglected. 

The  gold  and  silver  mines  of  Mexico  arc 
exceedingly  rich,  and  constitute  its  chief  re- 
source.    Iron,  copper  andleadare  abundant. 

The  inhabitants  consist  of  whites,  Indians, 
and  mixed  races.  The  mass  of  them  are 
ignorant  and  insubordinate.  The  Roman 
Catholic  is  the  prevailing  religion. 


78 


CENTRAL   AMERICA. 


THE    GREAT    SQrAKE    AND    CATIIF.DUAL,     MEXICO 

MEXICO,  the  capital,  is  a  large  and  wealthy 
city,  situated  in  a  deliglitful  valley,  7,000 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  is  regu- 
larly laid  out,  has  spacious  streets,  and 
contains  many  costly  cathedrals  and  other 
buildings. 

Guanajuato  and  Zacalecas  are  large 
cities,  chiefly  important  for  their  rich  silver 
mines,  Puebla  is  a  handsome  city,  con- 
taining a  few  manufactories.  Vera  Critz, 
the  principal  seaport  and  commercial  town, 
is  situated  on  tlie  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Questions.  Where  iR  Mexico  situated?  What 
does  it  comprise?  Describe  its  surface.  Climate. 
Soil.  What  are  its  chief  preductions  ?  What  is  said 
of  agriculture,  matiufoctures  and  commerce?  Of 
mines  ?  The  inhabitants  ?  Religion  ?  Describe  the 
cit}-^  of  Mexico.  Gunajuato  and  Zacatecas.  Puebla. 
Vera  Cruz.  » 


3.    BALIZE. 

Square  miles,  15,000.     Population,  11,000. 

Balize,  or  British  Honduras,  is  situated 
east  of  Yucatan.  Its  shores  are  studded 
witli  numerous  small  islands ;  along  the 
coast,  the  land  is  swampy,  and  in  the  inte- 


rior, wooded.  The  soil 
of  the  valleys  is  fertile. 

The  climate  is  moist, 
but  not  unhealthful. 
The  productions  are 
sugar,  cotton,  coffee, 
and  indigo.  Mahoga- 
ny, logwood,  and  other 
dye-woods,  are  export- 
ed. 

It  is  a  British  Col- 
ony. 

Balize,  the  capital, 
is  inhabited  principal- 
ly by  blacks,  and  has  considerable  trade. 

Questions.  How  is  Balize  situated  ?  What  is  said 
of  its  shores  ?  Soil  ?  Climate  ?  Productions  ?  To 
whom  does  it  belong  ?     Describe  Balize. 

3.     CENTRAL  AMERICA.* 

Square  miles,  2ni»,(iOO.     Population,  2,1.50,000. 

Central  America  is  the  most  southern  por- 
tion of  North  America.  It  is  a  mountain- 
ous country,  abounding  with  elevated  plains 
and  numerous  volcanoes.  The  climate  is 
extremely  warm  on  the  coast.  In  the  inte- 
rior, it  is  temperate  and  salubrious,  resemb- 
j  ling  perpetual  spring.  The  soil  is  rich,  and 
j  yields  choice  fruits  and  other  tropical  pro- 
ducts in  great  abundance;  mahogany  is  also 
found  here  in  large  quantities. 

The  forests  are  very  extensive  and  con- 
tain many  kinds  of  trees  fatal  to  animal 
life. 

Central  America  includes  the  five  states 
of  Guatimala,  San  Salvador, Honduras,  Nic- 
aragua and  Costa  Rica.  These  were  for  a 
time  associated  in  a  confederation,  similar 
to  that  of  the  United  States,  but  this  being 

*  See  Map  and  Key  of  North  America. 


WEST     INDIES. 


rn 


dissolved  in  1839,  the  different  states,  though 
nominally  republican,  have  since  been  in 
reality  ruled  by  a  succession  of  military  des- 
pots. Attempts  have  been  made  to  form 
other  and  partial  confederations,  whose  du-^ 
ration,  when  formed,  has  been  short. 

The  population  consists  of  three  classes ; 
whites  and  Creoles;  Mestizoes,  or  the  de- 
scendants of  whites  and  Indians;  and  abo- 
riginal natives. 

San  Salvador  is  situated  on  a  small 
stream  which  flows  into  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
It  stands  in  a  well  watered  vale,  several 
thousand  feet  above  tlie  Pacific.  It  has 
greatly  suffered  by  earthquakes,  and  was 
nearly  destroyed  by  one  in  1854. 

GuATiMALA,  the  capital  of  the  state  of 
Guatimala,  is  pleasantly  situated  in  a  rich 
and  spacious  plain.  It  contains  ujDwards  of 
sixty  richly  ornamented  churches  and  several 
public  offices.    It  has  a  flourisliing  trade. 


Questions.  How  is  Central 
America  situated  ?  Wliat  is  said 
of  its  surface?  Climate?  Soil? 
Productions  ?  Forests  ?  What 
does  it  include  ?  Describe  its  gov- 
ernment. Population.  San  Sal- 
vador.    Guatiinula. 


smallest  are  mere  islets  formed  of  coral 
reefs,  and  uninhabited. 

The  winters  are  mild  and  pleasant.  The 
heat  of  summer  is  extreme,  though  moder- 
ated by  the  mountains  and  sea-breezes. 

Some  of  these  islands  are  well-watered  by 
motmtain  streams,  and  arc  remarkably  fertile, 
yielding  cotton,  sugar,  maize,  coffee,  spices, 
medicinal  plants,  dye-stuffs,  and  a  great  vari- 
ety of  fruits,  as  oranges,  lemons,  pine-apples, 
bread-fruit,  tamarinds,  and  citrons.  Cuba, 
Ilayti  and  Jamaica  belong  to  this  class. 

The  forests  abouTid  with  mahogany,  cedar, 
and  lignum-vitoe.  The  commerce  is  impor- 
tant and  very  flourishing. 

The  West  India  Islands  are  divided  into 
the  Greater  and  Lesser  Antilles,  Caribbee 
and  Bahamas.  All  of  them  are  subject  to 
various  European  powers,  except  Hayti. 


GREATER   ANTILLES. 


WEST  INDIES.* 

Square  miles,  91,800. 

Population,  3,800,000. 

The  West  India  Islands 
are  a  numerous  group  lying 
in  the  torrid  zone,  between 
North  and  South  America. 

The  larger  islands  are  traversed  by  ranges 
of  mountains;  others  contain  isolated  peaks, 
many  of  which    arc    volcanic;    while   the 

*  See  Map  and  Key  of  North  America, 


THE    EXCHANRK,    HATAXA. 

Cuba  is  the  largest  of  the  West  India 
Islands,  and  lies  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico. 

The  northern  part  is  generally  level  and 
has  rich  valleys  and  plains.     The  central 


80 


"WEST     INDIES, 


and  southern  portions  arc  moro  diversified 
and  in  some  parts,  mountainous. 

The  productions  are  tobacco,  cotton,  su- 
gar, cofifee,  and  tropical  fruits. 

Havana,  the  capital,  is  the  most  impor- 
tant city  in  the  West  Indies.  It  has  a 
secure  and  commodious  harbor. 

Matanzas  is  an  important  commercial 
town,  and  has  a  flourishing  trade  with  the 
United  States. 

Cuba  belongs  to  Spain. 

Jamaica  is  about  ninety  miles  south  of 
Cuba.  A  chain  of  mountains  crosses  the 
island  from  east  to  west. 

Its  productions  arc  the  same  as  those  of 
Cuba. 

The  capital  is  Spanish  Town. 

Kingston  is  the  chief  commercial  city. 

The  island  belongs  to  Great  Britain. 

Hayti,  or  St.  Domingo,  lies  east  of  Cuba. 

Tlie  center  of  the  island  is  mountainous. 
The  soil  is  fertile,  the  climate  hot,  and 
during  most  months  of  the  year,  unhealth- 
ful  to  foreigners. 

Coffee  and  cotton  are  the  chief  articles 
of  export.     Mahogany  is  abundant. 

Porto  Rico  lies  east  of  Hayti.  The  sur- 
face is  varied  and  well-watered.  The  soil 
is  fertile,  and  the  climate  fine  and  salu- 
brious. 

The  principal  productions  are  sugar  and 
coffee. 

St.  Johns  is  the  capital,  and  principal 
sea-port. 

This  island  belongs  to  Spain. 

The  Lesser  Antilles  consist  of  a  num- 
ber of  small  islands,  which  lie  off  the  coast 
of  South  America. 


The  Caribbee  Islands  lie  between  the 
Caribbean  Sea  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
and  extend  from  Porto  Rico  to  South 
America. 

The  northern  are  called  the  Leeward,  arid 
the  southern,  the  Windward  Isles. 

The  Bahamas  lie  nortli-cast  of  Cuba,  and 
are  supposed  to  number  .about  live  hun- 
dred. 

Many  of  them  arc  simply  coral  rocks,  not 
inhabited.  The  surface  of  most  of  the 
islands  is  level,  and  the  soil  sandy. 

The  principal  product  is  cotton.  Indian 
corn,  and  the  fruits  and  vegetables  of  trop- 
ical regions  are  produced  on  many  of  tlie 
islands.     Salt  is  also  exported. 

Nassau,  the  capital,  is  on  the  island  of 
New  Providence. 

These  islands  belong  to  Great  Britain. 

Questions.  Where  are  the  West  India  Islands  ? 
Describe  their  surface.  Climate.  Soil.  What  are 
their  productions  ?  With  what  do  the  forests  abound  ? 
What  is  said  of  their  commerce  ?  How  are  they  di- 
vided ?     To  whom  subject  ? 

Which  is  the  largest  ?  What  is  said  of  its  surface  ? 
What  are  its  productions  ?  Describe  Havana.  Ma- 
tanzas.    To  whom  does  Cuba  belong  ? 

How  is  Jamaica  situated?  What  is  said  of  its 
mountains  ?  Productions  ?  What  is  its  capital  ?  Its 
commercial  city  ?     To  whom  does  Jamaica  belong  V 

Where  is  Hayti?  What  is  said  of  it?  Its  ex- 
ports ? 

Describe  Porto  Rico.     Surface.     Soil  and  Climate. 
What  are  its  productions?     Describe   St.    Johns. 
To  whom  does  Porto  Rico  belong  ? 

What  are  the  Lesser  Antilles  ?  AVhere  are  the  Ca- 
ribbee Islands  ?  Where  are  the  Bahamas  ?  What  ai  e 
many  of  them  ?  What  is  said  of  their  surface  and 
soil  ?  What  are  the  products  ?  What  is  exported  ? 
Describe  Nassau.  To  whom  do  these  islands  be- 
long? 


UNITED     STATES, 


81 


GENERAL  QUESTIONS  ON  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


How  arc  the  United  States  bounded?  What 
states  border  on  British  America  ?  On  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  ?  Which  are  the  Gulf  States  ?  What  states 
border  on  the  Pacific  ?  What  states  are  bounded  on 
the  west  by  the  Mississippi  River?  What  states 
have  no  sea  coast? 

Where  are  the  White  Mountains  ?  Green  Moun- 
tains ?  Ozark  Mountains  ?  Mention  the  principal 
peaks  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Of  the  Cascade 
Mountains. 

Where  is  the  St.  Lawrence  River  ?  In  what  direc- 
tion does  it  flow  ?  Describe  the  Connecticut  River. 
The  Hudson.  Susquehanna.  Potomac.  Ohio.  Sa- 
bine. What  are  the  principal  rivers  flowing  into  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  ?  Where  does  the  Mississippi  river 
rise  ?  What  are  its  principal  tributaries  ?  What 
rivers  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  ? 

Where  is  Lake  Superior  ?  Lake  Michigan  ?  Lake 
Champlain  ?    Lake  Pontchartrain  ?     Great  Salt  Lake  ? 

Where  is  Massachusetts  Bay  ?  Chesapeake  Bay  ? 
Tampa  Bay  ?  Mobile  Bay  ?  Galveston  Bay  ?  Gulf 
of  Georgia?  Florida  Strait?  Albemarle  Sound? 
Long  Island  Sound  ?     Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca  ? 

Where  is  Nantucket  ?  Long  Island  ?  Cape  Cod  ? 
Cape  May  ?  Cape  Charles  ?  Cape  Hatteras  ?  Cape 
Mendocino  ? 

Between  what  parallels  of  latitude  are  the  United 


States?  AVhat  is  the  latitude  of  Albany?  New 
York  ?  Philadelphia  ?  Washington  V  New  Orleans  ? 
Chicago  ?  San  Francisco  ?  What  longitude  from 
Greenwich  is  AYashington  ?*  Boston  ?  Philadelphia  ? 
St.  Louis  ?     San  Francisco  ? 

Which  of  the  United  States  are  mostly  mountain- 
ous ?  Which  states  have  a  level  surface  ?  What  is 
the  climate  of  the  New  England  States  ?  Of  Louis- 
iana ?     Of  Texas  ?     Of  California  ? 

What  states  produce  corn  ?  Of  what  states  is 
wheat  a  staple  production  ?  Tobacco  ?  Cotton  ? 
Rice  ?  Sugar  ?  What  are  the  staple  productions  of 
Ohio?     Kentucky?     Texas?     Iowa? 

In  what  states  is  iron  found  ?  Coal  ?  Gold  ?  Sil- 
ver? Lead?  Copper?  Locate  the  principal  gold 
mines  in  the  United  States  ? 

Which  state  has  the  greatest  amount  of  commerce  ? 
Which  are  the  principal  manufacturing  states? 
Which  is  the  largest  city  in  the  United  States? 
Which  is  the  largest  city  in  the  Western  State:-:? 
Which  are  the  principal  Atlantic  sea  ports  ?  What 
ports  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ?  On  the  great  Lakes  ? 
On  the  Pacific  Ocean  ?  Through  what  waters  would 
a  vessel  pass  in  going  from  St.  Louis  to  New  York  ? 
What  is  the  principal  natural  curiosity  of  the  Middle 
States  ?  Of  the  Western  States  ?  Of  the  Southern 
States. 


GENERAL  QUESTIONS  ON  MEXICO  AND   THE  WEST  INDIES. 


How  is  Mexico  Bounded  ?  What  is  its  Capital  ? 
What  Mountains  in  Mexico  ?  Whaijii^olcano  ?  Bound 
Balize. 

Where  is  the  river  Santander  ?  Tula  ?  Grande  ? 
Yaqui  ?  Lake  Chapala  ?  What  Gulf  east  of  Mexico  ? 
Where  is  the  Bay  of  Campeachy  ?  Honduras  ?  Te- 
huantepec  ? 

In  what  direction  from  Florida  is  Cuba  ?  The  Ba- 
hamas? In  what  direction  from  Cuba  is  Hayti? 
Jamaica?  In  which  direction  is  Cuba  the  longest ? 
Where  is  C^pe  Catoche  ?  C^pe  San  Antonio  ?  Cape 
San  Lucas  ?  '^ 


What  is  the  latitude  of  Cuba  ?  The  City  of  Mexi- 
co ?  In  what  zone  is  Cuba  ?  In  what  zones  is  Mexi- 
co? What  is  the  climate  of  Mexico?  Of  the  West 
India  Islands  ? 

What  are  the  productions  of  Mexico?  Of  the 
West  India  Islands  ?  Where  is  mahogany  found  ? 
Coffee?     What  minerals  in  Mexico? 

Describe  Jamaica.  The  Bahamas.  Who  inhabit 
Mexico?  Central  America?  What  is  said  of  the 
government  of  Mexico?  Central  America?  West 
Indies  ? 

Describe  the  city  of  Mexico.  San  Salvador.  Havana. 


*  The  figures  at  the  top  of  the  Map  mark  the  longitude  from  Greenwich. 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 

SQUARE    MILES,    6,500,000.      P  OPTJL  A.T  I  ON^   18,000,000. 


KEY    TO    MAI?*    ^  O  .    5  . 


STATES,  CAPITALS  AND  CHIEF  TOWNS. 

1  New  Granada,  l  Bogota,  2  Aspimvall,  ;>  Cartha- 

gena,  4  Santa  3farta,  5  Moiitpox, 
6  Socorro,    7  Honda,    S  Popa>/aii, 

9  Pauama. 

2  Venezuela,  l  Caracas,   2  Coro,  3  Valencia,  4  La 

Guayra,  5  Cumana,  6  Bolivar  City, 
T  Trujillo,  8  Maracaybo. 

3  Guiana,  1  Georgktown,   2  New  Amsterdam,  S 

Paramaribo,  4  Cayeune. 

4  Brazil,  1  Rio  Jankiho,  2  JIacapa,  3  Para,  4 

Maranhani,  o  Parnnldba,  fiAracnfi, 

7  Pernambuco,  8  Baliia  or  St.  Sa! 
vador,  9  Espirito  Santo,  10  San 
Paulo,  11  Porto  Alcr/rc,  12  7?;<> 
Grande,  13  Piania/iti7i.a,l4:  Cnyab^, 
15  Afatto  Groso,  16  Barra,  IT  >Sa;t- 

5  Paraguay,      l  Asscmptiov,  2  Concepcion,  3  C!o-»<- 

f/uaiy,  4  T7//a  iiic-a,  5  Neanbucn. 

6  Uruguay,         l  Montetideo,  2  Maldonado. 

7  Argentine  Republic,  i  Buenos  Ayres,  2  Cor- 

rientes,  S  Cordova,  4  Mendoza,  5 
Rioja,   6  Catamarca,  T    Tucuvian, 

8  Santiac^o. 

8  Patagonia. 

9  Chili,  1  Santiago,   2    Copiapo,  3    ffnaxco,  4 

Coquimbo,  5  Quillota,  6  Valparaiso, 
T  Concepcion,  8  Valdivia,  9  Castro. 

10  Bolivia,  1  Chuquisaca,  2  Za  Pa.?,  3  Cochabam- 

ba,  4  Potosi,  5  Cobija.  I 

11  Peru,  1  Lima,  2,  PaT/to,  3  Caxamarca,  4  ^r?*- 

^'i7/o,  5  Cerro  Pa.ico,  6  Callao,  Y 
Huamanga,    8  Cuzco,  9  Arcqnipa, 

10  Pnno,  11  Arica.  I 

12  Ecuador,        l  Quito,  2  TSarm,  3  Gnayquil,  4  iSJo- 

hawha,  5  Cucnca,  6  7.o;rj.  [ 


OCE.' 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 


VNS,  SEAS,   GULFS  AND  BAYS. 

Atlantic  Ocean, 

Pacific  Ocean, 

Caribbean  Sea, 

Gulf  of  Darien, 

Gulf  of  Venezuela, 

Gulf  of  Paria, 

Pinzo7i  Bay, 

Bay  of  All  Saints, 

Paranarfua  Bay, 

Blanco  Bay, 

St.  Matthias  Bat, 

Bay  of  St.  George, 

Queen  Adelaide's  Archiprlano, 

Archipelago  de  Madrc  dc  U/.os, 

Gulf  of  Pcnas, 

Chonoa  Archipelago, 

Gulf  of  Guaytecan, 

Concepcion  Bay, 

Gulf  of  Guayaquil, 

Bay  of   Choco, 

Bay  of  Panama. 


STRAITS. 

22  Maracaybo, 

23  Magellan, 

24  Le  Maire. 

ISLANDS. 

25  Curacoa, 

26  Buen  Ay  re, 

27  Margarita, 

28  St.    Vincent, 

29  Barbadoea, 

30  Grenada, 

31  Tobago, 

32  Trinidad, 

33  Joannes, 

34  Ifatnaracn, 

35  Abrolhos, 

36  St.  Sebaafian, 


84 


S  0  U  T  II    A  M  E  11 1  C  A . 


37  Cananea, 

LAKES. 

38  St.  Catharina, 

82 

Maracaybo, 

39  Falkland, 

83 

Patos, 

40  South  Gkorgian, 

84 

Mirim, 

41  Staten  Land, 

85  Ibera, 

42  Terra  dkl  Fukgo, 

86 

Coheguape, 

43  Hkrmit, 

87 

Bcvedcro, 

44  Wellington, 

88 

Porongos, 

45  Chiloe, 

89 

TiTICACA, 

46  Juan  Fernanmz, 

90 

Reyks. 

47  St.  Felix, 

48  Lobos, 

RIVERS. 

49  Puna, 

50  Quibo, 

91 

Magdalkna, 

51  St.  Anne. 

92 

Cauca, 

93 
94 

Orinoco, 

Apure, 

ISTHMUS  AND  CAPES. 

95 

Jfcta, 

52  Isthmus  of  Darien, 

96 

Giiaviare, 

97 

Caroni, 

53  Gallinas, 

54   Oravr/e, 

98  M.HHequibo, 

99  Demerara. 

55  North, 

' 

100  Bprhicp.. 

56  St.  Roque, 

' 

57  Frio, 

101 

Surinam, 

58  St.  Antonio, 

102  Marowyne, 

59   Corrieutc-'i, 

103 

Oyapok, 

104 

Amazon, 

60  Blanco, 

61  Horn, 

105 

TrombetaSf 

106 

Aniba, 

62  Pillar, 

107 

Negro, 

63  Blanco, 

64  San  Lorenzo, 

108 

Branco, 

65  San  Fraiidnco. 

109 

Casniquiare^ 

110 

Uaupes, 

111 

Caqueta, 

MOUNTAINS  AND  DESLLTS. 

112 

PUTUMAYO, 

113 

Napo, 

66  Parima, 

114 

Iluallaga, 

67  Pacaraima, 

115 

L'CAYALE, 

68  Acaray, 

116 

Javary, 

69  Brazilian,                                                       / 

117 

Jut  ay. 

70    Vulcan, 

118 

Jurua, 

71  Andes, 

119 

PURUS, 

72            ACONfAGDA, 

120 

Madeira, 

73          Gualateiri,                                  '  " 

121 

Beni, 

74         Illimani, 

122 

Mamork, 

75         Sorata, 

123 

Guapai, 

76         Chuquihamha, 

124 

Guapore, 

77          Chimborazo, 

125 

TOPAJOS, 

78             COTOPAXI, 

126 

Arinos, 

79         Tolima, 

127 

Tres  Barras, 

SO  Geral, 

128 

XiNor, 

81   Dfsert  of  At  a  cam  a. 

129 

Para, 

SOUTH    AMERICA 


85 


130    TOCANTINS, 

145 

Cut/aba, 

131         Aragcat, 

146 

PiLCOMAYO, 

132               Ji.  das  Mortes, 

147 

Vermkjo, 

133  Gurupi, 

148 

Salado, 

134  Maranham, 

149 

Tercero, 

135  Parn'ahiba, 

15) 

Salado, 

136  St.  Francisco, 

151 

Bulce, 

137  Farahiba, 

15-2 

Colorado, 

138  Rio  de  la  Plata, 

153 

Rio  Nkgro, 

139        Uruguay, 

154 

Camarones, 

140        Parana, 

155 

Port  Desire, 

141               Tine, 

156 

Chico, 

142               P^ranaiba, 

157 

Santa  Cruz, 

143               Paraguay, 

158 

Biohio, 

144                      Tacuari, 

159 

Desaguadero. 

QUESTIONS   ON  THE  MAP   OF   SOUTH  AMERICA. 


Bound  South  America.  How  many  square  miles 
has  it  ?  Inhabitants  ?  "What  is  its  latitude  ?  Long- 
itude ?     In  what  zones  does  it  lie  ? 

How  many  states  has  South  America  ?  Name  them. 
The  capital  of  each.  Bound  each  state,  \yhat  states 
border  on  the  Pacific  Ocean  ?  The  Atlantic  Ocean  ? 
The  Caribbean  Sea  ?  Which  state  has  no  sea  coast  ? 
What  state  entirely  west  of  the  Andes  ?  Which  is 
the  largest  state  in  South  America  ? 

OCEANS,  GULFS,  BAYS,  &c. 

What  ocean  east  of  South  America?  1.  West?  2. 
What  sea  north  ?  3.  What  bay  south  of  the  Isthmus 
of  Darien?  21.  What  gulf  north?  4.  What  gulf 
north  of  Venezuela  ?  5.  What  three  bays  on  the 
coast  of  Brazil  ?  7-9.  What  three  bays  on  the  At- 
lantic coast  south  of  Brazil  ?  10-12. 

What  archipelagoes  on  the  west  coast  of  Patago- 
nia ?  13,  14,  16.  What  two  gulfs  on  the  west  coast  of 
Patagonia?  15,  17.  What  gulf  on  the  coast  of  Ecu- 
ador? 19.  What  bay  on  the  west  coast  of  New 
Granada?  20. 


ISLANDS. 

What  islands  north  of  Venezuela?  25-32.  What 
island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon  ?  33.  What  five 
islands  near  the  coast  of  Brazil  ?  34r-38.  What  islands 
east  and  south  of  Patagonia  ?  39-43.  What  west  ?  44, 
45.  West  of  Chili  ?  46,  47.  What  island  west  of 
Peru  ?  48.     South  of  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  ?  50. 


CAPES. 
Which  is  the  most  northern  cape  ?  53.  Which  is 
the  most  eastern  ?  56.  Southern  ?  61.  Western  ?  63. 
What  four  capes  has  Brazil  ?  54-57.  What  two  has 
the  Argentine  Republic  ?  58,  59.  What  cape  at  the 
western  extremity  of  Terra  del  Fuego  ?  62.  What 
two  capes  has  Ecuador  ?  64,  65.    . 

MOUNT.AINS. 
What  mountains  between  Guiana  and  Brazil  ?  67, 
68.  In  the  south-eastern  part  of  Brazil  ?  69.  What 
in  the  western  ?  80.  What  chain  of  mountains  ex- 
tends the  whole  length  of  South  America  ?  71.  Men- 
tion the  principal  peaks.  72-  79. 

LAKES. 
What  lake  in  Venezuela  ?  82.     What  two  lakes  in 
the  southern  part  of  Brazil  ?  83,  84.     What  lakes  in 
the  Argentine  Republic  ?  85,  87,  88.     What  lake  in 
the  southern  part  of  Peru  ?  89. 

RIVERS. 
What  river  in  New  Granada  flows  into  the  Carib- 
bean sea?  91.  What  river  in  Venezuela  flows  into 
the  Atlantic  ?  93.  Which  is  the  largest  river  in  South 
America?  104.  Mention  its  principal  branches.  107, 
115,  119,  120,  125,  128.  What  river  flows  into  the 
Atlantic  about  11°  south  latitude?  136.  What  at 
about  35°  south  latitude?  138.  Mention  its  principal 
tributaries.   139,  140. 


8r. 


SOUTH    AMERICA, 


DESCRIPTIVE   GEOGRAPHY. 


South  America  is  a  vast  triangular  penin- 
sula, occupying  the  southern  half  of  the  west- 
ern continent.  Its  greatest  length  is  4800 
miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth,  3230  miles, 
and  it  contains  6,500,000  square  miles. 

It  is  naturally  divided  into  three  great 
sections,  the  eastern,  or  table  lands  of  Bra- 
zil; the  middle,  or  valley  of  the  Amazon, 
La  Plata  and  Orinoco ;  and  the  western,  or 
mountainous  districts  of  the  Andes. 

It  is  distinguished  for  its  lofty  moun- 
tains, majestic  rivers  and  extensive  plains. 
Though  partly  in  the  Torrid  Zone,  the  cli- 
mate is  not  excessively  hot,  but  usually 
mild  and  salubrious.  The  soil  is  much  of 
it  fertile. 

The  elevated  plains  and  mountain  decliv- 
ities abound  with  the  fruits  and  vegetables 
of  tlic  tomporatc  zone,  and  the  lower  re- 
gions yield  all  the  most  valuable  tropical 
products. 


The  vegetation  of  this  country  is  unsurpas- 
sed in  its  luxuriance  and  beauty.  In  many 
places  winter  is  unknown,  and  the  hills  and 
valleys  are  clothed  with  constant  verdure. 

The  potato,  maize,  cocoa,  vanilla,  and 
many  other  useful  plants,  are  found  in  their 
native  state.  The  dense  forests  contain  ex- 
cellent timber,  and  remain  in  their  primitive 
grandeur, 

It  is  rich  in  mineral  productions,  among 
which  are  gold,  silver,  copper,  iron,  lead, 
and  precious  stones. 

The  most  ferocious  animals  of  South 
America  are  the  puma,  jaguar  and  ocelot. 
The  sloth,  ant-eater,  armadillo,  tapir,  and 
antelope,  are  numerous.  The  lama,  alpaca, 
and  vicuna  are  useful  animals. 

A  variety  of  monkeys  is  found,  and  birds 
of  the  most  superb  plumage.  The  condor, 
the  largest  bird  of  flight,  inhabits  the  snowy 
solitudes  of  the  Andes. 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


87 


Yultiires,  harpies,  eagles,  toucans,  orioles, 
and  parrots,  abound.  There  are  numerous 
insects  and  reptiles.  The  serpents  and  alli- 
gators are  of  monstroiis  size. 

The  domestic  animals  were  imported  from 
Europe.  They  have  multiplied  so  rapidly 
as  to  relapse  into  a  wild  state,  and  now 
roam  the  country  in  vast  herds. 

South  America  was  first  visited  by  Co- 
lumbus in  1498.  Soon  after,  the  Spaniards 
and  Portuguese  conquered  the  native  In- 
dians, and  made  numerous  settlements. 

These  settlements  or  provinces  remained 
subject  to  Spain  and  Portugal  until  the 
present  century,  when  they  threw  oflf  the 
yoke  and  became  republics. 

South  America  comprises  the  following 
divisions,  viz..  New  Granada,  Venezuela, 
Guiana,  Brazil,  Paraguay,  Uraguay,  Argen- 
tine Republic,  Patagonia,  Chili,  Bolivia, 
Peru,  and  Ecuador. 

Questions.  What  is  South  America  ?  How  divided  ? 
For  what  distinguished  ?    What  is  the  climate  ?    Soil  ? 
What  are  the  products  of  the   diflfercnt  sections? 
What  is  said  of  the  vege- 
tation?    AVhat  ijlants  are 
found  in  their  native  state  ? 
What  can  you  say  of  the 
Minerals  ?     Wild  animals  ? 
Domestic  animals  ?    Of  the 
discovery   and    settlement 
of  South  America  ?    What 
farther  of   the  provinces? 
Name  the  divisions. 


1.     NEW  GRAXADA. 

Square  miles,  480,000.     Population,  2,360,000. 

New  Granada  is  traversed  by  three  ranges 
of  the  Andes,  and  contains  several  lofty 
peaks.  The  scenery  among  these  moun- 
tains is  extremely  grand  and  beautiful. 


The  lower  tracts  are  hot  and  unhcaltliy 
They  abound  with  the  most  valuable  tropical 
products.     The  elevated  plains  on  which 
most  of  the  inhabitants  reside,  are  cool  and 
salubrious. 

Cocoa,  coffee,  sugar,  tobacco,  indigo,  hides, 
Brazil  and  dye  woods, are  the  principal  arti- 
cles of  cultivation  and  commerce. 

It  has  rich  mines  of  gold  and  silver,  also 
precious  stones. 

The  country  is  in  many  parts  so  rugged 
as  to  render  the  construction  of  roads  im- 
practicable. Travelers  are  carried  in  a  chair 
by  persons  hired  for  that  purpose,  or  on 
mules. 

Rope  bridges,  on  which  the  inhabitants 
pass  with  ease,  are  thrown  over  the  chasms. 

The  Panama  railroad,  about  fifty  miles  in 
length,  extends  across  the  isthmus  from  As- 
pinwall  to  Panama. 

Bogota,  the  capital,  is  a  handsome  town, 
situated  in  the  interior,  on  an  elevation,  a 
mile  and  a  half  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
The  streets  are  narrow  but  regular. 


CARTHAGKXA. 


Cartkagena  has  a  fine  harbor,  and  an  ex- 
tensive trade.  AspimvaU,  on  the  north,  and 
Panama,  on  the  south  side  of  the  isthmus 
of  Darien,  are  the  principal  ports. 

Questions.    How  many  square  miles  has  New  Gra- 


88 


SOUTH    AMERICA, 


nada  ?  What  is  the  population  ?  Surface  ?  Climate  ? 
What  arc  the  chief  articles  of  cultivation  and  com- 
merce ?  In  what  is  it  rich  ?  What  is  said  of  roads 
and  travelers  ?  Bridges  ?  Railroad  ?  Describe  Bo- 
gota.    Carthagena.     Aspinwall  and  Panama. 


2.     VENEZUELA. 

Square  miles,  426,000.     Population,  1,400,000. 

Venezuela,  in  the  iiorihcni  part,  is  trav- 
ersed by  the  Andes.  The  southern  portion 
comprises  the  vast  fertile  plains  of  the  Ori- 
noco and  its  branches. 

The  climate  is  extremely  hot  in  the  low- 
lands, but  temperate  in  the  higher  regions. 
The  soil  is  very  rich,  yielding  large  crops  of 
sugar,  tobacco,  coffee,  cotton,  and  the  trop- 
ical fruits. 

The  plains  or  llanos  are  covered  with  tall 
coarse  grass,  on  which  graze  numerous  herds 
of  cattle,  horses  and  mules. 

Caracas,  the  capital,  is  situated  in  a  pleas- 
ant valley,  and  is  subject  to  earthquakes.  It 
was  nearly  destroyed  in  1812,  with  12,000  of 
its  inhabitants.     It  has  since  been  rebuilt. 

La  Guayra  has  an  important  commerce. 
Valencia  and  CWw««a"  arc  places  of  some 
trade. 

The  Island  of  Margarita  belongs  to  Vene- 
zuela. 

Questions.  What  is  the  number  of  square  miles 
in  Venezuela  ?  The  population  ?  What  is  said  of  the 
■  surface  ?  The  climate  ?  Soil  and  productions  ? 
Plains?  What  animals  are  found  in  great  numbers? 
Describe  Caracas.  La  Guayra,  Cumana,  and  An- 
gostura.    What  island  belongs  to  Venezuela? 


3.     GUIANA. 
Square  miles,  163,000.     Population,  214,000. 
Gxiiana  is  a  level,  fertile  country,  belong- 
ing to  the  English,  Dutch  and  French.     It 
has  two  dry  seasons  and  two  wet  seasons  in 


a  year.  In  the  dry  seasons  the  climate  is 
agreeable. 

The  principal  productions  are  sugar,  cof- 
fee and  maize.  Cayenne  pepper  and  cloves 
are  largely  exported  from  Cayenne. 

The  inhabitants  consist  of  foreign  resi- 
dents, aboriginal  tribes  and  negroes;  the 
latter  constituting  the  majority. 

Georgetown,  the  capital  of  British  Gui- 
ana, at  the  mouth  of  the  Demerara  river,  is 
regnlarly  built.  Its  streets  are  broad,  mostly 
with  canals  in  the  middle,  communicating 
with  each  other  and  the  river.  The  low, 
swampy  position  of  the  city  renders  it  un- 
healthy. 

Paramaribo,  the  capital  of  Dutch  Guiana, 
has  a  fine  harbor,  and  is  the  center  of  trade 
for  the  colony. 

Cayenne,  the  capital  of  French  Guiana, 
is  situated  on  an  island,  and  is  noted  for  its 
pepper. 

Questions.  Mention  the  number  of  square  miles 
in  Guiana.  The  population.  Describe  Guiana.  Its 
climate.  Name  its  chief  products.  What  is  said  of 
the  inhabitants  ?  Georgetown  ?  Paramaribo  ?  Cay- 
enne? 

4.     BRAZIL. 

Square  miles,  3,000,000.     Population,  6,500,000. 

Brazil  is  an  extensive  country,  comprising 
nearly  the  whole  of  the  valley  of  the  Ama- 
zon, and  the  country  lying  on  the  coast  south 
of  it  as  far  as  latitude  32°. 

It  abounds  with  majestic  rivers,  extensive 
plains,  and  vast  forests.  A  part  of  it  con- 
tains low  ranges  of  mountains. 

The  climate  is  mild  and  salubrious  in  the 
elevated  and  southern  sections,  but  hot  and 
unhealthy  near  the  equator.  The  soil  is 
very  fertile,  and  vegetation,  exceedingly 
luxuriant. 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


89 


Its  staple  productions  are  coffee  and  sugar, 
but  cotton,  rice,  tobacco,  maize,  wheat,  gin- 
ger, and  yams,  arc  found  in  great  abundance. 
Oranges,  lemons  and  bananas,  grow  luxuri- 
antly in  some  parts. 

It  is  also  rich  in  mineral  treasures,  as  gold, 
silver,  diamonds,  topaz,  and  other  precious 
stones. 

Wild  animals  are  very  numerous,  among 
which  are  enormous  serpents,  alligators,  and 
birds  of  beautiful  plumage. 

Immense  herds  of  cattle,  which  are  hunted 
for  their  hides  and  horns,  graze  on  the  plains. 
Horses  and  mules  are  numerous  in  the  south. 


VIKW    IS    BAHIA. 


Agriculture  is  the  leading  pursuit.  There 
are  few  manufactures.  It  has  considerable 
commerce.  Sugar,  cotton,  hides,  horns,  cof- 
fee, cabinet  and  dye  woods,  and  gums,  are 
among  the  chief  exports.  The  government 
is  a  hereditary,  constitutional  monarchy. 

The  inhabitants  consist  of  Whites,  Negroes, 
mixed  races,  and  several  savage  tribes  of  In- 
dians. Labor  in  the  fields  and  in  the  mines 
is  performed  principally  by  negro  slaves. 

Free  schools  for  teaching  the  rudiments 
of  learning  are  established. 


The  religion  is  Roman  Catholic,  but  other 
religions  are  tolerated. 

Rio  Janeiro,  its  capital,  and  the  largest 
city  in  South  America,  has  a  very  fine  har- 
bor, an  extended  commerce,  and  several  lit- 
erary institutions.  It  contains  several  public 
buildings,  and  is  surrounded  by  varied  and 
picturesque  scenery. 

Para,  Maranham,  Pcmambuco  and  Bahia 
arc  the  other  principal  seaports. 

Questions.     How  many  square  miles  has  Brazil  ? 
Inhabitants  ?     What  does  it  comprise  ?     With  what 
abound?     What  is  the  climate?     Soil?     Name  the 
chief  products.     Minerals.     What  is  said  of  wild  an- 
imals ?      Cattle  ?      Agriculture   and  manufac- 
tures?    Commerce?     Exports?    Government? 
Inhabitants?     Schools?     Religion?     Rio  Jan- 
eiro ?     What  are  the  other  principal  seaports  ? 


5.     PARAGUAY. 
Square  miles,  84,000.     Population,  300,000. 
Paraguay  occupies  the  peninsula  be- 
tween the  Parana  and  Paraguay  rivers. 
It  is  a  small,  level  state,  well  watered 
and  fertile.     The  climate  is  temperate 
and  healthy,  and  the  productions  are 
various  and  valuable. 

Maize,  rice,  sugar,  drugs,  and  tropical 
fruits  abound;  also  matte,  or  Paraguay 
tea,  used  in  South  America  as  China  tea  is 
used  in  this  country  and  in  Europe. 

Large  herds  of  wild  cattle  roam  the  plains, 
and  birds  of  beautiful  plumage  live  in  the 
dense  forests. 

Its  inhabitants  are  chiefly  civilized  Indians, 
and  descendants  of  Europeans,  from  Spain. 
They  are  generally  intelligent  and  industri- 
ous. 

The  government  is  a  republic.  The  reli- 
gion, Roman  Catholic. 

This  state  became  independent  in  1813, 


90 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


and  soon  after  was  governed  by  Dr.  Francia, 
who  ruled  under  the  title  of  Dictator,  until 
his  death,  in  1840. 

He  very  much  improved  the  condition  of 
the  people,  and  secured  to  them  peace  and 
prosperity,  while  the  neighboring  republics 
were  unsettled  and  distracted. 

Assumption,  the  capital,  is  finely  situated, 
but  poorly  built,  and  has  considerable  trade. 
Foreigners  are  now  admitted,  and  commerce 
with  other  nations  is  encouraged. 

Questions.  Paraguay  has  how  many  square  miles  ? 
What  is  the  population?  Describe  it.  Name  the 
chief  products.  What  abound  on  its  plains  and  in 
its  forests  ?  AVhat  is  said  of  the  inhabitants  ?  Gov- 
ernment ?  Religion  ?  What  can  you  say  of  its  his- 
tory ?     Of  Assumption  ? 

6.    URUGUAY. 
Square  miles,  75,000.     Population,  120,000. 
Uruguay  is  a  small  state  lying  between 
the  river  Uruguay  and  the  Atlantic. 


The  principal  productions  are  wheat,  maize 
and  beans.    Melons  are  raised  in  abundance. 

Hides,  horns  and  tallow  are  its  chief  ex- 
ports. 

The  government  is  republican. 

This  republic,  formerly  known  as  the 
Banda  Oriental,  belonged  to  the  United 
Provinces  of  Buenos  Ayres.  On  account 
of  its  commercial  facilities,  Brazil  laid  claim 
to  it ;  but  after  a  protracted  war  both  parties 
assented  to  its  independence. 

Montevideo,  the  capital,  is  situated  on 
the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  which  is  here  eighty 
miles  wide.  It  has  a  fine  cathedral,  a  good 
harbor  and  an  important  trade. 

Questions.  What  is  the  number  of  square  miles  and 
the  population  of  Uruguay  ?  Describe  its  situation. 
Surface,  soil  and  climate.  Mention  its  productions. 
Its  exports.  AVhat  is  its  Government  ?  History  ? 
Describe  Montevideo. 


CATHEDRAL    AT    MONTKVIDEO. 


The  surface  is  generally  level,  and  the 
climate  agreeable.  The  soil  is  fertile,  but 
remains  for  the  most  part  uncultivated. 


7.     ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC. 
Square  miles,  900,000.     Population,  1,300,000. 

The  Argentine  Bepublie  occu- 
pies a  section  drained  by  the 
waters  of  the  Paraguay  and  Col- 
orado. 

The  northern  part  is  moun- 
tainous and  barren.  The  central 
and  southern  portions  are  fertile, 
and  consist  principally  of  immense 
plains  called  Pampas.  These  have 
few  trees  and  are  covered  with  tall 
grass  that  affords  fine  pasture. 

The  plains  are  extremely  warm ; 
the  coast  and  elevated  tracts  are 
cool.    The  climate  is  remarkable 
for  its  dryness. 
The  productions  are  sugar,  cotton,  tobac- 
co, maize,  wheat,  and  the  various  fruits  of 
the  temperate  and  torrid  zones. 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


91 


It  has  rich  mines  of  gold,  silver,  copper, 
iron,  and  coal. 

On  the  plains,  are  vast  herds  of  horses  and 
cattle,  which  are  taken  by  the  Indian  vt^ith 
his  lasso,  a  leathern  thong.  Deer,  jagnar, 
and  the  American  ostrich  also  abound. 

Wool,  hides,  horns,  and  tallow,  are  the 
chief  articles  of  export. 

The  government  is  nominally  a  republic, 
but  the  president,  or  director,  possesses  in 
reality  the  powers  of  a  dictator. 

The  religion  is  Roman  Catholic.  Educa- 
tion throughout  the  province  is  in  a  low  state. 

This  Republic  became  independent  of 
Spain  in  1816.  It  has  taken,  at  different 
times,  the  names  of  the  United  Provinces 
of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  the  Argentine  Re- 
public, and  Buenos  Ayres. 

Buenos  Ayees,  the  capital,  is  strongly 
fortified,  and  has  an  extensive  commerce, 
somewhat  impeded  by  the  difficulty  of  na^^ 
itratins:  the  La  Plata.  The  houses  are  most- 
ly  built  of  brick, and  whitewashed.  It  con- 
tains fine  public  buildings,  a  good  college 
well  endowed,  normal  and  other  schools. 


Questions.  Give  the  number  of  square  miles  in 
the  Argentine  Republic.  Its  population.  Describe 
its  situation.  Surface.  Climate.  Name  its  products. 
Minerals.  Animals.  Articles  of  export.  What  is 
said  of  its  Government  ?  Religion  ?  Education  ? 
History  ?     Names  ?     Of  Buenos  Ajtcs  ?     Mendoza  ? 


8.     PATAGONIA. 
Square  miles,  350,000.     Population,  120,000, 


natives    of    PATAGONIA. 


PCBLIC    SQUARE    AT    MEXDOZA. 

Mendoza  is  well  built  and  has  an  exten- 
sive trade  with  Chili,  carried  on  by  means 
of  mules. 


Patagonia  comprises  the  southern  por- 
tion of  the  western  continent,  extending 
from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  ocean. 

The  Andes  pass  through  it,  rendering 
its  surface  mountainous  and  rugged. 
The  greater  part  of  it  is  cold  and  barren, 
only  a  very  small  portion  being  under 
cultivation. 

Fish  abound  on  the  coast. 

It  is  thinly  inhabited  by  independent 
tribes  of  Indians,  who  are  said  to  be 
excellent  horsemen. 

Questions.     How  many  square  miles  and  inhabit- 


92 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


ants  has  Pa(:a;j;oni;i  V  What  does  Patagonia  comprise  ? 
What  is  its  surface  and  climate  ?  What  abound  on 
its  coasts?     Who  inhabit  it? 


9.     CHILI. 

Square  miles,  170,000.     Population,  1,200,000. 

Chillis  a  long,  narrow  tract  of  land,  lying 
between  the  Andes  and  the  ocean.  It  has  a 
mountainous  surface,  is  subject  to  violent 
earthquakes,  and  has  several  volcanoes  con- 
stantly burning. 


COSTUMES    OF    THE    CniLIANS. 


The  climate  is  equable  and  very  salubri- 
ous. Numerous  mountain  streams,  which 
flow  into  the  Pacific,  fertilize  the  soil,  espe- 
cially in  the  southern  part,  where  it  is  pro- 
ductive; the  northern  part  is  barren. 

Fruits,  grains,  and  vegetables,  are  abun- 
dantly raised,  but  the  rearing  of  cattle  is  the 
most  important  branch  of  industry. 

Mines  of  gold,  silver,  and  copper,  are  ex- 
tensively worked. 

Tlie  Chilians  are  courteous,  humane,  and 
industrious. 

The  general  government  is  administered 
by  a  president  elected  for  five  years.     He  is 


assisted  by  a  council  of  eight  members.  Tlic 
legislature  consists  of  two  houses,  the  Sen- 
ate and  House  of  Deputies, 

The  established  religion  is  Roman  Catho- 
lic.    Other  religions  are  tolerated, 

Chiloe  and  its  adjacent  islands,  also  those 
of  Juan  Fernandez,  belong  to  Chili,  Juan 
Fernandez  is  celebrated  as  the  residence  of 
Alexander  Selkirk,  a  Scotch  sailor.  His 
adventure  gave  rise  to  the  story  of  Robinson 
Crusoe. 

Santiago,  the  capital,  is  beautifully  situ- 
ated. 

Valparaiso,  its  port,  has  a  fine  harbor,  and 
an  extensive  trade  with  Europe,  the  United 
States  and  China.  QuiUota  has  remarkably 
ricli  mines  of  copper.  Valdivia  and  Coquini- 
bo  possess  good  harbors. 

Questions.  What  is  the  area  of  Chili  ?  Popula- 
tion ?  Surface  ?  Its  climate  and  soil  ?  What  is  said 
of  fruits,  grains,  &c.  ?  The  rearing  of  cattle  ?  Mines  ? 
Chilians?  Government?  Religion?  What  islands 
belong  to  Chili?  What  can  you  say  of  Juan  Fernan- 
dez? Santiago?  Valparaiso?  QuiUota?  Valdivia 
and  Coquimbo? 


10.     BOLIVIA. 

Square  miles,  375,000.     Population,  1,700,000. 

Bolivia  is  an  extensive  republic  situated 
north  of  Chili  and  the  Argentine  Republic, 
and  west  of  Brazil. 

The  surface  is  mountainous  and  greatly 
elevated.  The  climate  is  generally  temper- 
ate. 

Rye,  maize,  potatoes,  cotton,  rice,  indigo, 
and  cocoa,  are  the  chief  productions. 

This  country  is  noted  for  its  valuable  mine?, 
of  gold  and  silver.  The  silver  mines  of  Po- 
tosi  are  the  richest  in  the  world.  They  were 
discovered  by  Hualpo,  a  Peruvian  Indian,  in 
1540,  while  climbing  a  mountain  in  pursuit 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


93 


of  some  goats.  Laying  hold  of  a  shrub  to 
assist  liis  ascent,  it  was  torn  up  by  the  roots, 
exposing  the  silver  beneath. 

Bolivia  was  a  Spanish  province  till  1825, 
when  it  achieved  its  independence  under 
General  Bolivar,  from  whom  it  derives  its 
name. 

The  constitution,  which  was  drawn  up  for 
the  new  state  by  him,  and  adopted  by  con- 
gress in  1826,  makes  ample  provision  for 
personal  and  political  liberty,  securing  reli- 
gious toleration  and  the  freedom  of  the 
])ress. 

The  religion  is  Uoman  Catholic. 


THE    GRAND    PLACE    AT    CnCQTISACA. 

•    Chuquisaca,  the  capital,  has  a  university 
and  several  fine  buildings. 

Potosi  is  situated  13,000  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea,  in  a  region  cold  and  barren, 
but  rich  in  silver  mines.  Cochabamba  has 
considerable  trade  in  grain  and  fruits. 

Questions.  What  is  the  area  of  Bolivia  ?  Popula- 
tion ?  What  is  said  of  its  situation  ?  Surface  ?  Climate  ? 
Productions  ?  For  what  is  it  noted  ?  Who  discovered 
its  mines?  AThen  and  under  whom  did  it  become  in- 
dependent ?  What  is  said  erf  the  government  ?  Jlo 
ligion  ?    Describe  Chuquisaca.    Potosi.    Cochabamba. 


11.  PERU. 
Square  miles,  400,000.  Population,  2,300,000. 
Peru  is  an  irregular  country,  traversed 
by  two  ranges  of  the  Andes.  On  the  coast 
the  climate  is  very  hot,  and  the  soil  arid. 
Tlie  table  lands  have  a  cool  climate  and 
fertile  soil. 

The  chief  productions  are  cotton,  maize, 
sugar,  coffee,  and  Peruvian  bark.  There  are 
also  rich  mines  of  gold,  silver,  and  mercury, 
or  quicksilver. 

Agriculture  and  manufactures  arc  neg- 
lected. 

The  country  is  almost  destitute  of  roads 
and  bridges.  Transportation  is 
carried  on  principally  by  means 
of  lamas  and  mules. 

A  railroad  between  Lima  and 
Callao  has  been  completed,  and 
another  from  Arica  to  Tacna  has 
been  commenced. 

The  native  Peruvians  were  a 
peaceable  race,  who  understood 
agriculture  and  the  arts,  and 
worshiped  the  sun. 

The   present   inhabitants  are 
supposed  to  be  about  one-half 
Indians,   one-fourth   white   per- 
sons, or  Creoles,  and  the  rest  colored  people 
of  mixed  breeds. 

The  Peruvians  achieved  their  independ- 
ence in  1824.  They  possess  a  good  degree 
of  enterprise,  wealth  and  refinement. 

The  government  is  popular  and  repre- 
sentative. The  president  is  elected  for  six 
years. 

The  dominant  religion  is  Roman  Catholic 
but  other  creeds  are  tolerated, 
-    Lima,  the  capital,  is  a  wealthy  city,  re- 
markable for  its  magnificent  public  build- 


94 


SOUTH    AMERICA, 


N,  OP.U  -  Ci: 

THE  CONVENT  OF  SAN  FRANCiScO,  L».uA. 

ings.     It  lias  several  manufactories,  and  a 
large  trade  through  the  port  of  Callao. 

Cuzco,  was  the  capital  of  the  ancient  Pe- 
ruvian empire,  and  the  residence  of  the 
Peruvian  Incas.  It  was  founded  by  Manco 
Capac,  the  first  Inca  of  Peru,  in  1043,.- and 
contains  numerous  elegant  palaces  and  tem- 
ples. In  1534  it  was  taken  by  the  Span-, 
iards,  under  Pizarro,  who  cruelly  put  to^ 
death  the  reigning  Incas,  and  pillaged  the 
city. 

Questions.  What  number  of  square  miles  has 
Peru  ?  Inhabitants  ?  Describe  its  surface,  climate 
and  soil.  What  are  its  productions  ?  What  is  the 
Slate  of  agriculture  and  manufactures  ?  What  is  said 
of  roads  and  bridges  ?  What  can  you  say  of  its  in- 
habitants? When  did  Peru  become  mdependent? 
What  is  said  of  the  government  ?  Religion  ?  Lima  ? 
Cuzco? 


12.     ECUADOR. 
Square  miles,  240,000.     Population,  620,000. 
Ecuador  is  situated  on  the  coast  of  the 
Pacific,  north  of  Peru,  and  directly  under 
equator. 


It  is  remarkable  for  its  lofty 
mountains,  elevated  plains  and 
varied  climate.  Vegetation  is 
luxuriant,  and  the  forests  are 
covered  with  perpetual  green. 

All  the  tropical  fruits  abound. 
Cocoa,  rice,  pepper,  sugnr-cane, 
Indian  corn,  cotton,  wheat,  and 
barley,  are  also  produced. 

Earthquakes  and  violent  tem- 
pests are  frequent. 

Some  of  the   most  elevated 
peaks  of  the  Andes  are  found  in 
•  this  country ;  among  which  are 

Mount  Chimborazo  and  the  vol- 
canoes Cotopaxi  and  Pichincha. 
The  form  of  government  is  republican, 
with  a  president  and  vice-president  as  the 
head. 

The  religion  is  Roman  Catholic. 
Education  is  in  a  very  backward  state. 


CAl'liEDRAL    AT    GL'AVACiUIL. 


Quito,  the  capital,  is  a  beautiful  city,  built 
on  the  side  of  a  volcano,  8000  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.  It  is  well  built  and  has 
several  handsome  squares.  Eleven  snow- 
capped mountains  may  be  seen  from  the  city. 


SOUTH    A  xM  ERIC  A. 


95 


Guayaquil  has  a  fine  harbor  and  an  ex- 
tensive commerce.  It  is  well  laid  out  and 
has  some  good  public  edifices;  but  it  is 
mostly  built  of  wood,  on  low  ground,  and 
is  ill  supplied  with  water. 


Questions.  Number  of  square  miles  in  Ecuador  ? 
Population?  Describe  its  situation.  Surface.  Veg- 
etation. Productions.  To  what  is  it  subject  ?  What 
is  said  of  its  mountain  peaks  ?  Government  ?  Reli- 
gion ?    Education  ?    Describe  Quito  ?    Guayaquil. 


GENERAL  QUESTIONS  ON  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


How  is  South  America  bounded  ?  What  is  its  gen- 
eral form  ?  In  which  direction  is  it  the  longest  ? 
What  divisions  border  on  the  Caribbean  Sea  ?  What 
on  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ?  W^hat  on  the  Pacific  ?  Which 
division  has  no  sea  coast  ?  Which  is  the  largest  di- 
vision ?    Which  is  the  smallest  ? 

What  range  of  mountains  extends  the  whole  length 
of  South  America  ?  Mention  the  principal  peaks  of 
the  Andes.  In  what  state  are  the  highest  peaks  ? 
What  other  mountains  in  South  America?  WTiat 
states  are  mostly  level  ? 

Which  are  the  three  largest  rivers  of  South  Amer- 
ica ?  In  what  direction  does  each  flow  ?  Why  are 
there  no  large  rivers  flowing  into  the  Pacific  ?  What 
are  the  principal  tributaries  of  the  Orinoco  ?  Of  the 
Amazon  ?  Of  the  La  Plata  ?  Where  is  Lake  Mara- 
caybo  ?  Lake  Titacaca  ?  Into  what  does  the  river 
Dulce  flow  ? 

Where  is  the  gulf  of  Darien  ?  The  gulf  of  Vene- 
zuela ?  The  gulf  of  Guayaquil  ?  The  bay  of  All 
Saints  ?  Blanco  Bay  ?  The  bay  of  St.  George  ?  The 
bay  of  Panama  ?  Straits  of  Maracaybo  ?  Straits  of 
Magellan  ? 

Where  is  the  island  of  Curacoa  ?  Trinidad  ?  Jo- 
annes? Where  are  the  Falkland  Islands?  South 
Georgian  ?  Where  is  Terra  del  Fuego  ?  Chiloe  ? 
Juan  Fernandez  ?  Cape  Gallinas  ?  Cape  St.  Roque  ? 
Cape  Frio  ?     Cape  Horn  ?     Cape  Blanco  ? 

What  is  the  latitude  of  Cape  Gallinas?  Cape 
Horn  ?  Of  the  island  of  Juan  Fernandez  ?  Of  the 
mouth  of  the  Amazon  ?  Of  the  mouth  of  the  Ori- 
noco ?  Of  the  mouth  of  the  La  Plata  ?  Of  Quito  ? 
Rio  Janeiro  ?     Buenos  Ayres  ?     Lima  ? 

What  is  the  longitude  from  Greenwich  of  the  Isth- 
mus of  Darien  ?    Of  Cape  St  Roque  ?    Of  Bogota  ? 


Of  Rio  Janeiro  ?  Chuquisaca  ?  The  mouth  of  the 
Amazon  ?     The  mouth  of  the  Orinoco  ? 

What  countries  of  South  America  are  crossed  by 
the  equator  ?  What  by  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  ?  In 
what  zones  is  South  America  ?  What  countries  are 
in  the  Torrid  Zone  ?  What  in  the  South  Temperate 
Zone  ?  In  which  zone  is  vegetation  most  luxuriant  ? 
What,  besides  distance  from  the  Equator,  affects  the 
climate  of  the  countries  of  South  America  ? 

Which  division  of  South  America  has  the  coldest 
climate?  In  what  divisions  is  the  climate  very 
warm  ?  What  divisions  have  a  temperate  climate  ? 
What  are  the  seasons  in  Guiana  ?  What  is  the  gen- 
eral character  of  the  soil  in  the  valleys  of  the  north- 
ern and  middle  countries  ?  What  are  the  vegetable 
productions  of  New  Granada  and  Venezuela?  In 
what  country  is  ginger  produced  ?  From  what  coun- 
try is  Cayenne  pepper  exported  ?  In  what  countries 
are  coffee  and  sugar  found  ?  Cotton  ?  What  country 
exports  dye  woods  and  gums  ?  In  what  countries 
are  there  large  numbers  of  cattle  ? 

Where  is  gold  found?  Silver?  Copper?  Mer- 
cury ?  In  what  country  are  the  richest  silver  mines  ? 
Where  are  diamonds  found?  What  is  the  govern- 
ment of  Brazil  ?  Of  most  of  the  other  countries  ? 
What  is  the  prevailing  religion  in  South  America  ? 

Which  is  the  largest  city  in  South  America  ?  What 
has  it?  How  is  Bogota  situated?  What  are  the 
principal  sea  ports  in  South  America  ?  For  what  is 
Lima  remarkable?  What  has  Chuquisaca?  What 
does  Buenos  Ayres  contain  ?  How  is  Quito  situated  ? 
In  what  direction  from  New  York  is  Rio  Janeiro  ? 
How  would  you  sail  from  Buenos  Ayres  to  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal.  ?  How  is  transportation  carried  on  in 
Peru  ?    How  do  people  travel  in  New  Granada  ? 


EUROPE. 

SQUABE  MILES,    3,800,000.       POPULATION,   276,000,000. 

KEY    TO    MAP   NO 

.    6. 

COUNTRIES,  CAPITALS,  CHIEF  TOWNS. 

14  States  of  the  Church,  6  Rome,  12  Bologna,  13      j 

<Sa;i  Marino,  14  ^ncona. 

1  Norway, 

1  Christiana,    2  Drontheim,  3  Konigs- 

burg,  4  Bergen. 

15  Kingdom  of  Naples,  7  Naples,  15  .Ba?z,  16  T'd-      j  j 

2  Sweden, 

1  Stockholm,  2  Ge/le,  3  Fahm,  4  Vpsal, 

j-rtM^o,   17  Reggio,  18  Messina,  19 

5  Kalmar,  6  Carlscrona,  V  Gothen- 

Catania, 20  Syracuse,  21  Trapani, 

burg. 

22  Palermo,  23  Salerno. 

3  Russia, 

1  St.  Petersburg,  2  Archangel,  3  Kamn, 

16  Prance, 

1  Paris,    2  Brest,  3  Rennes,  4  C%cr- 

4  Saratov,  5  Astrakhan,  6  Sevasto- 

iowr^r, 5  Caen,  6  Havre,  7  Rouen, 

pol,  7  KJicrson,  8  Odessa,  9  Ismail, 

8  CaZaw,   9    it7/c,   10  ^wjen.s,   11 

10  Kiev,   11    Minsk,  12  Vilna,  13 

Rheims,   12    J/ei;,2,    13  Aa«ey,    14 

Riga,  14  Revel,  15  Abo,  16  Cron- 

Strasburg,  15  Bijon,  16  Lyons,  17 

stadt,  17  Novgorod,  18   Yaroslav, 

Bastia,    18    Ajaccio,    19   Toulon, 

19   TVer,  20  Moscow,  21  Kalooga, 

20  Marseilles,   21    Montpelier,    22 

22  0*t;,  23  Smolensk. 

Toulouse,    23    Bayonne,    24   Bor- 
deaux,   25    Nantes,     26    V Orient, 

RUSSIAN  PROVINCES. 

27  Angers,  28   Toi^rs,  29    Orleans, 

4  Lapland, 

1  Kola,  2  Tornea. 

30  Troyes,  31  /Sj;.  Etienne,  32  ii- 

5  Poland, 

1  Cracow,  2  Warsaw,  3  Zuhlin. 

WlOf^reS. 

6  Austria, 

1  Vienna,  2  Prague,  3  Brunn,  4  Olmutz, 

17  Spain, 

1  Madrid,  2  Compostela,  3  Corunna,  4 

5  TFie/icxAra,  6  Bochnia,  7  Lemberg, 

Ferrol,  5  (?i;on,   6  Bilbao,  7  5ar- 

8    Cronstadt,    9   Hermanstadt,    10 

celona,  8  Tortosa,  9    Valencia,  10 

yewieswar,  11  Agram,  12  Ragusa, 

Alicante,  11  Murcia,  12  Cartagena, 

13  Cattaro,  14  Trieste,  15  Laybach, 

13  Granada,  14  Malaga,  15  Gibral- 

16 G^ra^z,  17  ii7i!;z,  18  Presburg, 

tar,  16  Cadiz,  17  >Sey^7/e,  18  Cor- 

19  ^Mt/a,  20  Pesth,  21  Debreczin. 

rfowa,    19    Badajos,    20    7(>/e(7o,  21 

7  Turkey, 

1  Constantinople,  2  Belgrade,  3  TFec^m, 

Salamanca,  22  Leon,  23  Valladolid, 

4  Bucharest,  5  Brahilov,  6  Jassy, 

24  Burgos,  25  Saragossa. 

1  Silistria,   8  Shoomla,  9    Farwa, 

18  Portugal, 

1  Lisbon,  2  Braga,  3  Oporto,  4  Coim- 

10   Adrianople,    11    Gallipoli,    12 

bra,  5  Elvas,  6  Evora,  7  Setubal. 

Seres,  13  Salonica,  14  Larissa,  15 

^rte,  16  Yanina,  17  Scutari,    18 

19  England, 

1  London,  2  Newcastle,  3  5'b?-^-,  4  i/i<Z^, 

Bosna-Serai,  19  Sophia. 

5  Norwich,  6  Cambridge,  7  Bover, 
8  Portsmouth,   9  Southampton,  10 

8  Greece, 

1  Athens,  2  Corinth,  3  Nauplia,  4  T'n^- 
olitza,  5  Patras. 

Plymouth,  11  Bristol,  12  Birming- 
ham, 13  Liverpool,  14  Manchester, 

ITALY 

,  OR  ITALIAN  STATES. 

15  ieetZs,  16  Sheffield. 

9  Sardinia, 

'  1  Turin,  2  Milan,  3  Parma,  4  Modena, 

20  Wales, 

1  Caernarvon,  2  Merthyr  Tydvil,  3  Car- 

10  Venice, 

5  Florence,  8  Mantua,  9    Ferona, 

digan. 

11  Parma,     - 

10  Padua,  11  Venice,  24  Leghorn, 

21  Scotland, 

1  Edinburgh,   2  TFie^,  3  Inverness,  4 

12  Modena, 

25  Genoa,  26  Alice,  27  Sassari,  28 

Aberdeen,  5  Dundee,   6  Pct-^A,  7 

13  Tuscany, 

Cagliari. 

Paisley,  8  Glasgow. 

EUEOPE. 


99 


22  Ireland,        l  Dublix,  2   Londonderry,  3  Beliast,  4 

Waterford,  5  Corl",  6  Limerick,  7 
Galway,  8  Sligo. 

23  Belgium,     1  Brussels,    2    Ghent,    3   Antwerp,    4 

24  Holland,      1  Hague,  2  Amsterdam,  3  Groningen, 

4  Rotterdam. 

25  Denmark,   l  Copexhagex,  2  Elsinore,  3  Flensborg, 
K  4  Sle&wick. 

26  Prussia,       1  Berlin,  2  S^eWm,  3  Colberg,  4  Daut- 

zic,  5  Konigsberg,  6  Memel,  7 
!r//o?-?j,  8  Posen,  9  Breslau,  10 
Liegnitz,  11  Halle,  12  Mngdcbicrg, 
13  Potsdam,  14  Elberfield,  15  Co- 
logne, 16  ^«a;  ^a  C'hapelle. 

27  German  States,*l  Frankfort,  8  Bremen,  9  Ham- 

burg, 10  Lubeck. 

28  Mecklenburg,  2  Schwerin. 

29  Hanover,     3  Hanoter,  ll  Gottingen. 

30  Saxony,      4  Dresden,  12  Leipsic. 

31  Bavaria,       5  Munich,  13  Nuremburg,  14ylw^s6w)-^. 

32  Wirtemburg,  6  Stuttgart,  15  Ulm. 

33  Baden,  7  Carlsruhe,  16  Manluim. 

34  Switzerland,  1  Berne,    2  Basel,  3  Zurich,  4  Ge- 

neva. 


OCEANS,  SEAS,   GULFS  AND  BAYS. 

1  Atlantic  Ocean, 

2  Arctic  Ocean, 

3  White  Sea, 

4  Onega  Gulf, 

6  Tcheskaya  Gulf, 

6  Caspian  Sea, 

7  Azof  Sea, 

8  Black  Sea, 

9  Gidf  of  Bnrgas, 

10  Sea  of  Marmora, 

11  Archipelago, 

12  Mediterranean  Sea, 

13  Adriatic  Sea, 

14  Gulf  of  Taranto, 

15  Gulf  of  Genoa, 

16  Gulf  of  Lyons, 


17  Bay  of  Biscay, 

18  Galway  -Bay, 

19  Donegal  Bay, 

20  Irish  Sea, 

21  North  Sea, 

22  Murray  Firth, 

23  Firth  of  Forth, 

24  ZuYDER  Zee, 

25  Baltic  Sea, 

26  Gulf  of  Riga, 

27  Gulf  of  Finland, 

28  Gulf  of  Bothnia, 

29  Faxe  Bay, 

30  Brede  Bay. 


STRAITS  AND  CHANNELS. 

31  Skager  Rack, 
82  Cattegat, 

33  The  Sound, 

34  Strait  of  Yenikale, 

35  Channel  of  Bosporus, 

36  Strait  of  Dardanelles, 

37  Strait  of  Otranto, 

38  Strait  of  Messina, 

39  Strait  of  Bonifacio, 

40  Strait  of  Gibraltar, 

41  English  Channel, 

42  Strait  of  Dover, 

43  Bristol  Channel, 

44  St.  George's  Channel, 

45  North  Channel. 


ISLANDS. 

46  Iceland, 

47  LoFFODEN  Islands, 

48  Soroe, 

49  Mageroe, 

50  Cyprus, 

51  Rliodcs, 

52  Scarpanto, 

53  Samos, 

54  Scio, 

55  Ifitylene, 

56  Stalimni, 

57  Negropont, 

58  Cyc/ades, 

59  Candia. 


*  Comprising  only  the  smaller  German  States  not  otherwise  numbered.     Frankfort,  Bremen,  Uambur"'  and  Lahe( 
are  free  cities. 

6 


100                                                                      EUROPE. 

Ionian  Islands, 

104  CoRSO, 

60         Cerigo, 

105  San  Martin, 

61         Zante, 

106  Pahs, 

62         Cephalonia, 

107  Gata, 

63            CORFP, 

108  Trafalgar, 

64  Sicily, 

109  St.  Vincent, 

65  Malta, 

110   FlNISTERRK, 

66  LiPARi  Islands, 

111  Ortegal, 

67  Elba, 

112  La  Hague, 

68  Corsica, 

113  Land's  End, 

69  Sardinia, 

114  Clear, 

•70  Minorca, 

115    Wrath, 

^l  Majorca, 

116  The  Naze. 

"72  IviCA, 
'73  Jersey, 
^4  Guernsey, 

MOUNTAINS. 

75  Wight, 

117  Scandinavian, 

76  SciLLT  Islands, 

118  Ural, 

77  Great  Britain, 

119  Caucasus, 

78  Ireland, 

120  Carpathian, 

79  Anglesea, 

121  Balkan, 

80  Me  of  Man, 

122  Alps, 

81  Hebrides  Islands, 

123        Mount  Blanc, 

82  Orkney  Islands, 

124  Apennines, 

83  Shetland  Islands, 

125  Mount  Vesuvius, 

84  Faroe  Islands, 

126  Mount  JEtna, 

85  Zealand, 

127  Sierra  Nevada, 

86  Funen, 

128  Sierra  Morena, 

87  Laaland, 

129  Cantabrian, 

88  Falster, 

130  Montserrat, 

89  Rugen, 

131  Pyrenees, 

90  Bornholm, 

132  Cevennes, 

91   Oland, 

133  Auverane, 

92  Gothland, 

134  Grampian  Hills, 

93    Oesel, 

135  Mount  Hecla. 

94  Dago, 

95  Aland. 

LAKES. 

PENINSULAS 

96  Crimea, 

97  Morea. 

136  Wener, 

137  Wetter, 

138  Maelar, 

139  Purus, 

140  Sego, 

CAPES. 

141  Vigo, 

142  Onega, 

98  North, 

143  Ladoga, 

99  Sviatoi, 

144  Ilmeii, 

100  Matapan, 

145  Peipus, 

101  Spartitento, 

146  Flatten  Zee, 

102  Passaro, 

147  Constance, 

103  Teulada, 

148  Geneva. 

EUROPE, 


101 


RIVERS. 

149 

Draimnen, 

150 

Glojtunen, 

151 

Klar, 

152 

Dahl, 

153  Jndal, 

154 

Umea^ 

155 

Skelleftea, 

156 

Lulea, 

156 

TORNEA, 

158 

Keni, 

159 

Onega, 

160 

DWINA, 

161 

Sookhona, 

162 

Vitchegda, 

163 

Mezene, 

164 

Petciiora, 

165 

Oosay 

166 

Ural, 

167 

Volga, 

168 

Saniartty 

169 

Kama, 

170 

Bielaya, 

171 

Viatka^ 

172 

Oka, 

173 

Sura, 

174  Kooma, 

175 

Terek, 

176  Kooban, 

177 

Dos, 

178 

Manitch, 

179 

Khoper, 

180 

^    Donets, 

181 

Dnieper, 

182 

Desna, 

183 

Pripets, 

184 

Bog, 

185 

Dniester, 

186 

Danube, 

187 

Pruth, 

188 

Theiss, 

189 

Drate, 

190 

Sate, 

191 

Maritza, 

192 

Po, 

193 

Tiber, 

194 

Rhone, 

195 

Saone, 

196  Ebro, 

197 

GCADALQTTITER, 

198 

GUADIANA, 

199  Tagus, 

200  DouRO, 

201  Minho, 

202  Garonne, 

203  Dordognt, 

204  Loire, 

205  Seine, 

206  Meuse, 

207  Rhine, 

208  Weser, 

209  Elbe, 

210  Oder, 

211  Wariha, 

212  Vistula, 

213  Dug, 

214  NiEMEN, 

215  DuNA, 

216  Nena, 

217  Volkho, 

218  Sveer, 

219  Humber, 

220  Thames, 

221  Severn, 

222  Shannon. 


AFRICA  ON  THE  MAP  OP  EUROPE. 

COUNTRIES,  CAPITALS  AND   CHIEF  TOWNS. 

1  MoroCCO)      1  Morocco,  2  Rabat,  3  Mequinez,  4  Fez. 

2  Algiers,       \  ALGiEV.s,20ran,ZConstantine,i  Bona. 

3  Tunis,  1  Tunis,  2  Kairwan. 

4  Beled.  el  Jereed,  i  Tooggoort. 

5  Tripoli,         1  Tripoli,  2  Mesurata. 

6  Barca,  l  Derne,  2  Bengazi. 

7  Egypt,  1  Cairo,    2   Alexandria,    3  Ho.tetta,  4 

Da7nietta. 


ASIA  ON  THE  MAP  OP  EUROPE. 

COUNTRIES  AND   CHIEF  TOWNS. 

11  Persia,  2  Tabreez. 

12  Arabia,        5  Petra. 

13  Tlirkey,        l  Smyrna,  2  Brusa,  3  Trebizond,  4  Urz- 

room,  5  Ears,  6  Diarbekir,  7  Mo- 
sul, 8  Bagdad,  9  Bassorah. 

14  Syria,  l  Aleppo,  2  Damascus,  3  Jerusalem,  4 

Beyroot. 


102 


EUROPE. 


QUESTIONS   ON   THE  MAP   OF  EUROPE. 


Bound  Europe.  How  many  square  miles  has  it  ? 
Inhabitants?  What  is  its  latitude '?  Longitude?  In 
what  zones  is  it  ?  What  are  its  principal  political  divi- 
sions? Which  is  the  most  Northern?  Eastern? 
Southern?     Western? 

Bound  Norway.  Sweden.  Russia.  Austria.  Tur- 
key. Greece.  Italy.  France.  Spain.  Portugal. 
England.  Wales.  Scotland.  Ireland.  Belgium. 
Holland.  Denmark.  Prussia.  Germany.  Switzer- 
land.    Name  the  capitals  of  each. 

OCEANS,  SEAS,  BAYS  AND  GULFS. 

What  ocean  west  of  Europe  ?  1.  North  ?  2.  What 
sea  in  the  north  of  Russia  ?  3.  North  of  Prussia  ?  25. 
East  of  Great  Britain?  21.  West?  20.  What  sea 
separates  Europe  from  Africa?  12.  What  two  seas 
south  of  Turkey  ?  10,  11.  What  three  south  of  Rus- 
sia ?  6  -8.  What  bays  west  of  Ireland  ?  18,  19.  What 
bay  west  of  France?  17. 

What  gulf  north  of  Russia  ?  5.  What  three  gulfs 
west  ?  26-28.  What  two  gulfs  south  and  west  of  Italy  ? 
U,  15.  What  gulf  south  of  France?  IG.  North  of 
Holland?  24. 

STRAITS  AND  CHANNELS. 

What  three  channels  at  the  entrance  of  the  Baltic 
Sea  ?  31  -33.  What  two  channels  between  great  Brit- 
ain and  Ireland?  44,  45.  What  channel  between 
England  and  France?  41.  In  the  south-west  of  Eng- 
land? 43. 

What  strait  separates  England  from  France  ?  42. 
What  strait  is  the  entrance  to  the  Mediterranean  Sea  ? 
40.  What  strait  between  the  islands  of  Sardmia  and 
Corsica  ?  39.  Sicily  and  Italy?  38.  Italy  and  Turkey? 
37.  What  strait  connects  the  Sea  of  Marmora  and  the 
Archipelago  ?  36.  The  sea  of  Marmora  and  the  Black 
Sea  ?  35      The  Black  Sea  and  the  sea  of  Azof?  34. 

ISLANDS. 
What  islands  off  the  west  coast  of  Norway  ?  47,  48. 
What  large  island  west  of  Norwa}'  ?  46.  What  group 
south-east  of  Iceland  ?  84.  To  what  country  do  they 
belong?  To  Denmark.  What  islands  north  of  Scotland? 
82,  83.  What  west?  81.  What  islands  in  the  Irish 
Sea  ?  79,  80.  What  large  island  west  of  Great  Britain  ? 
78.  What  islands  between  England  and  France  ?  73  - 
75.     What  islands  between  Sweden  and  Denmark  ? 


85-88.  What  islands  in  the  Baltic  Sea  ?  89-95.  What 
three  islands  east  of  Spain  ?  70-72.  What  islands 
south  of  Italy?  64,  66-69.  What  island  south  of 
Sicily  ?  65.  To  what  government  docs  it  belong  ?  To 
England.  W^hat  islands  west  of  Greece?  61,  62. 
What  large  island  south  of  the  Archipelago  ?  59.  What 
two  islands  south  of  Tui'key  in  Asia?  50,  51. 

PENINSULAS  AND  CAPES. 
What  peninsula  south  of  Russia?  96.  Which  is 
the  most  northern  cape  of  Europe  ?  98.  What  cape 
south  of  Norway  ?  116.  South-west  of  England  ?  113. 
South  of  Ireland?  114.  Of  Portugal?  109.  What 
two  capes  has  Spain  on  the  north-west?  110,  111. 
What  cape  south  of  Greece  ?  100.  » 

MOUNTAINS. 

What  mountains  between  Europe  and  Asia?  118. 
Between  Norway  and  Sweden?  117.  What  mount- 
ains in  Austria?  120.  Turkey?  121.  Switzerland? 
122.  Italy?  124.  Spain?  127-130.  France?  132, 133. 
What  mountains  sepai'ate  France  and  Spain?  131. 

What  volcano  in  Iceland?  135.  In  Italy?  125. 
Sicily?  126. 

LAKES. 

What  are  the  three  principal  lakes  of  Sweden? 
136-138.  What  lakes  has  Russia?  139-145.  What 
two  lakes  in  Switzerland  ?  147,  148.  What  lake  in 
Austria?  146. 

RIVERS. 

What  rivers  flow  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  ?  163,  164. 
Into  the  White  Sea?  159,  160.  What  rivers  of  Russia 
flow  into  the  Caspian  Sea?  166,  167.  Into  the  Sea  of 
Azof?  177.  Into  the  Black  Sea?  181,  184,  185. 
What  river  from  Turkey  flows  into  the  Black  Sea  ? 
186.  Mention  its  principal  branches.  187-190. 
What  two  rivers  in  Italy?  192,  193.  What  are  the 
rivers  of  Spain  and  into  what  do  they  flow  ?  196-201. 
What  are  the  principal  rivers  of  France?  194,  202, 
204,  205.  What  rivers  flow  into  the  North  Sea  ?  206- 
209.  Into  the  Baltic  Sea  ?  210,  212,  214.  What  river 
flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Riga?  215.  What  rivers  flow 
into  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  ?  152  -1 58.  What  river  flows 
from  Lake  Ladoga  to  the  Gulf  of  Finland?  216. 
What  three  rivers  in  England  ?  219  -221.  What  river 
in  Ireland?  222. 


E  L'  R  0  P  E . 


103 


DESCKIPTIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


Europe  is  the  least  of  the  grand  divisions 
in  size,  but  the  first,  in  social,  political,  and 
commercial  importance. 

Numerous  seas,  gulfs  and  bays  penetrate 
its  coast;  and  the  surface  is  agreeably  di- 
versified with  mountains,  hills,  valleys,  and 
plains. 

The  climate  is  cold  in  the  north  and  east, 
generally  temperate  and  healthful  in  the 
middle  and  west,  and  warm  in  the  south. 

The  soil  is  mostly  fertile,  producing  the 
most  important  grains  in  the  north,  while  in 
the  south,  the  vine,  olive,  ordnge,  lemon,  and 
other  tropical  fruits,  are  found  in  abundance. 

Coal,  iron,  copper,  lead,  tin,  zinc,  mercu- 
ry, and  salt,  are  abundant.  Gold,  silver  and 
precious  stones,  are  found  in  the  Ural  moun- 
tains. 

Europe  has  comparatively  few  wild  ani- 
mals, but  domestic  animals  thrive  in  great 
numbers  and  variety. 


Agriculture,  manufactures  and  the  arts 
are  carried  to  a  high  degree  of  perfection, 
and  its  commerce  is  extensive. 

The  population  is  chiefly  of  Caucasian  de- 
scent, and  great  inequalities  in  society  exist. 

The  lower  classes  are  often  extremely 
ignorant  and  degraded,  and  the  masses  are 
unable  to  read  and  write.  nTIic  nobility  live 
in  great  luxury  and  often  oppress  the  poor. 

In  many  of  the  European  states,  common 
schools  are  unknown,  but  universities  and 
colleges  abound,  which  are  more  liberally 
endowed  with  funds  and  libraries  than  those 
of  our  own  country. 

Great  improvements  have  been  made  in 
popular  education  during  the  present  cen- 
tury. 

The  Roman  Catholic,  Protestant  and  Greek 
are  the  prevailing  religions.  The  govern- 
ments are  chiefly  monarchical.  A  few  are 
small  republics. 


104 


EUROPE. 


The  principal  political  divisions  of  Europe 
are  Norway,  Sweden,  Russia,  Austria,  Tur- 
key, Greece,  Italy  or  the  Italian  States, 
France,  Spain,  Portugal,  England,  Scotland, 
Ireland,  Belgium,  Holland,  Denmark,  Prus- 
sia, the  German  States,  and  Switzerland. 

Questions.  What  is  the  rank  of  Europe  among 
the  grand  divisions  ?  What  is  said  of  its  coast  and 
surface  ?  Climate  ?  Soil  ?  What  minerals  are  abun- 
dant ?  AVhat  is  said  of  the  animals  ?  Agriculture, 
&c.?  Population?  What  is  the  condition  of  the  peo- 
ple ?  Of  education  ?  What  religions  prevail  ?  Gov- 
ernment ?    Name  the  principal  political  divisions. 


1.     NORWAY. 

Square  miles,  123,000.     Population,  1,328,000. 


Norway  is  a  rough,  mountainous  country, 
abounding  with  cataracts  and  precipices,  and 
presents  much  romantic  scenery. 

The  winters  are  long  and  severe ;  the  sum- 
mers short,  and  very  hot.  The  soil  is  rocky 
and  barren,  and  but  a  small  part  of  it  suit- 
able for  cultivation. 

Potatoes,  barley,  rye,  and  other  kinds  of 
grain,  are  raised,  but  the  rearing  of  cattle, 
mining,  and  the  manufacture  of  lumber,  are 
the  chief  occupations  of  the  people. 


Norway  is  rich  in  mines  of  lead,  iron, 
copper,  and  silver. 

The  Norwegians  are  well  educated,  frank, 
hospitable  and  industrious,  manufacturing 
their  clothing,  furniture  and  tools. 

Norway  has  a  legislature  of  its  own,  but 
is  subject  to  Sweden. 

The  Lutheran  is  the  religion  of  the  state 
and  is  professed  by  the  great  body  of  the 
people. 

Education  is  very  generally  diffused ;  in- 
struction is  gratuitous,  and  children  are 
required  to  attend  school. 

Norway  was  united  with  Sweden  in  1814. 

Christiania,  the  seat  of  government,  has 

a  picturesque  situation  and  a  fine  harbor. 

It  is  regularly  laid  out, and  built 

wholly  of  stone  and  brick. 

Drontheim  was  the  residence 
of  the  ancient  kings,  and  is  one 
of  the  most  northern  towns  in 
Europe. 

Bergen  has  a  good  harbor,  and 
is  surrounded  by  mountains  ou 
the  land  side. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles 
has  Norway?  Inhabitants  ?  What  is  its 
surface?  Climate?  Soil?  What  can 
you  say  of  its  products  and  pursuits  ? 
Mines?  The  Norwegians ?  Government? 
Religion  ?  Education  ?  When  was  Nor- 
way united  with  Sweden?  Describe  Christiania. 
Drontheim.     Bergen. 


2.     SWEDEN. 

Square  miles,  170,000.     Population,  8,482,000. 

Sweden  is  situated  east  of  Norway,  and 
with  it  forms  the  peninsula  of  Scandinavia. 

It  has  in  general  a  level  surface,  and  is 
diversified  by  numerous  beautiful  lakes  and 
rivers.     The  climate  is  cold  but  healthy. 


EUROPE, 


105 


The  soil  is  light,  and  a  part  of  it  only, 
capable  of  cultivation.  It  produces  rye, 
barley,  oats,  and  potatoes. 

The  chief  resources  of  the  people  are  the 
forests,  fisheries  and  mines. 

There  are  extensive  mines  of  iron.  Cop- 
per, silver  and  lead,  are  also  found. 

The  inhabitants  are  industrious,  virtuous, 
and  distinguished  for  their  intelligence  and 
independence.  From  the  polish  of  their 
manners,  they  are  called  the  French  of 
northern  Europe. 

The  government  is  a  limited  constitutional 
monarchy. 

Great  pains  is  taken  in  education,  and  its 
primary,  grammar  schools  and  universities 
are  superior. 

The  Lutheran  religion  is  professed  by  the 
great  body  of  the  people,  though  other  relig- 
ions are  tolerated. 

Stockholm,  the  capital,  is  beautifully  sit- 
uated between  lake  Maelar  and  the  Baltic 
sea.    It  is  built  partly  on  the  main  land,  and 


merce.    Its  royal  palace  is  one  of  the  finest 
buildings  in  Europe. 

Gothenburg  is,  next  to  Stockholm,  the  most 
important  trading  city  of  the  kingdom. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Sweden  ? 
Inhabitants?  How  is  it  situated ?  What  is  said  of 
its  surface  and  climate  ?  Soil  ?  Productions  ?  The 
chief  resources  ?  Its  mines  ?  Inhabitants  ?  Govern- 
ment? Education?  Religion?  Stockholm?  Goth- 
enburg ? 


RUSSIAN  EMPIRE. 
The  Russian  Empire  is  the  most  extensive 
empire  in  the  world,  containing  over  seven 
millions  of  square  miles,  and  sixty-five  mill- 
ions of  inhabitants.  It  embraces  Russia  in 
Europe,  Russia  in  Asia,  and  Russian  Amer- 
ica. 

Questions.     What  is  the  extent  of  the  Russian 
Empire  ?     What  does  it  embrace  ? 


THE  ROTAL  PALACE,  STOCKHOLM. 


partly  on  several  islands  connected  with  each 
other  and  the  main  land  bv  brido;es.  It  has 
an  excellent  harbor,  and  considerable  com- 


3.  RUSSIA. 
Square  miles,  2,142,000.  Population,  60,000,000. 
Russia  is  a  vast  plain  occupy- 
ing all  the  eastern  part  of  Europe, 
and  comprising  more  than  one- 
half  of  it.  It  abounds  with  lakes, 
majestic  rivers,  and  immense  for- 
ests. 

The  northern  part  is  excessively 
cold,  and  only  adapted  to  grazing. 
The  other  sections  are  temperate, 
with  a  fertile  soil,  producing 
abundantly, wheat,  rye,  oats,  bar- 
ley, maize,  potatoes,  flax,  hemp, 
hops,  and  various  kinds  of  fruits. 
Iron,  copper,  salt,  gold,  platina, 
diamonds,  and  other  precious 
stones,  abound. 

Cattle  and  sheep  are  reared  in  great  num- 
bers. 


106 


EUROPE 


GENERAL    VIEW    OF    THE    KREMLIN,    AT    MOSCOW. 


]\raniifactiires  and  the  arts  arc  mucli  en- 
couraged, and  have  rapidly  improved  within 
a  few  years. 

Russia  has  an  extensive  system  of  canals, 
and  several  railways  are  completed,  or  in 
progress. 

The  traveling  in  the  winter  is  principally 
by  sledges  drawn  upon  the  snow. 

The  inland  commerce  of  Russia  is  exten- 
sive, but  its  foreign  commerce  is  limited, 
many  of  its  harbors  being  frozen  over  most 
of  the  year.  Tallow,  wheat,  hemp,  flax, 
flaxseed,  timber,  and  leather,  are  the  chief 
exports. 

The  inhabitants  belong  to  the  Caucasian 
and  Asiatic  races,  and  speak  different  lan- 
guages. The  nobility  are  wealthy,  and  live 
in  great  splendor. 

The  government  is  a  military  despotism, 
supported  by  an  army  of  seven  hundred 
thousand  men.  The  emperor,  styled  the 
Autocrat  of  Russia,  is  at  the  head  of  both 
church  and  state. 

The  established  religion  is  that  of  the 
Greek  church. 


St.  Petersburg,  the  seat  of  government, 
is  situated  at  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Fin- 
land. It  was  founded  by  Peter  the  Great, 
and  from  the  extent  and  magnificence  of 
many  of  its  buildings,  is  called  the  city  of 
palaces.  It  also  contains  many  elegant 
churches.  In  commerce  and  science  it  is 
the  first  city  in  Russia. 

Moscow  is  a  very  populous  city,  abound- 
ing with  beautiful  palaces  and  gardens.  It 
was  burnt  to  the  grouhd  in  1812,  to  prevent 
the  army  of  Napoleon  from  occupying  it, 
but  has  been  rebuilt  with  increased  splen- 
dor. The  Kremlin,  or  ancient  citadel  of 
Moscow,  is  surrounded  by  an  immense 
white  wall. 

Sevastopol  is  an  important  town  and  the 
principal  naval  station  of  Russia  on  the  Black 
Sea.  The  forts  were  principally  destroyed 
by  the  English  and  French  in  1855.  Odessa, 
on  tlie  Black  sea,  Rig-a,  on  the  Baltic  sea, 
Archangel,  on  the  White  sea,  and  Oronstadt, 
on  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Finland,  are  im- 
portant seaports. 


EUROPE. 


107 


Questions.  What  is  the  number  of  square  miles 
in  Russia  ?  Inhabitants  ?  "What  is  the  surface  ? 
Climate,  soil  and  productions  ?  What  is  said  of  min- 
;erals  ?  Cattle  and  sheep  ?  Manufactures  ?  Canals 
and  railways  ?  Commerce  and  exports  ?  The  inhab- 
itants ?  Government  ?  The  Emperor  ?  Religion  ? 
St.  Petersburg  ?  Moscow  ?  Sevastopol  ?  Odessa, 
Riga,  Archangel  and  Cronstadt? 


HUSSIAN  PROVINCES. 

4.     LAPLAND. 

Lapland  is  a  dreary,  mountainous  region, 
lying  at  the  extreme  northern  part  of  Europe, 
and  belongs  principally  to  Russia,  but  a  por- 
tion of  it  to  Sweden  and  Norway, 

It  is  intensely  cold,  and  covered  with  snow 
two-thirds  of  the  year.  Vegetation  is  scanty, 
but  minerals  are  abundant. 

The  Laplanders  are  a  small  hardy  race, 
and  rude  in  their  customs.  They  live  in 
huts,  in  the  center  of  which  they  build  fires, 
while  the  smoke  escapes  through  a  hole  at 
the  top. 

The  reindeer,  of  which  they  own  great 
numbers,  draw  them  over  the  snow  in 
sledges;  while  their  milk  and  flesh  supplies 
them  with  food,  and  their  skins  and  horns, 
with  clothing  and  household  furniture. 

Tornea  and  Kola  are  the  chief  towns. 

Questions.  What  is  Lapland  ?  Its  climate  ?  Veg- 
etation ?  What  can  you  say  of  the  Laplanders  ?  The 
reindeer  ?     Tornea  and  Kola  ? 

5.     POLAND. 

Poland,  a  once  powerful  country,  was  con- 
quered in  1795,  and  divided  between  Russia, 
Austria,  and  Prussia. 

The  portion  that  fell  to  Russia  was  erected 
into  a  kingdom  in  1815,  but  seeking  to  re- 
gain its  independence  in  1830,  it  was  com- 
pletely subdued. 


The  surface  is  almost  a  perfect  level ;  the 
soil  very  fertile ;  and  the  inhabitants,  as  in 
Russia,  divided  *into  several  grades.  The 
Jews  are  very  numerous  and  enjoy  many 
privileges. 


CATHEDRAL    AT    CRACOW. 

Cracoiv,  the  ancient  capital  of  Poland,  is 
now  under  the  Austrian  Government.  It 
is  celebrated  for  its  magnificent  cathedral, 
in  which  most  of  the  Polish  kings  and  illus- 
trious men  are  buried. 

Warsaiv,  the  last  capital  of  the  kingdom 
of  Poland,  is  the  most  important  commer- 
cial city.  It  has  many  fine  promenades  and 
palaces. 

Questions.  When  was  Poland  conquered  ?  What 
occurred  in  1815?  In  1830?  What  is  said  of  the 
surface  and  soil  ?  The  inhabitants  ?  Describe  Cra- 
cow.    Warsaw. 


6,     AUSTRIA. 

Square  miles,  257,000.     Population,  86,514,000. 

Austria  is  an  extensive  empire  in  Central 
Europe,  embracing  portions  of  ancient  Ger- 
many and  Poland.  It  ranks  among  the  lead- 
ing states  of  Europe. 


/ 


108 


EUROPE. 


It  is  generally  mountainous,  though  there 
is  a  great  variety  of  surface. 

The  climate  is  very  variable. 

The  soil  is  good  in  the  valleys  and  on  the 
plains,  but  is  not  well  cultivated. 

The  productions  are,  in  the  north,  wheat, 
rye,  oats  and  barley;  in  the  central  and 
southern  provinces,  the  vine,  maize  and 
olives,  are  produced. 

Various  minerals,  as  gold,  silver,  iron, 
copper,  quicksilver,  lead,  and  salt,  are  found 
in  great  quantities. 

The  commerce  of  Austria  is  limited,  but 
its  manufactures  arc  of  considerable  impor- 


Prag-ue  is  peculiar  in  its  architecture,  and 
from  its  domes  has  quite  an  oriental  appear- 
ance. Pesth,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Dan- 
ube, is  an  important  city.  It  is  regularly* 
laid  out,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  only  univer- 
sity in  Hungary.  Dehreczin  has  extensive 
manufactures  of  soap,  tobacco  pipe  bowls 
and  shoes.  Trieste  is  the  principal  seaport 
of  Austria. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  in  Austria  ? 
Inhabitants  ?  llow  is  it  situated  ?  What  does  it 
embrace  ?  How  does  it  rank  ?  What  are  its  surface, 
cHtnate  and  soil  ?  Productions  ?  What  minerals  are 
found  ?    What  is  said  of  commerce  and  manufactures  ? 

The  inhabitants  ?   Government?  Vienna? 

Prague,  Pesth,  and  Debreczin  ?    Trieste  ? 


VIEW    OF    TRIESTK. 


tance.  It  has  but  a  small  extent  of  sea- 
coast. 

The  inhabitants  arc  chiefly  Roman  Cath- 
olics, and  the  body  of  them,  though  posses- 
ing  a  common  education,  much  oppressed. 
The  government  is  intolerant,  restraining 
the  liberty  of  the  press  and  freedom  of  speech. 
The  emperor  has  almost  unlimited  power. 

YiENNA,  the  capital,  is  situated  in  the 
midst  of  a  beautiful  plain  on  the  river  Dan- 
ube. It  has  many  handsome  buildings,  and 
is  the  residence  of  great  numbers  of  wealthy 
noblemen . 


TURKISH,  OR  OTTOMAN  EMPIRE. 

Turkey,  or  the  Ottoman  empire, 
comprises  Turkey  in  Europe,  Tur- 
key in  Asia,  and  a  large  territory 
in  Africa,  including  Tunis,  Tripoli 
and  Egypt,  and  their  dependen- 
cies. 

It  is  ruled  by  the  Sultan,  or 
Grand  Porte,  whom  the  Turks  im- 
piously style  the  "  Shadow  of  God  " 
—the  "  Brother  of  the  Sun,"  &c. 


Questions.     What  does  Turkey  comprise?    How 
is  it  ruled? 


7.     TURKEY  IN  EUROPE. 

Square  miles,  210,000.     Population,  15,500,000. 

This  country  is  situated  on  the  west  of 
the  Black  sea  and  sea  of  Marmora,  and 
south  of  Austria. 

It  is  beautifully  diversified  with  moun- 
tains, plains  and  valleys;  and  the  climate, 
though  subject  to  extremes  of  heat  and  cold, 
is  generally  healthy. 

The  valleys  are  fertile,  and  yield  in  profu- 


EUROPE. 


109 


si(»n  wheat,  maize,  rice,  cotton, 
tobacco,  and  various  fruits,  but 
agriculture  is  badly  conducted. 

Immense  numbers  of  silk- 
worms are  reared  on  the  leaves 
of  the  mulberry. 

Manufactures  are  much  neg- 
lected, and  the  commerce  is 
chiefly  in  the  hands  of  foreigners. 
Education  and  the  arts  receive 
little  attention. 

Tlie  Turks  are  a  well  formed 
race,  but  extremely  haughty, 
grave  and  indolent.  They  are 
rigid  Mohammedans,  and  very 
superstitious.  Their  customs  and  dress  are 
unlike  those  of  other  Europeans.  They 
wear  turbans,  and  loose  flowing  robes, 
— sit  on  cushions,  and  dispense  with  knives 
and  forks  in  eating.  Bathing  and  smoking 
seem  to  be  their  favorite  employments. 

The  government  has  the  characteristic 
features  of  an  Asiatic  despotism,  but  has 
been  very  much  modified  by  the  influence 
of  European  powers,  and  especially  by  that 
of  the  allied  powers  of  France  and  England, 
whose  armies  occupied  the  country  during 
the  struggle  with  Russia  in  the  war  of  1854 
-5Q. 

Constantinople  is  the  capital  of  the  Otto- 
man Empire,  and  the  residence  of  the  Sultan. 
It  is  a  strongly  fortified,  populous,  and  beau- 
tiful city,  situated  on  the  Bosporus,  with 
considerable  commerce.  Its  harbor,  called 
the  Golden  Horn,  is  one  of  the  most  secure, 
Capacious  and  beautiful  in  the  world. 

Adrianople,  the  former  metropolis,  is  a 
flourishing  city. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Turkey 
in  Europe?  Inhabitants?  What  is  its  situation? 
What  is  said  of  the  surface  and  climate  ?     Soil  and 


BUINS  AT   pniLIPPl. 


productions?      What  is   said  of  manufactures   and      ' 
commerce  ?     Education  and  the  arts  ?     Describe  the 
Turks.     Their  customs,  &c.    Government.    Constan- 
tinople.    Adrianople. 


8.     GREECE. 

Square  miles,  18,500.     Population,  1,002,000. 

Greece  is  a  small  kingdom  south  of  Tur- 
key, comprising  two  peninsulas  united  by  a 
narrow  isthmus,  and  several  islands. 

The  surface  is  mountainous  in  the  inte- 
rior, interspersed  with  fertile  vales.  There 
are  a  few  small  plains. 

The  climate  is  mild  but  variable.  Wheat, 
maize,  rice,  cotton,  wool,  silk,  oil,  and  a 
variety  of  fruits,  are  produced. 

The  Greeks  are  an  active,  brave  and  pol- 
ished people,  possessing  much  genius  and 
love  of  distinction.  They  have  little  learn- 
ing, but  are  adepts  in  cunning  and  in- 
trigue. 

Schools  and  colleges  have  recently  been 
established,  and  the  inhabitants  seem  desir- 
ous of  improvement. 

The  government  is  a  hereditary  monarchy. 
A  constitution  was  granted  in  1844. 


no 


EUROPE, 


The  Greek  cliui'ch  is  the  religion  estab- 
lished ,by  law. 

For  several  centuries  the  Greeks  were  in 
sul)jection  to  the  Turks,  who  took  every 
method  to  degrade  and  oppress  them.  In 
1820,  they  asserted  their  independence ;  and 
after  a  long  and  bloody  contest,  secured  it 
through  the  mediation  of  England,  France 
and  Russia. 

Ancient  Greece  was  one  of  the  most  pow- 
erful empires  in  the  world.  Two  thousand 
years  ago  it  was  the  land  of  song,  and  the 
seat  of  learning  and  the  arts.  Ruins  of  archi- 
tecture and  sculpture  still  remain,  and  atford 
the  artist  many  of  his  finest  models. 

Athens,  one  of  the  most  famous  cities  of 
antiquity,  is  the  capital  of  modern  Greece. 
Ruins  of  magnificent  temples  and  theaters 
still  exist,  but  they  render  the  meanness  of 
its  present  buildings  only  the  more  conspic- 
uous. 

Corinth,  in  remote  times,  was  one  of  the 
most  flourishing  cities  of  Greece,  and  pro- 
verbial for  its  luxury.  It  is  now  an  import- 
ant port,  and  its  citadel  and  fortifications  are, 
next  to  those  of  Nauplia,  the  strongest  in 
Greece.  Nauplia^  is  a  strongly  fortified  sea- 
port in  the  Morea. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Greece? 
Inhabitants?  What  does  it  comprise  ?  What  is  its 
surface  ?  CHmate  ?  What  are  its  productions  ?  What 
is  the  character  of  the  Greeks  ?  What  is  said  of  edu- 
cation ?  Government  ?  Rehgion  ?  Of  the  subjection 
of  the  Greeks?  Their  independence?  Ancient  Greece? 
Ruins?     Athens?     Corinth?     Naupha? 


IONIAN  ISLANDS. 

Square  Miles,  1000.     Population,  230.000, 

The  Ionian  Eepublic  comprises  the  islands 
in  the  Ionian  sea,  west  of  Greece ;  and  is 
under  the  protection  of  Great  Britain. 

Al)out  half  the  surface  is  under  cultiva- 


tion, yielding  wlieat,  barley  and  other  grains, 
wines,  olive  oil,  and  currants. 

Tlie  inhabitants  number  about  two  hun- 
dred thousand,  chiefly  Greeks  and  Italians, 
and  are  shrewd,  active,  and  industrious. 

Corfu,  on  the  island  of  Corfu,  is  the 
capital. 

Questions.  What  docs  the  Ionian  Republic  com- 
prise? What  can  you  say  of  the  surface  and  pro- 
ductions ?     Inhabitants  ?     Corfu  ? 


ITALY,  OR  THE  ITALIAN  STATES. 

Square  miles,  119,000.     Population,  24,700,000. 

Italy  is  a  celebrated  country  in  the  south 
of  Europe  and  consists  of  a  large  peninsula 
and  several  islands. 

Its  surface  is  varied ;  a  range  of  mountains 
extending  north  and  south  nearly  through 
the  peninsula.  Between  the  mountains  are 
numerous  fertile  valleys,  abounding  in  beau- 
tiful scenery.  In  the  north  is  a  large  and 
fertile  plain,  very  productive. 

It  has  an  excellent  climate;  the  atmos- 
phere is  remarkable  for  its  clearness. 

Agriculture  is  the  leading  pursuit.  Wheat, 
maize,  rye,  rice,  oil,wine,  silk,  dates,  almonds, 
figs,  and  oranges,  are  the  chief  products. 
Manufactures  and  commerce  are  in  a  lan- 
guishing condition. 

It  is  rich  in  mineral  products,  but  has  few 
metals  except  iron  and  lead. 

The  Apennines  furnish  the  beautiful  mar- 
ble of  Carrara. 

The  Italians  possess  ardent  feelings,  lively 
imaginations,  and  much  skill  in  music,  paint* 
ing  and  sculpture ;  but  are  deplorably  indo- 
lent, ignorant  and  superstitious.  The  Roman 
Catholic  is  the  established  religion;  and  the 
clergy  com])ose  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
population. 


EUROPE. 


Ill 


THE    PONTE    SANTA    TRINITA    &C.,    FLORENCE 

Italy  was  once  the  seat  of  a  mighty  em- 
pire, and  renowned  in  the  arts  and  sciences. 
Monnmcnts  of  its  former  wealth  and  mag- 
nificence are  every  where  seen. 

In  modern  times,  it  has  hecn  snbdivided 
into  a  number  of  independent  kingdoms  or 
states.  The  principal  divisions  have  been 
the  kingdom  of  Sardinia,  the  kingdom  of 
Lombardy  and  Venice,  the  duchies  of  Parma 
and  Modena,  the  grand  duchy  of  Tuscany, 
the  States  of  the  Churcli,  and  the  kingdom 
of  Naples. 

The  eastern  part  of  the  Lombardo  Veni- 
tian  kingdom  is  subject  to  Austria;  the 
other  states  have  been  united  under  one 
government. 

Mount  Etna,  a  burning  volcano,  is  situated 
on  the  island  of  Sicily,  and  Mount  A^esuvius, 
near  the  bay  of  Naples. 

Turin  is  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  fertile 
plain,  and  is  remarkable  for  its  neatness  and 
regularity. 

Milan  is  one  of  the  most  splendid  cities 
in  Italy.  Its  cathedral  is  a  line  structure  of 
pure  white  marble,  containing  4000  statues. 

Florence  is  situated  on  the  river  Arno, 


and  is  celebrated  for  its 
beautiful  fountains, 
churches,  jhalaces,  statu- 
ary, and  paintings. 

Rome  is  situated  on  the 
Tiber  and  built  on  seven 
hills.  It  was  once  the  me- 
tropolis of  the  renowned, 
ancient  Roman  empire. 
It  has  been  celebrated  in 
modern  times  for  the  num- 
ber and  grandeur  of  its 
fountains  and  churches. 
It  contains  the  church  of 
St.  Peter,  a  magnificent 
temple,  erected  at  an  ex- 
pense of  over  eighty  millions  of  dollars. 

Naples  is  located  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Vesuvius,  on  the  north  side  of  the  bay  of 
Naples.  In  beauty  of  situation,  clearness 
of  atmosphere,  and  mildness  of  climate,  it 
is  almost  unrivaled. 


THE    ASINELLI    AND    GARISENDA    TOWERS,    BOLOGNA 


112 


EUROPE. 


Botog^na  is  noted  for  the  lofty  tower  of 
Asinelli,  and  for  the  leaning  tower  of  Gari- 
senda.  From  the  top  of  the  former  more 
than  a  hundred  cities  may  be  seen. 

Genoa  is  a  commercial  city  pleasantly 
located  on  the  gulf  of  Genoa. 

Questions.  What  is  the  number  of  square  miles 
in  Italy  ?  Inhabitants  ?  Of  what  does  it  consist  ? 
What  is  its  surface  ?  Climate  ?  What  is  said  of  agri- 
culture? What  are  its  chief  products?  What  is 
said  of  manufactures  and  commerce  ?  Minerals  ?  The 
inhabitants?  Religion?  The  former  condition  of 
Italy  ?  How  has  it  been  subdivided  in  modern  times  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  government?  Of  Mount  Etna 
and  Mount  Vesuvius?  Describe  Turin.  Milan.  Flor- 
ence.    Rome.     Naples.     Bologna.     Genoa. 


16.     FRANCE. 

Square  miles,  200,700.     Population,  37,472,000. 

Prance  is  an  important  empire  in  the  west 
of  Europe,  extending  from  the  Mediterra- 
nean Sea  to  <lie  Atlantic  Ocean. 


HOTEL    DE    TILLE,    PARIS. 

The  surface  is  level  in  the  north,  consist- 
ing mostly  of  an  extensive  plain,  but  hilly 
and  mountainous  in  the  south. 


The  soil  is  Tisually  fertile,  and  the  climate 
temperate  and  agreeable. 

It  surpasses  all  the  other  countries  of 
Europe  in  the  variety  of  its  agricultural 
products. 

The  chief  productions  are  wheat,  rye,  oats, 
barley,  maize,  potatoes,  and  grapes.  The 
grape  vineyards  cover  several  millions  of 
acres,  and  produce  large  quantities  of 
wine. 

Agriculture  is  in  an  advanced  state,  and 
a  chief  pursuit.  In  the  variety  and  value 
of  its  manufactures,  France  is  only  second 
to  England;  and  its  commerce  is  very  ex- 
tensive. 

Its  minerals  are  lead,  iron,  coal  and  salt. 
The  French  are  very  gay,  social  and  polite, 
remarkable  for  their  versatility  and  bravery, 
and  extremely  fond  of  amusements,  espe- 
cially dancing. 

Public  libraries  and  colleges  are  numerous ; 
many  of  the  French  are  distinguished  for 
their  learning  and  science, 
and  much  progress  has  been 
made  in  common  educa- 
tion. All  religious  sects  are 
tolerated, but  the  people  are 
chiefly  Roman  Catholics. 

T he  government  was 
formerly  one  of  the  most 
powerful  monarchies  of  Eu- 
rope. In  the  revolution  of 
1848  it  became  repiiblican 
in  form,  and  in  1853  was 
changed  to  an  empire. 

Paris,  the  capital,  situ- 
ated on  the  river  Seine,  is 
noted  for  the  number  and 
elegance  of  its  public  buildings  and  gardens, 
and  as  the  scat  of  literature,  science  and 
fashion.     It  is  extensively  engaged  in  man 


EUROPE. 


113 


ufactures,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  mathe- 
matical and  optical  instruments. 

Lyons  is  a  populous,  wealthy  and  commer- 
cial city,  celebrated  for  its  manufactures  of 
silk,  and  gold  and  silver  stuffs.  Marseilles 
is  the  chief  seaport  on  the  Mediterranean. 
Rouen  is  noted  for  its  manufactures ;  Bor- 
deaux^ for  its  wines.  Toulon  and  Brest  are 
large  naval  stations.  Havre  has  an  exten- 
sive trade  with  the  United  States. 

To  France  also  belongs  the  island  of  Cor- 
sica, in  the  Mediterranean  sea.  Ajaccio,  on 
this  island  was  the  birth-place  of  Bonaparte. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  France  ? 
Inhabitants  ?  How  is  it  situated  ?  What  is  said  of 
its  surface,  soil  and  climate  ?  Products  ?  Agricul- 
ture, manufactures  and  commerce  ?  Minerals  ?  The 
French  ?  The  state  of  education  ?  The  government  ? 
Paris  ?  Lyons  ?  Marseilles  ?  Rouen  ?  Bordeaux  ? 
Toulon  and  Brest?    Havre?     Corsica?    Ajaccio? 


ir.     SPAIN. 
Square  miles,  188,000.     Population,  13,900,000. 

Spain  occupies  the  larger  part  of  the  pe- 
ninsula in  the  south-west  of  Europe. 

Several  ranges  of  mountains  render  its 
surface  broken,  and  afford  much  wild  and 
romantic  scenery. 

The  climate  is  warm  on  the  coast,  but  sub- 
ject to  great  changes  on  the  table  lands. 
The  soil  is  varied. 

In  the  fertile  regions,  wheat,  rice,  maize, 
and  barley,  are  produced,  and  various  fruits 
flourish,  particularly  grapes,  oranges,  lem- 
ons, figs,  and  melons. 

The  minerals  are  numerous  and  valuable, 
but  at  present  little  worked.  They  include 
gold  jsilver  ,quicksilver , copper ,  iron,  and  zinc. 

Manufactures  and  commerce  are  greatly 
neglected ;  and  the  people  lack  a  spirit  of 
enterprise  and  improvement. 


The  Spaniards  are  proud,  friendly  and 
brave;  but  ignorant,  easily  excited  and 
revengeful.  They  are  extremely  fond  of 
amusements,  among  which  are  dancing, 
music  and  bull-fights.  In  religion,  they 
are  Roman  Catholics. 


l±ii!.    LEANING    TOWER    OF    SAN    FELIPE,    SARAGOSSA. 

The  government  is  a  limited  monarchy, 
and  formerly  possessed  vast  territories  in 
North  and  South  America.  The  only  Amer- 
ican colonies  now  subject  to  Spain  are  Cuba, 
Porto  Eico,  and  a  few  smaller  West  India 
islands.  Its  dependencies  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean are  the  Balearic  islands. 

Madrid,  the  capital,  is  built  on  low  and 
irregular  sand  hills,  and  is  surrounded  by  a 
barren  and  extensive  plain.  It  has  several 
fine  palaces,  churches  and  public  squares, 
but  is  almost  destitute  of  manufactures  and 
trade. 

Gibraltar,  the  most  strongly  fortified  city 


114 


EUROPE. 


in  the  world,  is  situated  at  the  southern 
extremity  of  Spain,  on  a  bold  rocky  bluff. 
It  has  been  in  possession  of  the  British  since 
1705.  Cadiz,  on  the  island  of  Leon,  is  the 
principal  seaport.  Sarag-ossa  is  noted  for 
the  leaning  tower  of  San  Felipe. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Spain  ? 
Inhabitants?  How  is  it  situated?  AYhat  is  said  of 
its  surface?  CHmate  and  soil  ?  Pi'oductions  ?  What 
minerals  are  found  ?  What  can  you  say  of  manufac- 
tures and  commerce  ?  The  Spaniards  ?  Government  ? 
Madrid?     Gibraltar?     Cadiz?     Saragossa? 

18.     PORTUGAL. 
Square  miles,  35,090.     Population,  .0,471,000. 
Portugal  is  situated  in  the  soiith-wcstern 
part  of  Europe. 


THE    SQUARE    AND    FOUNTAIN    OF    TOWERS    AT    BRAGA 

It  is  beautifully  diversified  with  hills  and 
plains,  and  possesses  a  mild  and  agreeable 
climate. 

The  soil  is  fertile,  but  agriculture  is  in  a 
very  backward  state.  Wheat,  barley,  oats, 
flax,  rice,  olives,  oranges,  lemons,  and 
grapes,  are  the  chief  products. 

The  manufactures  are  limited.  The  com- 
merce, formerly  large,  is  now  less  extensive, 
and  mostly  in  the  hands  of  foreigners. 


The  Portuguese  resemble  the  Spaniards 
in  their  characteristics,  but  the  two  nations 
have  a  deep  rooted  antipathy  to  each  other. 
The  government  is  a  limited  monarchy. 
The  religion  is  Roman  Catholic. 

Lisbon,  the  capital  and  principal  seaport, 
is  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Tagus, 
and  has  considerable  commerce.  It  has  sev- 
eral fine  public  buildings  and  churches. 

Oporto  is  noted  for  its  wines;  Coimhra 
for  its  University ;  and  Setubal  for  its  man- 
ufacture of  salt. 

Questions.  What  number  of  square  miles  in  Por- 
tugal ?  Inhabitants  ?  AYhere  is  it  situated  ?  What 
is  said  of  its  surface  and  climate  ?  Soil  and  produc- 
tions? Manufactures  and  commerce?  The  Portu- 
guese ?  Government  ?  Religion  ?  Lisbon  ?  Ojiorto, 
Coimbra,  and  Setubal  ? 


THE  BRITISH  ISLES. 
Great  Britain  comprises  Eng- 
land, Wales  and  Scotland ;  and 
with  Ireland  forms  "The  United 
Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,"  also  called  "The  Brit- 
ish Isles." 

Its  principal  foreign  possessions 
are  British  America,West  Indies, 
Cape  Colony,  a  large  part  of  India 
and  Australia.    These,  with  other 
colonies,  united  with  the  British 
Isles,  form  the  British  Empire. 
Great  Britain  is  distinguished  for  the  en- 
terprise and  intelligence  of  its  inhabitants, 
and  is  unrivaled  in  the  extent  of  its  manu- 
factures and  commerce. 

The  government  is  a  limited  and  heredit- 
ary monarchy. 

Questions.  What  does  Great  Britain  comprise? 
What  are  the  principal  possessions  of  the  United 
Kingdom  ?  What  does  the  whole  form  ?  How  dis- 
tinguished ?     What  is  the  government  ? 


E  U  it  O  P  R . 


116 


-''^xhJiaLfi'^w  ^w*^4 


VIEW    OF    LONDON    FROM    ORF.KNWICII    PARK. 


19.     ENGLAND. 

Square  miles  51,000.     Population,  18,949,000. 

England  comprises  the  southern  portion 
of  the  island  of  Great  Britain. 

It  has  a  beautifully  diversified  surface  and 
abounds  with  picturesque  scenery.  The  cli- 
mate is  mild,  but  damp,  and  the  soil,  though 
not  naturally  fertile,  has  been  brought  to  a 
high  state  of  cultivation,  and  yields  the  va- 
rious grains  and  vegetables  in  abundance. 

Coal,  iron,  copper,  tin,  lead,  and  salt,  are 
found  in  large  quantities.  Several  mineral 
and  hot  springs  exist,  to  which  throngs  of 
invalids  and  fashionable  people  resort. 

England  has  carried  agriculture  to  a  very 
liigh  state  of  perfection,  and  excels  every 
other  nation  in  the  variety  and  value  of  its 
manufactures. 

It  is  densely  populated,  but  striking  differ- 
ences are  seen  in  the  character  and  social 
condition  of  its  citizens.     The  nobility  live 


I  in  affluence  and  luxury, — the  poor,  often 
I  in  great  want.     As  a  nation,  however,  the 
I  English  may  be  characterized  as  grave,  hon- 
I  est,  industrious,  benevolent,  and  brave. 
i       The  universities  of  England  are  numerous 
!  and  distinguished;  but  many  of  the  poorer 
I  classes  are  entirely  destitute  of  instruction. 
I      The  religion  is  protestant,  though  all  re- 
I  ligious  sects  have  perfect  freedom. 
j      London  is  the  capital  of  the  British  Em- 
1  pire  and  the  largest  city  in  Europe.     It  is 
situated  on  the  river  Thames,  and  in  wealth 
and  commerce  and  its  literary  and  benevo- 
lent  institutions,  it  surpasses  every  other 
city  on  the  globe. 

A  number  of  beautiful  bridges  cross  tlie 
Thames,  and  a  tunnel  forms  a  passage  un- 
der the  bed  of  the  river.  Many  of  its  pub- 
lic buildings  are  very  imposing  structures. 
St.  Paul's  Church  is  next  to  St.  Peter's  at 
Rome,  in  point  of  magnificence. 


llfi 


EUROPE. 


Greenwich,  a  borough  and  parish  adjoin- 
ing London,  contains  the  royal  observatory 
from  which  the  longitudes  in  all  British 
charts  are  reckoned,  and  it  has  a  magnifi- 
cent naval  hospital,  for  the  maintenance  of 
wounded  or  unfortunate  seamen.  Green- 
wich park  contains  about  two  hundred  acres 
of  undulating  and  wooded  land,  and  is  a 
place  much  resorted  to  by  the  inhabitants 
of  London. 


WINDSOR    CASTLE. 

Liverpool,  on  the  river  Mersey,  is  the 
second  commercial  city,  carrying  on  an  im- 
mense trade  with  all  parts  of  the  world. 
Bristol  is  situated  on  the  Avon,  and  has  an 
extensive  commerce.  It  was  the  first  port 
in  Britain,  whence  regular  steam  commu- 
nication with  the  United  States  was  estab- 
lished. Birming-ham  is  noted  for  its  iron 
manufactures,  and  Man.chester  for  its  man- 
ufactures of  cotton.  Portsmouth  and  Ply- 
mouth are  important  naval  stations. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  England  ? 
Inhabitants  ?  What  does  it  comprise  ?  What  is  the 
surface  ?  Climate  ?  Soil  ?  What  is  said  of  minerals 
and  springs  ?     Of  England  in  respect  to  agriculture 


and  manufactures  ?  Its  citizens  ?  How  may  the  Eng- 
lish be  characterized  ?  What  is  said  of  education  ? 
Religion  ?  London  ?  Greenwich  ?  Liverpool  ?  Bris- 
tol ?  Birmingham  and  Manchester  ?  Portsmouth 
and  Plymouth  ? 

20.     WALES. 
Square  miles,  7,400.     Population,  1,111,000. 
Wales  is  situated  west  of  England,  and 
has  generally  a  mountainous  surface. 

Its  climate   is    similar   to   that  of  Eng- 
land, and  its  soil  is  fer- 
^-_  tile. 

The  principal  produc- 
tions are  barley,  oats, 
and  potatoes. 

Coal,  iron,  copper,  and 
lead  are  abundant. 

The  Welsh  are  descen- 
dants of  the  ancient  Bri- 
tons, and  are  an  indus- 
trious    and     hospitable 
people.        Until     1283, 
Wales  was  an  independ- 
ent   kingdom,  when    it 
was  united  to  England. 
Merthyr-Tydvil  is  the 
principal  town,  and  is  situated  in  a  mining 
district. 

Questions.  What  number  of  square  miles  in 
Wales?  Inhabitants  ?  What  can  you  say  of  its  sit- 
uation and  surface  ?  Chmate,  soil  and  productions  ? 
Minerals?   The  Welsh?    History?    Merthyr-Tydvil? 

21.     SCOTLAND. 

Square  miles,  30,000.     Population,  3,061,000. 

Scotland  occupies  the  whole  of  the  north- 
ern part  of  the  island  of  Great  Britain. 

It  has  a  broken  surface  and  is  noted  for 
the  wildness  and  grandeur  of  its  mountain 
scenery,  its  rapid  streams,  and  beautiful 
lakes,  called  lochs. 


EUROPE, 


117 


The  Grampian  Hills  divide  it  into  two 
sections,  called  the  Highlands  and  the  Low- 
lands. The  Highlands  are  cool,  and  chiefly 
adapted  to  pastnre  ;  the  Lowlands  are  milder, 
and  prodnctive  of  various  kinds  of  grain 
and  vegetables. 

The  principal  minerals  are  coal,  iron,  lead, 
and  copper.  Manufactures  are  flourishing; 
and  commerce  and  the  fisheries  are  exten- 
sively pursued. 

The  Scotch  are  grave,  hardy,  and  enter- 
prising; of  a  moral  and  religious  turn  of 
mind;  and  are  remarkably  well  instructed. 
Schools  are  established  in  every  parish,  and 
many  of  the  most  distinguished  scholars, 
historians,  and  poets,  have  sprung  from 
Scotland. 


islands  comprise  several  hundred  in  num- 
ber, and  belong  to  Scotland, 

Fingal's  Cave,  a  very  romantic  cavern,  is 
on  the  island  of  Staffa,  one  of  the  Hebrides. 
It  is  composed  of  basaltic  columns,  beauti- 
fully jointed  and  of  various  forms. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Scotland  ? 
Inhabitants?  Where  is  it  situated?  What  is  its 
surface  and  for  what  is  it  noted  ?  How  divided  ? 
"What  is  said  of  the  Highlands  ?  Lowlands  ?  Min- 
erals, manufactures  and  commerce  ?  The  Scotch  ? 
Schools  and  scholars?  Edinburgh?  Ghusgow  ?  Aber- 
deen and  Dundee?      The  islands?     Fingal's  Cave? 


EDINBCKGH    CASTL£. 


Edinburgh,  the  metropolis  of  Scotland, 
is  distinguished  for  its  romantic  site,  and  nu- 
merous literary  and  charitable  institutions. 
Glasgoio  is  a  large  city,  with  flourishing 
manufactures,  and  noted  for  its  university. 
Aberdeen  and  Dundee  are  very  flotirishing 
manufacturing  and  commercial  towns. 

The    Hebrides,    Orkney,    and    Shetland 


22.     IRELAND. 
S(^uare  miles,  32,500.     Population,  5,704,000. 
Ireland  is  a  large  island,  west  of  Great 
Britain  ,sometimes  called 
"  Green  Erin,"  from  the 
=-^      ^:^      beauty  of  its  verdure. 

Its  coast  is  generally 
bold  and  rugged.  The 
I  surface  is  undulating,  a 
large  part  of  the  interior 
consisting  of  an  expanse 
of  bog,  from  which  peat 
for  fuel  is  ol)taincd. 

The  climate  is  mild; 
but  its  great  moisture 
renders  the  country  bet- 
ter adapted  to  grazing 
than  tillage.  Potatoes, 
oats,  flax,  wheat, and  bar- 
Icy,  are  the  chief  products.  Linen  is  the  [»rin- 
cipal  article  of  manufacture.  Cotton  and 
woolen  goods  are  made  to  a  limited  extent. 
The  Irish  are  ardent,  brave,  generous,  and 
possess  a  large  share  of  good  humor  and 
wit ;  but  the  mass  of  them  are  in  a  state  of 
extreme  wretchedness  and  poverty.  The 
majoritv  are  Roman  Catholics. 


118 


EUROPE. 


The  Giant's  Causeway,  on  the  north-west 
coast,  consists  of  perpendicular  columns  of 
basaltic  rock,  extending  into  the  sea  from 
the  base  of  a  stratified  cliff.  It  is  the  most 
remarkable  curiosity  iu  Ireland. 

Dublin,  the  capital,  abounds  with  mag- 
nilicent  edifices  and  handsome  streets,  and 
is  surrounded  by  beautiful  suburbs.  But 
in  the  midst  of  all  this  splendor,  the  deep- 
est indigence  and  distress  are  to  be  found. 

Cork  is  the  second  city  in  size,  and  has  a 
capacious  harbor  with  an  extensive  com- 
merce.    Belfast  is  also  a  commercial  city. 

Questions.  Give  the  number  of  square  miles  in 
Irehmd.  Inhabitants.  What  arc  the  surface  and  soil  ? 
What  can  you  say  of  the  climate?  Products?  Linen, 
cotton  and  woolen  goods  ?  The  Irish  ?  The  Giant's 
Causeway?     Dublin?     Cork?     Belfast? 

23.     BELGIUM. 
Square  miles,  11,400.     Population,  4,359,000. 

Belgium  is  a  small  kingdom  of  Western 
Europe,  situated  north-east  of  France. 

Its  surface  may  be  regarded  as  an  inclined 
plane,  somewhat  rugged,  elevated  in  the 
south-east  and  sloping  to  the  north-west. 

The  climate  is  temperate  and  agreeable, 
but  the  low  flats  are  considered  unhealthy. 

The  soil  is  so  highly  cultivated  as  to  re- 
seml)le  a  garden,  and  agriculture  is  carried 
to  the  highest  perfection.  Grains,  tobacco, 
flax,  hemp,  and  fruits,  grow  in  great  luxu- 
riance. 

The  mineral  kingdom  is  exceedingly  rich 
in  lead,  manganese,  zinc,  iron,  and  coal,  and 
manufactures  and  commerce  are  in  a  flour- 
ishing state. 

Tiie  roads  of  Belgium  are  very  superior, 
and  spacious  canals  connect  the  principal 
cities. 

The  Belgians  combine  the  persevering  in- 


dustry of  the  Dutch  with  the  vivacity  of  the 
French,  and  are  distinguished  for  mechani- 
cal skill.  They  are  rigid  adherents  of  the 
Catliolic  religion.  The  government  is  a 
limited  monarchy. 

Brussels,  the  capital,  is  a  beautiful  city, 
adorned  with  elegant  palaces,  handsome 
squares,  fountains,  and  shaded  walks.  It 
is  also  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  laces, 
carpets  and  linens. 

Ghent  has  extensive  manufactures.  The 
treaty  of  peace  between  tlie  United  States 
and  Great  Britain  was  signed  here  in  1814. 
Antwerp  is  the  chief  commercial  city  of  Bel- 
gium, and  contains  one  of  the  most  magnifi- 
cent cathedrals  in  Europe. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Belgium  ? 
Inhabitants  ?  What  is  Belgium  ?  What  is  said  of  its 
surface  ?  Climate  ?  Soil  and  agriculture  ?  Produc- 
tions? Mineral  kingdom  ?  Manufactures  and  com- 
merce ?  Roads  and  canals  ?  The  Belgians  ?  Gov- 
ernment?    Brussels?     Ghent?    Antwerp? 


24.     HOLLAND. 
Square  miles,  13,000.     Population,  3,962,000. 
Holland  lies  on  the  North  sea,  east  of 
Belgium. 


CANAL  AND  PALACE,  AMSTERDAM. 

It  is  a  flat  country,  and  a  part  of  it  is 
lower  than  the  level  of  the  sea,  which  is 


EUROPE, 


ny 


kept  from  overflowing  its  surface  by  em- 
baiikincnts  raised  along  its  coasts. 

It  has  a  moist  and  cool  climate,  and  a  sur- 
passingly rich  and  productive  soil.  Grains 
and  fruits  are  raised  abundantly;  but  more 
attention  is  paid  to  the  raising  of  cattle,  and 
the  making  of  butter  and  cheese. 

Commerce  and  manufactures,  though  not 
so  extensive  as  formerly,  are  in  a  flourishing 
condition.  Canals  are  very  numerous,  and 
afford  the  principal  means  of  conveyance. 

The  Dutch  arc  a  remarkably  neat,  frugal, 
industrious,  patient,  and  honest  people. 
Protestantism  is  the  prevailing  religion. 
The  government  is  a  limited  monarchy. 

Hague,  the  capital,  is  handsomely  built, 
and  intersected  by  numerous  canals,  whose 
banks  are  bordered  with  trees. 

Amsterdam,  the  most  populous  and  chief 
commercial  city  of  Holland,  is  built  on  piles 
driven  into  a  marsh  of  the  Zuyder  Zee.  It 
is  divided  by  canals  into  ninety  islands, 
which  are  connected  with  each  other  by 
nearly  300  bridges. 

Its  stadt-house  is  a  most  magnificent  build- 
ing of  freestone,  resting  on  piles  driven  very 
deep  into  the  ground. 

Questions.  What  is  the  number  of  square  miles 
in  Holland  ?  Inhabitants  ?  Where  is  it  situated  ? 
What  is  said  of  its  surface  ?  Climate  and  soil  ? 
Grains  and  fruits  ?  Cattle  ?  Commerce  and  manu- 
factures? Canals?  The  Dutch?  Religion?  Gov- 
ernment ?     Hague  ?     Amsterdam  ? 


25.     DENMARK. 
Square  miles,  23,000.     Population,  2,108,000. 
Denmark  comprises  the  peninsula  of  Jut- 
land, and  the  adjacent  islands,  lying  north 
of  Germany. 

It  has  a  moist,  but  healthy  climate.    The 


soil  is  in  general  sandy,  interspersed  with 
some  extensive  fertile  tracts. 

Agriculture  is  the  leading  pursuit,  and 
wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  buckwheat,  and 
peas,  are  raised  in  considerable  quantities. 
Cattle  and  poultry  are  reared  in  great  num- 
bers. The  products  of  the  dairy  arc  im- 
portant articles  of  export. 


THE    tXtllANOL    AT    COPKMI  VGtN 

Denmark  is  favorably  situated  for  com- 
merce and  is  extensively  engaged  in  the 
whale  and  herring  fisheries. 

The  Danes  are  industrious,  honest  and 
well  educated.  Common  schools  are  very 
numerous,  and  the  attendance  of  the  child- 
ren is  enforced  by  law.  The  Lutheran  is 
the  established  religion.  The  government 
is  an  unlimited  monarchy,  but  wisely  ad- 
ministered. 

Copenhagen,  on  the  island  of  Zealand,  is 
the  capital.  It  has  an  excellent  harbor  and 
extensive  dockyards,  and  is  adorned  witbv 
numerous  beautiful  squares  and  fine  build- 
ings. 


lao 


EUROPE. 


The  Danish  possessions  include  Green- 
land, (already  described,)  Iceland  and  the 
Faroe  islands. 

Iceland  is  cold  and  mountainous,  abound- 
i  ng  with  volcanoes  and  boiling  springs.  Veg- 
etation is  scanty,  and  the  inhabitants  chiefly 
subsist  on  cattle,  sheep  and  fish.  The  Ice- 
landers are  simple  in  their  habits,  but  indus- 
trious and  well  instructed. 

Question's.  How  many  square  miles  has  Denmark  ? 
Inhabitants  ?  AVhat  does  it  comprise  ?  What  is  the 
cHmate?  Soil?  What  can  you  say  of  agriculture 
and  the  products  ?  The  situation  of  Denmark  in  re- 
spect to  commerce  ?  The  Danes  ?  Common  schools  ? 
Religion  and  government?  Copenhagen?  Danish 
possessions  ?     Iceland  and  its  inhabitants  ? 

26.     PRUSSIA. 

Siuare  miles,  109,000.     Population,  18,491,000. 
Prussia  is  divided  into  two  sections  by  the 
ci  ij-dom  of  Hanover. 


The  principal  division  is  situated  between 
the  Baltic  sea  and  Austria.  The  western 
division  lies  south  of  Holland  and  Hanover. 

The  eastern  division  is  very  level,  abound- 
ing in  plains,  some  of  them  covered  with 


extensive  forests.  The  western  division  has 
numerous  low  mountain  ranges  enclosing 
fertile  valleys. 

Tlie  climate  is  in  general  healthy.  Much 
of  the  soil  in  the  eastern  section  is  sandy 
and  unproductive;  that  of  the  western  is 
more  fertile. 

Wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  potatoes,  and 
cattle,  are  largely  produced.  The  minerals 
are  iron,  coal,  copper,  zinc,  tin,  silver,  salt, 
and,  on  the  shores  of  the  Baltic,  amber. 

The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Protestants, 
of  German  descent,  and  well  educated, 

Prussia  has  a  well  organized  and  complete 
system  of  public  instruction,  and  every  child 
is  required  by  law  to  attend  school. 

The  government  is  an  absolute  monarchy. 
Berlin,  tlie  seat  of  government,  is  built 
on    a   sandy  plain,  on  both    banks  of  the 
Spree,  and  is  about  ten  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence.    It  is  surrounded  by  a  wall  sixteen 
feet  high.     It  is  an  ele- 
gant  city,    distinguished 
for  the  magnificence  of 
^  many  of  its  public  build- 
ings, and  for  its  literary 
institutions,  and  possesses 
extensive      manufactures 
and  trade. 

Breslau  is  extensively 
engaged  in  manufactures 
and  trade. 

Dantzic  and  Konigsberg' 
are  the  principal  seaports. 
Cologne,  upon  the  Rhine, 
is  built  in  the  form  of  a 
crescent. 

Questions.  What  is  the  number  of  square  miles 
in  Prussia  ?  Inhabitants  ?  How  is  it  divided  ?  What 
is  its  situation  ?  The  surface  ?  Climate  ?  What  are 
produced  ?    What  minerals  are  abundant  ?    What  can 


EUROPE. 


121 


you  say  of  the  inhabitants  ?  System  of  instruction  ? 
Government  ?  Berlin  ?  Breslau  ?  Dantzic  and  Kon- 
igsberg  ?     Cologne  ? 


27.     GERMANY. 

Square  miles,  92,000.     Population,  17,592,000. 

Germany  proper  occupies  the  central  part 
of  Europe. 

The  Germanic  confederation  comprises 
one-third  of  Austria,  nearly  all  of  Prussia, 
the  duchies  of  Holstein  and  Lauenburg  in 
Denmark,  the  kingdoms  of  Bavaria,  Hano- 
ver, Saxony,  and  Wurtemburg,  with  twenty- 
eight  smaller  states,  or  principalities,  and 
four  free  cities. 

The  northern  section  of  Germany  consists 
of  a  plain  which  is  low  and  sandy;  the 
central  part,  of  a  plateau  and  mountainous 
region,  and  the  southern,  of  mountains  and 
valleys. 

The  climate  is  remarkably  uniform,  ex- 
cept in  the  district  south  of  the  Alps. 

With  the  exception  of  the  loftier  moun- 
tain districts,  the  soil  is  fertile,  producing 
the  various  grains,  and  hemp,  flax,  potatoes, 
tobacco  and  hops.  Grapes  are  extensively 
cultivated  south  of  latitude  51°  and  in  the 
valley  of  the  Rhine. 

Iron,  copper,  coal,  gold,  silver,  and  other 
metals,  are  found.  Agriculture  is  the  lead- 
ing pursuit.  Manufactures  are  flourishing, 
but  commerce  receives  little  attention. 

The  Germans  have  light  complexions,  and 
are  noted  for  industry,  perseverance,  frank- 
ness and  hospitality.  They  are  generally 
well  educated,  imaginative ^  and  fond  of 
music  and  dancing. 

Universities  of  the  highest  celebrity, 
schools  and  valuable  libraries  abound,  and 
no  nation  produces  a  greater  number  of 


authors,    or   men    more    distinguished   in 
science,  than  Germany. 

The  German  Diet,  composed  of  delegates 
from  the  several  states,  holds  its  sessions  at 
Frankfort,  on  the  Maine,  a  city  noted  for 
the  amount  of  business  transacted  at  its 
semi-annual  fairs. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Germany 
proper  ?  Inhabitants  ?  Where  is  it  situated  ?  What 
does  the  Germanic  Confederation  comprise  ?  What  is 
said  of  the  surface  of  Germany  ?  Climate  ?  Soil  and 
products?  Minerals?  Pursuits?  The  Germans? 
Universities  and  Schools  ?    The  German  Diet  ? 


28.  MECKLENBURG. 
Square  miles,  5,600.  Population,  641,000. 
MecklenbTirg  is  a  level,  agricultural,  tract 
bordering  on  the  Baltic  Sea.  Cattle  are 
reared  in  great  numbers.  Liquor,  distilled 
from  corn,  is  the  principal  article  of  manu- 
facture. 

ScHWERiN  is  the  capital,  and  Rostwick  the 
chief  seaport. 

Questions.  Describe  Mecklenburg  ?  Name  its  cap- 
ital and  seaport  ? 

29.     HANOVER. 
Square  miles,  14,800.     Population,  1,819,000. 

Hanover  is  a  kingdom  in  the  north-west 
of  Germany. 

In  the  low  alluvial  flats,  the  soil  is  remark- 
ably rich,  but  it  has  many  barren  heaths. 
Agriculture  and  manufactures  are  in  a  low 
condition. 

Gold,  silver,  copper,  lead,  iron,  and  coal, 
are  found;  and  mining  constitutes  a  chief 
branch  of  industry. 

Hanover,  the  capital,  is  built  in  a  sandy 
plain.  It  is  divided  by  the  Leine,  a  branch 
of  the  Weser,  into  the  old  and  new  town ; 


122 


EUROPIl. 


the  former,  ill  built  and  dirty ;  the  latter, 
regularly  laid  out. 

Gotting'en  is  the  seat  of  a  university ;  the 
library,  observatory  and  botanical  gardens 
of  which,  are  among  the  most  celebrated  iu 
Europe. 

Questions.  Where  is  Hanover  situated?  "What  is 
said  of  the  soil  ?  What  is  the  condition  of  agricul- 
tnr«  and  manufactures  in  Hanover  ?  What  minerals 
j»re  found  ?    What  is  said  of  Hanover  ?     Gottingen  ? 


30.     SAXONY. 
Square  miles,  5,900.     Population,  2,000,000. 
Saxony,  a  kingdom  of  centra,!  Germany, 
is  situated  south  of  Prussia. 


Its  university,  gymnasia  and  schools  have 
been  much  celebrated. 

Universal  toleration  is  guaranteed  to  all 
religious  creeds ;  but  the  principal  religion 
is  Lutheran. 

Dresden,  the  capital,  is  a  beautiful  city, 
with  superb  palaces  and  churches,  and  val- 
uable libraries  and  galleries  of  paintings. 

Leipsic  is  the  second  city  in  Saxony,  and 
one  of  the  chief  seats  of  commerce  in  Ger- 
many. It  is  noted  for  its  fairs,  at  which 
people  are  congregated  from  all  parts  of 
Europe,  and  from  Asia  and  America.  It  is 
extensively  engaged  in  the  manufacture  and 
trade  of  books.  Its  university  is  one  of  tlie 
most  distinguished  *in  Ger- 
many. 


Questions.  Where  is  Saxony  sit- 
uated ?  What  is  said  of  the  clinintc  ? 
For  what  is  it  distinguished  ?  Wliat 
is  the  state  of  agriculture,  manufac- 
tures and  trade  ?  What  is  said  of 
educational  institutions  ?  Religion  ? 
Describe  Dresden  ?     Leipsic  ? 


The  climate  in  the  loftier  mountain  dis- 
tricts is  cold  and  bleak,  but  in  other  parts,  it 
is  milder  than  in  most  countries  of  Europe 
in  the  same  latitude. 

This  kingdom  is  distinguished  for  the 
productiveness  of  its  soil,  the  superiority  of 
its  cattle  and  sheep,  and  the  variety  and 
riclincss  of  its  minerals. 

Agriculture,  manufactures  and  trade  are 
in  a  flourishing  condition,  and  education  is 
universally  diffused, 


31.    BAVARIA. 

Square  miles,  29,(500. 

Population,  4,600,000. 

The  Kingdom,  of  Bavaria, 
situated  west  of  Austria,  witli 
a  small  portion  of  territory  west  of  the  Rhine, 
in  extent  and  population,  is  the  most  import- 
ant state  of  Germany  proper. 

The  climate  is  temperate  and  healthful, 
though  on  account  of  its  general  elevation, 
it  is  colder  than  the  other  countries  of  Ger- 
many. 

The  soil  is  fertile,  the  mountains  yielding 
excellent  pasturage,  while  the  valleys  are 
productive  in  grains  and  fruits. 

Munich,  the  capital,  is  one  of  the  hand- 


EUROPE. 


123 


somest  cities  in  Germany,  and  is  noted  for 
its  literary  institutions,  and  fine  galleries  of 
paintings  and  sculpture. 


THE    CATHEDRAL    OF    SPIRES. 


Nuremberg  has  an  antique  appearance, 
and  is  celebrated  for  the  manufacture  of 
watches,  and  musical  instruments,  and  the 
ingenuity  of  its  citizens. 

Questions.  What  is  said  of  Bavaria ?  Its  climate? 
Soil  ?     Productions  ?     Munich  ?     Nuremberg  ? 


32.     WURTEMBURG. 
Square  miles,  7,500.     Population,  1,815,000. 

Wurtemburg  is  a  kingdom  of  Germany, 
situated  west  of  Bavaria. 

Though  mountainous,  it  is  one  of  the 
most  fertile  and  highly  cultivated  portions 
of  Germany,  producing  grain,  fruits  and 
wine. 

The  inhabitants  are  among  the  most  high- 
ly civilized  and  best  educated  in  Europe. 
Schools  and  libraries  are  verj'  numerous. 

Stuttgart  is  the  capital.  It  is  well  built, 
with  -broad  and  handsome  streets  and  fine 
squares.  It  has  an  extensive  public  library 
and  many  private  libraries. 

Ulm  is  noted  for  its  splendid  cathedral. 


Questions.  Where  is  Wurtemburg  situated?  What 
is  said  of  its  soil  ?  Inhabitants  ?  Schools  and  libra- 
ries?    Stuttgart?     Ulm? 


33.     BADEN. 

Square  miles,  5,900,     Population,  1,357,000. 

Baden  is  a  narrow,  fertile  tract,  bordering 
the  Rhine.  The  Black  Forest  extends  over 
a  large  part  of  the  state.  Many  of  its  hills 
are  covered  to  their  very  summits  with  vine- 
yards. Agriculture,  manufactures  and  trade 
are  in  a  flourishing  state. 

Carlrruhb,  the  capital,  and  Manheim,  are 
well  built  towns. 

Questions.  What  can  you  say  of  Baden  ?  Carls- 
ruhe  ?     Manheim  ? 


FREE  CITIES. 
1.   Frankfort,   2.   Bremen,- 3.   Hamburg,  4.  Lubeck. 

These  are  all  that  remain  of  the  eighty- 
five  cities  which  were  united  in  the  middle 
ages  for  mutual  assistance,  and  called  the 
Hanseatic  league. 

Frankfurt,  on  the  Maine,  the  seat  of  the 
Germanic  diet,  is  pleasantly  situated  in  a 
beautiful,  but  narrow  valley.  It  has  a 
large  number  of  public  squares.  It  is 
rich  in  establishments  for  the  promotion 
of  art  and  literature,  and  has  considerable 
trade. 

Bremen,  situated  on  both  banks  of  the 
Weser,  has  an  extensive  foreign  trade, 
especially  with  North  America.  It  is  tho 
principal  German  port  for  the  shipment  ef 
emigrants. 

Ha7nburg,  the  largest  of  the  free  cities, 
and  the  greatest  commercial  port  on  the 
continent  of  Europe,  is  situated  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Elbe,  seventy  miles  from 
its  mouth. 


124 


EUROPE. 


SENATE    HOUSE,    MARKET    PLACE    AND    CATHEDRAL,    LUBECK. 


Lubeck  is  enclosed  by  ramparts  and  a 
promenade.  Its  trade  is  less  important  than 
formerly,  but  is  still  thriving,  especially 
with  the  Baltic  states. 

QUESTIONS.  Name  the  free  cities.  What  is  said  of 
Frankfort?     Bremen?     Hamburg?     Lubeck? 


34.     SWITZERLAND. 

Square  miles,  15,000.     Population,  2,390,000. 

Switzerland,  a  federal  republic  of  central 
Europe,  comprises  twenty-two  cantons, 
called  the  Helvetic  Republic. 

It  is  a  land  of  mountains  and  vales,  lakes 
and  streams,  presenting  some  of  the  wildest, 
most  picturesque,  and  sublime  scenery  in 
the  world. 

The  Alps,  which  form  its  southern  boun- 
dary, are  the  loftiest  mountains  in  Europe, 
and  extremely  rugged.  Dazzling  glaciers, 
or  fields  of  ice,  crown  their  summits,  and 
vast  avalanches  of  snow,  rushing  from  their 
sides  into  the  vales  below,  sometimes  bury 
whole  villages. 

Switzerland  has  a  great  variety  of  climate. 


The  declivities  of  the 
mountains  are  cold,  and 
only  adapted  to  grazing; 
the  vales  are  warm,  and 
productive  of  grain  and 
fruits.  Cotton  goods  and 
watches  are  the  principal 
manufactures. 

A  variety  of  minerals 
has  been  found,  .but  none 
are  worked  to  much  ex- 
tent, except  iron. 

The  cantons  are  united 
for   mutual    defence,   but 
retain  their  individual  in- 
dependence  in   regard  to 
all  matters  of  internal  administration. 

The  diet  meets  alternately  at  Berne,  the 
nominal  capital.  Lucerne   and  Zurich. 

The  Swiss  are  well  educated  and  indus- 
trious, honest  and  hospitable,  and  ardently 
attached  to  their  country.    In  religion  they 


ALPS  AND  CONVENT  OF  THE  GREAT  ST.  BERNARD. 

are  nearly  equally  divided  between  the  Prot- 
estant and  Roman  Catholic. 

Berne,  on  a  branch  "of  the  Rhine,  is  one 


EUROPE. 


125 


of  the  finest  cities  in  Europe,  and  is  sur- 
rounded bj  a  picturesque  country. 

Geneva,  distinguished  for  its  literary  in- 
stitutions, and  the  manufacture  of  watches, 
is  beautifully  situated  on  lake  Geneva. 


Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Switzer- 
land? Inhabitants?  What  does  it  comprise?  De- 
scribe its  surface.  The  Alps.  What  is  said  of  the 
climate  ?  Productions  ?  Manufactures  ?  Minerals  ? 
The  cantons?  The  diet?  The  Swiss?  Religion? 
Berne  ?     Geneva  ? 


GENERAL  QUESTIONS   ON  EUROPE. 


How  is  Europe  bounded?  Which  is  the  largest 
division  ?  What  divisions  border  on  the  Atlantic  ? 
What  on  the  l^orth  Sea  ?  Wliat  on  the  Baltic  Sea  ? 
What  on  the  Mediterranean  Sea?  What  divisions 
have  no  sea-coast  ?  What  two  divisions  form  a  penin- 
sula in  the  northern  part  ?  In  the  south-western  part  ? 
What  divisions  are  entirely  separated  from  the  conti- 
nent? 

Where  are  the  Scandinavian  Mountains  ?  Carpa- 
thian Mountains  ?  Alps  ?  Apennines  ?  Pyrenees  ? 
Where  is  Mount  Vesuvius  ?     Mt.  Etna  ?    Mt.  Hecla  ? 

Where  is  Lake  Wener?  Constance?  Onega? 
Ladoga  ?  AVhat  are  the  principal  rivers  of  England  ? 
Of  Sweden?  Describe  the  Dwina.  Ural.  Don. 
Danube.  Guadiana.  Rhone.  Loire.  Rhine.  Elbe. 
Thames.     What  are  the  tributaries  of  the  Danube  ? 

What  sea  between  England  and  Norway  ?  Between 
Sweden  and  Russia?  Between  Italy  and  Turkey? 
Between  Ireland  and  Wales  ?  Mention  all  the  seas  in 
and  around  Russia  ?  Wliat  gulfs  connect  directly  with 
the  Baltic  Sea  ?  With  the  Mediterranean  ?  Where 
is  the  Bay  of  Biscay  ?  Galway  Bay  ?  Strait  of  Dar- 
danelles ?  Strait  of  Otranto  ?  Strait  of  Messina  ? 
Strait  of  Gibraltar  ?  English  Channel  ?  Bristol  Chan- 
nel? St.  George's  Channel?  The  Skager  Rack? 
Cattegat  ? 

Mention  the  principal  islands  found  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea.  In  the  Archipelago.  In  the  Baltic  Sea. 
Where  are  the  Shetland  Islands?  Faroe  Islands? 
Orkney  Islands?  Hebrides?  Loffoden  Islands? 
What  Peninsula  in  the  southern  part  of  Russia? 
Where  is  the  North  Cape  ?  Cape  Matapan  ?  Cape 
Spartivento?  Cape  Trafalgar?  Cape  St.  Vincent? 
Cape  Ortegal?    La  Hague?    Lands  End? 


What  is  the  latitude  of  London  ?  Paris  ?  St.  Pe- 
tersburg ?  Rome  ?  Constantinople  ?  Strait  of  Gib- 
raltar ?  North  Cape  ?  What  is  the  longitude  of  Paris  ? 
Frankfort  ?  St.  Petersburg  ?  Constantinople  ?  Mad- 
rid ?     Lisbon  ?     Dublin  ? 

What  countries  in  Europe  are  about  the  same  lat- 
itude as  Vermont?  As  Pennsylvania?  In  what 
zones  is  Europe? 

What  countries  of  Europe  are  mostly  mountainous  ? 
What  countries  are  level  ?  What  is  the  climate  of 
England  ?  Of  Russia  ?  Of  Italy  ?  Of  Spain  ?  In 
what  countries  is  agriculture  best  conducted  ?  What 
are  the  vegetable  productions  of  Norway  ?  Of  Aus- 
tria ?  Of  Italy  ?  Of  Portugal  ?  Of  France  ?  What 
are  the  mineral  productions  of  Norway  ?  Austria  ? 
France?  Spain?  England?  Scotland?  W^hat  is 
the  general  character  of  the  French  ?  Italians  ? 
Spaniards  ?  Scotch  ?  Dutch  ?  Turks  ?  What  is 
the  government  of  Great  Britain  ?  France  ?  Aus- 
tria? Russia?  Turkey?  Switzerland?  What 
countries  of  Europe  are  Roman  Catholic  ?  Protest- 
ant ?  Greek  Church  ?  What  is  the  religion  of  Tur- 
key ? 

Describe  London.  Paris.  Stockholm.  St.  Peters- 
burg. Constantinople.  Athens.  Rome.  Madrid. 
What  are  the  most  commercial  cities  of  England  ? 
France  ? 

How  would  you  sail  from  New  York  to  London  ? 
From  London  to  St.  Petersburg  ?  From  London  to 
Naples  ?  From  Naples  to  Constantinople  ?  From 
Constantinople  to  Copenhagen  ?  What  mountains 
would  you  pass  in  traveling  by  land  from  Paris  to 
Rome  ?  What  cities  of  interest  ?  In  what  countries 
of  Europe  should  we  find  the  best  traveling  facilities  ? 


ASIA. 


SQUARE  MILES,  16,000,000.      POPULATION,   650,000,000. 


COUNTRIES,  CAPITALS,  CHIEF  TOWNS. 

1  Siberia,  l  Omsk,  2  Irkootsk,  3  Yekaterin- 
boorg,  4  Tobolsk,  5  Tomsk, 
6  Barnaul,  1  Kiakhta,  8  Ya- 
koolsk,  9  Okhotsk,  10  Fetro- 
paulovski. 


KEY  TO  MAP  NO.  7. 

9  Beloochistan,  l  Kelat. 

10  Afghanistan,  l  Cabool,  2  Herat,  8  Peshawer. 

11  Persia, 


2  Chinese  Tartary, 

Soongaria,  i  Eelee. 
Mongolia,  2  MaimaitcMn. 
Mantchooria,  3  Sa(/halien,  4  Chinyang. 
Toorkistan,  5  Yarkand,  6  Kashgar. 

3  Corea,         l  Kingkitao. 

4  China,  l  Peking,    2    Teentsin,    3   Nanking,    4 

Shanghai,      5     Hang-chow-foo,     6 
Amoy,  T  Canton,  8  Macao. 


5  Thibet, 

1  Lassa,  2  Jiga  Gounggar. 

6  Japan, 

1  Yeddo,  2  Jfinka,  3  Osaka. 

7  Farther  India, 

Burmah, 

1  MoNCHOBOo,  9  Rangoon,  10  Amara' 

poora. 

Anam, 

2  Hue,  5  Ketcho,  6  Saigon. 

Siam, 

3  Bangkok. 

Malacca, 

4  Malacca,  V  Singapore. 

Tenasserim,  8  Amherst. 

8  HindOStan,  l  Calcutta,  2  Cashmere,  3  Amritseer, 
4  Lahore,  5  Dellii,  6  Lucknow,  T 
Benares,  8  Patna,  9  Dacca,  10 
Nag  poor,  11  Hyderabad,  12 
Madras,  13  Colombo,  14  Poonah, 
15  Bombay,  16  Surat,  17  ^ar- 
ocZa,  18  Ahmedabad,  19  Hydrabad, 
20  Oojein. 


1  Teheran,   2    Tabreez,    3    Reshd,    4 
Meshed,  5  Ispahan,  6  Slieeraz. 

12  Arabia,         l  Mecca,    2    Derateh,   3   Muscat,   4 

Sana,     5     Pe^ra,     6     Medina,    •? 
Mocha,     8     Aden. 

13  Turkey,        l  Smyrna,     2    ^rwsa,     3     Trebizond, 

4    Erzroom,    5    A'ars,    6   Liarbe- 
kir,     1     Mosul,     8     Bagdad,     9 

14  Syria,  l  Aleppo,  2  Damascus,  3  Jerusalem,  4 

Beyroot. 

15  Georgia,      i  Tiflis. 

16  Independent  Toorkistan,  l  Khiva,  2  Khokan, 

3  Bokhara,      Tashkekd,  5  Sam' 
arcand. 


OCEANS,  SEAS,  GULFS  AND  BAYS. 

1  Arctic  Ocean, 

2  Pacific  Ocean, 

3  Inbian  Ocean, 

4  Sea  of  Kara, 

5  Gulf  of  Obi, 

6  Yenisei  Gulf, 

7  Gulf  of  Lena, 

8  Gulf  of  Anadir,  \ 

9  Sea  of  Kamtchatka,  5; 

10  Sea  of  Okhotsk, 

11  Penjinsk  Ghdf, 

12  Jijiginsk  Ghdf^ 

13  Tomsk  Gulf, 

14  Sea  of  Yesso, 


128 


ASIA. 


15  Sea  of  Japan, 

57  Fadievskoi, 

16   Yeddo  Bay, 

58  New  Siberia, 

1*7  Yellow  Sea, 

59  Liaghoff, 

18  Pecheelee  GuLy, 

60  Behring''s  Islaiids, 

19  Eastern  Sea, 

61  Tchantar, 

20  China  Sea,                                     . 

62  Saghalien, 

21  Gulf  of  Tonquin, 

63  KooRiLE  Islands, 

22  Gulp  of  Siam, 

64  Staten  Islands, 

23  Gulf  of  Martabak, 

65  Yesso, 

24  Bat  of  Bengal, 

66  NiPHON, 

25  Gulf  of  ManaaVy 

67    SiKOKF, 

26  Arabian  Sea, 

68  Kioosioo, 

27  Gulf  of  Cambay, 

69   Quelpaevt  Islands, 

28  Gulf  of  Cidch, 

70  Loo-Choo  Islands, 

29  Gulf  of  Ormus, 

71  Formosa, 

30  Persian  Gulp, 

72  Hongkong, 

31   Gulf  of  Aden, 

73  Hainan, 

32  Red  Sea, 

74  Singapore, 

33  Dead  Sea, 

75  Sumatra, 

34  Mediterranean  Sia, 

76  Fenang, 

35  ^gean  Sea, 

11  Junk  Ceylon, 

36  Sea  of  Marmora, 

78    NlCOBAR, 

37  Black  Sea, 

79  Andaman, 

38  Sea  of  Azof, 

80  Ceylon, 

39  Caspian  Sea, 

81  Maldite  Islands, 

40  Dead  Gulf 

82   Coralline  Islands, 

41  Aral  Sea. 

83  Laccadive  Islands, 

84  Kishm, 

85  Bahrein, 

86    SOCOTRA, 

STRAITS  AND  CHANNFJ«S. 

87  Cyprus. 

42  Behring's  Strait, 

43  Channel  of  Tartart, 

44  Perouse  Strait, 

45  Strait  of  Yesso, 

PENINSULAS,  CAPES  AND  ISTHMUSES. 

46  Strait  of  Corea, 

47  Strait  of  Formosa, 

88  Peninsula  of  Kamtchatka, 

48  Strait  of  Malacca, 

89  Cape  Zelania, 

49  PaWs  Strait, 

90  North  East  Cape, 

50  Strait  of  Ormus, 

91   Chelagskoy  Cape, 

51  Strait  of  Bab-el-Mandeb, 

92  East  Cape, 

52  Strait  of  Dardanelles, 

93  Cape  St.  Thaddeus, 

53  Channel  of  Bosporus, 

94  Cape  Lopatka, 

64  Strait  of  Yenikale. 

95  Cape  Cambodia, 

96  Cape  Romania, 

97  Cape  Negrais, 

98  Cape  Comorin, 

99  Cape  Rasalhad, 

ISLANDS. 

100  Cape  Isolette, 

55  NoTA  Zembla, 

101  Isthmus  of  Kraw, 

56  Kotelnoi, 

102  Isthmus  op  Suez. 

ASIA. 


129 


MOUNTAINS  AND  DESERTS. 

103  Ural, 

104  Konjakofski, 

105  Little  Altai, 

106  Stanotoi, 

107  Aldan, 

108  Khingan, 

109  Peling, 

110  Meling, 

111  KUENLUN, 

112  Himalaya, 

113  KUNCHINJ0NOA, 

114  Beloor, 

115  Thian  Shan, 

116  Peshan  Volcano, 

117  Ghauts  Mountains, 

118  Hindoo  Koosh, 

119  Elbrooz, 

120  Demavend, 

121  Ramleah, 

122  Sinai, 

123  Taurus, 

124  Ararat, 

125  Caucasus, 

126  Great  Desert  of  Gobi, 

127  Sandy  Desert, 

128  Great  Sandy  Desert, 

129  Great  Salt  Desert, 

130  Desert  of  Akhaf,  or  Arabian  Desert. 


LAKES. 


131  TCHANT, 

132  Baikal, 

133  Balkash, 

134  Zaisan  Nor, 

135  Lop  Nor, 

136  Koko  Nor, 

137  Poyang, 

138  Ton-Ting  Hoo, 

139  Zurrah, 

140  Ooroomeeyah. 


RIVERS. 


141  Obi, 

142  Irtish, 


143  Tobol, 

144  Iishim, 

145  Yenisei, 

146  Angara, 

147  Selenga, 

148  Toongooska, 

149  Piasina, 

150  Khatanga, 

151  Anabara, 

152  Olenek, 

153  Lena, 

1 54  Vitim, 

155  Aldan, 

156  Amga, 

157  Yana, 

158  Indighirka, 

159  Kolyma, 

160  Anadir, 

161  Amoor, 

162  Chikiri, 

163  S/iilka, 

164  Argoon, 

1 65  Soongari, 

166  Oosoori, 

167  Pei-Ho, 

168  Hoang  Ho, 

169  Yang-tse-Kiang, 

170  Hong  Kiang, 

171  Cambodia, 

172  Menam, 

173  Salwin, 

174  Irrawaddy, 

175  Brahmapootra, 

176  Ganges, 

177  Jumna, 

178  Mahanuddy^ 

179  Godavery, 

180  Kristnah, 

181  Nerbudda, 

182  Indus, 

183  Sutlej, 

184  Chenaub, 

185  Helmund, 

186  Tigris, 

187  Euphrates, 

188  Koor, 

189  Aitruck, 

190  Ural, 

191  SiHON, 

192  Amoo, 

193  Yarkand. 


130 


ASIA. 


QUESTIONS   ON   THE  MAP  OF  ASIA. 


Bound  Asia.  What  is  the  number  of  its  square  j 
miles  ?  Inhabitants  ?  What  is  its  latitude  ?  Longi- 
tude ?  In  what  zones  is  Asia?  With  what  grand 
divisions  is  it  connected  ?  (See  Map  of  Hemispheres.) 
Name  its  political  divisions.  Their  capitals.  Which 
division  extends  farthest  north?  South?  East? 
West  ?     AVhat  divisions  have  no  sea-coast  ? 


OCEANS,  SEAS,  GULFS  AND  BAYS. 
What  ocean  North  of  Asia  ?  L  East  ?  2.  South  ?  3. 
What  sea  between  Nova  Zembla  and  Siberia?  4. 
What  two  seas  east  of  Siberia?  9,  10.  What  sea 
east  of  Chinese  Tartary  ?  15.  West  of  Corea?  17. 
'South  of  China?  20.  W^est  of  Hindostan?  26. 
Between  Asia  and  Africa  ?  32.  West  of  Turkey  ?  34. 
What  three  seas  between  Asia  and  Europe  ?  36,  37, 
39.  What  sea  in  Independent  Tartary  ?  41.  What  is 
there  remarkable  in  respect  to  the  Caspian  and  Aral 
seas?  Ans. — Large  rivers  flow  into  them,  but  no 
outlets  have  yet  been  discovered. 

What  three  gulfs  north  of  Siberia?  5-7.  What 
four  gulfs  on  the  east?  8,  11-13.  What  bay  in  the 
east  of  Japan  ?  16.  What  gulf  south  of  China?  21. 
Wliat  gulfs  south  of  Farther  India  ?  22,  23.  AVhat 
bay  east  of  Hindostan  ?  24.  AVhat  gulfs  west  of  Hin- 
dostan ?  27,  28.  What  gulf  south  of  Beloochistan  ? 
29.     South  of  Persia?  30.     South  of  Arabia?  31. 


STRAITS  AND  CHANNELS. 

What  strait  separates  Asia  from  North  America? 
42.  What  channel  east  of  Chinese  Tartary  ?  43. 
What  strait  between  the  Sea  of  Japan  and  the  Sea 
of  Yesso?  44.  What  strait  between  Niphon  and 
Yesso  ?  45.  What  strait  south  of  Corea  V  46.  East 
of  China?  47.  West  of  Malacca?  48.  South  of 
Persia?  50.     South  of  Arabia?  51. 


ISLANDS. 

What  islands  north  of  Siberia?  55-59.  East  of 
Kamtchatka  ?  60.  What  island  north-east  of  Chinese 
Tartary  ?  62.  What  islands  east  of  the  Sea  of  Japan  ? 
65,  66.  What  islands  east  of  China  ?  67-71.  What 
islands  south  of  China  ?  72,  73.     What  island  west  of 


Malacca  ?  75.  What  islands  west  of  Farther  India  ? 
76-79.  What  large  island  south  of  Hindostan  ?  80. 
What  groups  south-west  of  Hindostan  ?  81-83. 

CAPES  AND  PENINSULAS. 

Which  is  the  most  northern  cape  of  Asia  ?  90. 
The  most  eastern  ?  92.  What  cape  south  of  the 
Peninsula  of  Kamtchatka?  94.  East  of  the  gulf  of 
Siam?  95.  South  of  Malacca?  96.  South  of  Bur- 
mah  in  Chin  India  ?  97.  What  cape  south  of  Hin- 
dostan? 98.  What  isthmus  unites  x\sia  to  Africa  ? 
102.    What  peninsula  east  of  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk  ?  88. 

MOUNTAINS  AND  DESERTS. 
What  mountains  between  Asia  and  Europe  ?  103. 
Siberia  and  Chinese  Tartary  ?  105,  106.  AVhat 
mountains  and  desei'ts  in  Chinese  Tartary  ?  108,  115, 
126,  127.  AVhat  mountains  in  China?  109,  110. 
North  of  Thibet  ?  111.  North  of  Hindostan  ?  112. 
AVhat  mountains  and  desert  in  Persia?  119,  129. 
What  mountains  and  desert  in  Arabia?  121,  130. 
What  mountain  near  the  isthmus  of  Suez  ?  122. 
AVhat  mountains  in  Turkey  ?  123. 


LAKES. 
What  two  lakes  in  Siberia  ?  131,  132.     AVhat  lakes 
in  Chinese  Tartary  ?  133-136.    AVhat  lake  in  Afghan- 
istan ?  139.     AVhat  lake  in  Persia  ?  140. 


RIVERS. 
What  rivers  flow  from  Siberia  into  the  Arctic 
Ocean?  141,  145,  149-153,  157-159.  Mention  the 
tributaries  of  the  Obi.  142-144.  Of  the  Yenisei. 
146-148.  Of  the  Lena.  154-156.  AVhat  river  flows 
into  the  Channel  of  Tartary  ?  161.  AA'hat  are  the 
principal  rivers  of  China?  167-170.  Of  Farther 
India?  171-174.  AVhat  rivers  from  Hindostan  flow 
into  the  Bay  of  Bengal?  176,  178-180.  What  into 
the  Arabian  Sea?  181,  182.  AVhat  river  flows  into 
Lake  Zurrah  ?  185.  What  rivers  of  Turkey  flow 
into  the  Persian  Gulf?  186,  187.  AVhat  river  be- 
tween Independent  Tartary  and  Russia?  190.  AVhat 
two  rivers  flow  into  the  Sea  of  Aral  ?    191,  192. 


ASIA. 


IGl 


DESCRIPTIVE    GEOGKAPHY. 


Asia  is  the  largest  and  most  populous 
grand  division  of  the  globe. 

It  contains  immense  plains  and  elevated 
plateaus,  traversed  by  lofty  mountains.  It 
has  large  inland  seas  or  lakes,  and  numer- 
ous rivers. 

It  is  distinguished  for  its  delicious  fruits, 
fragrant  spices,  and  medicinal  drugs.  Rice, 
the  vine,  the  tea-plant,  and  many  of  the 
fruits  of  the  torrid  zone,  are  extensively 
cultivated. 

It  is  rich  in  gold,  diamonds  and  other 
precious  gems.  Silver,  copper,  iron,  tin, 
and  lead,  are  also  found. 

The  elephant,  rhinoceros,  lion,  tiger,  bear, 
and  other  wild  animals,  are  numerous.  In 
the  southern  part,  insects  and  reptiles  are 
abundant — also  birds  of  splendid  plumage. 

The  inhabitants  belong  chiefly  to  the  Cau- 
casian, Asiatic  and  Malay  races. 

Tiie  Caucasian  race  occupies  the  western 


part;  the  Asiatic,  the  northern  and  eastern; 
the  Malay  race,  Malacca,  and  the  Asiatic 
islands. 

The  principal  nations  have  their  learned 
men,  but  the  great  mass  of  the  population 
are  deplorably  ignorant  and  superstitious. 
The  .women  are  degraded,  and  often  treated 
like  slaves. 

Agriculture  is  pursued  in  some  parts  of 
Asia  with  great  care,  but  not  with  the  same 
skill  as  in  Europe.  The  arts  and  manufac- 
tures are  in  an  imperfect  state,  though  the 
most  superb  silks  and  shawls  in  the  world 
are  manufactured  in  Asia. 

The  religion  is  mostly  Pagan  and  Moham- 
medan ;  far  the  greatest  number  of  people 
are  Pagan. 

Asia  formerly  contained  the  most  wealthy 
and  enlightened  nations  of  the  world,  and 
was  the  seat  of  the  powerful  empires  of 
Assyria,  Babylonia  and  Persia. 


132 


ASIA. 


It  has  been  the  theatre  of  the  greatest 
events  that  ever  transpired  on  our  globe. 

Here  man  was  created  and  placed  in  the 
garden  of  Eden — here  he  sinned  and  brought 
death  into  the  world — here  the  patriarchs 
and  prophets  dwelt — and  here,  too,  was  the 
scene  of  the  birth,  crucifixion,  and  ascension 
of  Christ,  the  Redeemer  of  mankind. 

Questions.  What  is  the  size  of  Asia  ?  Mention  its 
natural  characteristics.  For  what  is  it  distinguished  ? 
What  are  cultivated  ?  In  what  is  it  rich  ?  What  ani- 
mals are  found?  Who  inhabit  it?  What  is  their 
character  ?  What  is  said  of  agriculture  and  the  arts  ? 
Religion  ?  What  did  Asia  formerly  contain  ?  What 
has  transpired  here  ? 


1.     SIBERIA. 

Square  miles,  5,300,000.     Population,  3,000,000. 

Siberia  is  a  vast  country  occupying  the 
northern  part  of  Asia,  and  subject  to  the 
Russian  government. 

It  is  mostly  one  immense  plain,  abounding 
with  numerous  marshes  and  large  rivers. 

The  northern  part  is  excessively  cold, 
scarcely  admitting  of  cultivation.  The 
southern  part  abounds  with  extensive  for- 
ests, and  produces  grain  and  potatoes. 

The  mountainous  sections  are  rich  in 
mines  of  gold,  silver,  iron,  platina,  and  in 
precious  stones. 

Bears,  sables,  ermines,  beavers,  lynxes, 
and  marmots  are  numerous,  furnishing  val- 
uable skins  and  furs  for  export.  The  rein- 
deer, sheep  and  dog,  are  the  principal  domes- 
tic animals. 

The  inhabitants  consist  of  wandering 
native  tribes,  and  exiles  who  have  been 
banished  from  Russia  for  crime.  Hunting 
and  mining  are  their  chief  employments. 

Numerous  bones  of  the  mammoth,  ele- 
phant, and  other  animals  of  the  torrid  zone, 


are  found  on  the  banks  of  the  rivers,  and 
shores  of  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

Omsk,  one  of  the  capitals  of  West  Siberia, 
has  an  important  military  school. 

Tobolsk,  the  other  capital  of  "West  Sibe- 
ria, is  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Irtish 
and  Tobol  rivers.  It  is  surrounded  by  a 
strong  brick  wall,  and  the  streets  are  mostly 
paved  with  wood. 

Irkootsk,  the  residence  of  the  governor  of 
East  Siberia,  is  situated  on  the  Angara, 
thirty  miles  from  lake  Baikal.  It  has  seve- 
ral public  buildings  and  numerous  schools, 
and  is  a  place  of  considerable  commerce. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Siberia  ? 
Inhabitants?  Where  docs  Siberia  lie,  and  to  whom 
is  it  subject  ?  What  is  said  of  its  surface  ?  Climate 
and  productions  ?  Mines  ?  Animals  ?  Inhabitants  ? 
Bones  of  Animals  ?     Omsk  ?     Tobolsk  ?     Irkootsk  ? 


CHINESE  EMPIRE. 
Square  miles,  5,000,000.     Population,  400,000,000. 

The  Chinese  Empire  is  an  immense  terri- 
tory, stretching  from  the  center  to  the  east- 
ern extremities  of  Asia,  and  occupying 
nearly  a  third  of  its  surface. 

It  is  the  most  populous  empire  in  the 
world,  and  comprises  Cliinese  Tartary ,  China, 
Corea,  Thibet,  and  numerous  islands. 

The  government  is  despotic,  and  the  Em- 
peror is  styled  the  "Son  of  Heaven,"  and 
the  "Father  of  his  people." 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  the  Chi- 
nese Empire  ?  Inhabitants  ?  Describe  it.  What  docs 
it  comprise  ?  What  is  its  government  ?  What  is  the 
Emperor  styled  ? 


2.     CHINESE  TARTARY. 
This  extensive  country  consists  chiefly  of 
elevated  table  land,  abounding  with  deserts 


ASIA 


133 


and  mountain  ranges,  and 
is  better  adapted  to  graz- 
ing than  to  tillage. 

It  is  divided  into  the 
following  provinces,  com- 
mencing on  the  east,  Mant- 
chooria,  Mongolia,  Soon- 
garia,  and  Toorkistan. 
The  last  is  the  most  thickly- 
settled.  The  inhabitants 
lead  a  roving  life,  and 
raise  large  numbers  of 
horses  and  cattle. 

Y  ARK  AND  is  the  present 
capital  of  Chinese  Toorkis- 
tan. It  is  enclosed  by  an 
earthern  rampart,  and  its 
houses  are  built  of  stone 
and  clay,  mostly  of  one 
story.  It  is  the  chief  em- 
porium of  trade  between  the  Chinese  Em- 
pire and  the  countries  west. 

Kashg-ar,  the  former  capital  of  Toorkistan, 
is  a  city  of  considerable  importance.  It  has 
manufactures  of  cotton  goods,  and  articles 
of  gold  and  jasper. 

Questions.  Describe  Chinese  Tartary.  How  is  it 
divided  ?  What  is  said  of  its  inhabitants  ?  Describe 
Yarkand.     Kashgar. 


THE    GREAT    CHINESE    WALL, 


3.     COREA. 

Square  miles,  80,000.     Population,  18,000,000. 

Corea  is  very  uneven,  being  traversed  by 
mountains;  the  climate  is  cold.  The  soil 
is  generally  fertile,  and  the  productions  are 
barley  in  the  north;  wheat,  cotton,  rice, 
millet,  and  hemp,  in  the  south. 

Gold,  silver,  copper,  iron,  rock  salt,  and 
coal,  are  found. 

KiNGKiTAO,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the 
Kiang  river,  near  the  center  of  the  kingdom. 


Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Corea? 
Inhabitants  ?  What  is  said  of  the  surface,  climate 
and  soil?     Productions?     Minerals?     Kingkitao? 


4.     CHINA. 

Square  miles,  1,298,000.     Population,  367,033,000. 

China  proper  is  a  large  country  in  the 
south-east  of  Asia. 

It  is  mountainous  in  the  interior  and 
western  parts,  and  slopes  gradually  toward 
the  shore. 

The  climate  is  cold  in  the  north,  and  more 
mild  in  the  south,  though  all  parts  are  sub- 
ject to  great  extremes  of  heat  and  cold. 

The  soil  is  fertile,  especially  in  its  rich 
alluvial  plains,  and  is  cultivated  with  great 
care.  The  most  noted  product  is  tea.  Rice, 
cotton,  wheat,  barley,  and  potatoes  arc  also 
extensively  raised. 

Gold,  silver,  copper,  iron,  and  coal,  are 
found  to  some  extent. 


134 


ASIA. 


The  Chinese  excel  in  tlie  manufacture  of 
silk  and  porcelain.  Teas,  silks,  and  China 
ware,  are  the  principal  exports. 

China  has  a  very  dense  population,  and 
is  remarkable  for  the  great  antiquity  of  its 
government,  and  the  peculiarity  of  its  cus- 
toms. 

The  inhabitants  are  mild,  intelligent  and 
industrious.  Learned  men  are  highly 
esteemed  and  much  attention  is  paid  to 
education.  The  religion  of  the  Chinese  is 
Pagan. 

The  Chinese  wall  was  built  2000  years 
since,  as  a  defense  against  the  Tartars.  It 
is  1,500  miles  in  length,  and  in  some  places 
twenty  or  thirty  feet  high,  and  sufficiently 
wide  for  six  horsemen  to  ride  abreast. 

Peking,  the  capital  city  of  China,  is  situ- 
ated on  a  sandy  plain,  a  hundred  miles  from 
the  Yellow  Sea.  It  consists  of  two  contigu- 
ous cities,  separately  enclosed  by  lofty  walls. 
The  northern,  or  imperial  city,  is  occupied 
by  the  Tartars,  and  contains  several  public 
buildings  and  magnificent  temples.  The 
southern,  or  Chinese  city,  contains  the 
largest  number  of  inhabitants.  Its  entire 
circuit  is  twenty-five  miles.  It  has  consid- 
erable trade  and  manufactures. 


FAMILY    liOAT. 


Canton  is  the  greatest  commercial  city  in 
China.  It  has  a  large  foreign  trade,  and 
exports  immense  quantities  of  tea.  Thou- 
sands of  its  inhabitants  live  in  boats  on  the 
river.  Nankins;,  a  large  city  and  the  ancient 
capital  of  southern  China,  is  situated  near 


the  right  bank  of  the  Yang-tse-Kiang,  about 
ninety  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  has  import- 
ant manufactures  of  crape,  satin.  Nankeen 
cloths,  artificial  flowers,  and  Indian  ink. 
It  contains  the  celebrated  porcelain  tower, 
which  was  built  in  the  fifteenth  century  at 
a  cost  of  over  $35,000,000. 

The  principal  Chinese  islands  are  Hainan 
and  Formosa.  Large  quantities  of  rice, 
with  camphor,  maize,  salt,  sulphur,  fruits, 
and  timber,  are  exported  from  the  latter. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  China  ? 
"What  is  its  population  ?  How  is  it  situated  ?  What 
is  said  of  its  surface  ?  Climate  and  soil  ?  Produc- 
tions ?  Minerals  ?  Manufacture  of  silk  and  porcelain  ? 
Of  exports  ?  For  what  is  China  remarkable  ?  What 
can  you  say  of  its  inhabitants  ?  Learned  men?  Re- 
ligion ?  The  Chinese  wall  ?  Describe  Peking,  Can- 
ton.    Nanking.     The  Chinese  islands. 


5,     THIBET. 

Square  miles,  723,000.     Population,  8,000,000. 

Thibet  occupies  the  southern  portion  of 
the  great  table  land  of  central  Asia,  and  is 
walled  in  by  lofty  mountains. 

It  has  a  cold,  dry,  healthful  climate.  The 
soil  is  poor,  and  the  vegetable  productions 
are  very  few. 

It  is  rich  in  mineral  productions.  Gold, 
silver,  iron,  and  salt  are  abundant. 

It  has  large  numbers  of  cattle  and  sheep. 
A  kind  of  goat  furnishes  a  very  fine  hair 
for  the  manufacture  of  cashmere  shawls. 

Lassa  is  the  capital.  The  Grand  Lama 
resides  here,  and  has  a  magnificent  temple 
near  the  city,  which  is  constantly  thronged 
with  multitudes  of  worshipers. 

Questions.  Give  the  number  of  square  miles  of 
Thibet.  Population.  How  is  Thibet  situated  ?  By 
what  is  it  walled  in  V  Wha-t  is  said  of  its  chmate  and 
soil  ?     Minerals  ?     Animals  ?     Lassa  ? 


ASIA 


135 


6.     EMPIRE  OF  JAPAN. 

Square  miles,  200,000.     Population,  S0,000,000. 

This  empire  includes  tlic  islands  of  Yesso, 
Niplion  and  Kioosioo,  with  several  small 
adjacent  islands. 

The  surface  is  generally  uneven.  The 
coasts  of  the  larger  it;lands  are  extremely 
irregular,  having  numerous  bays  and  gulfs. 


BAY    OF    YKDDO. 


It  has  a  changeal)le  climate  and  fertile 
soil,  jiroducing  in  abundance,  rice,  cotton, 
sugar,  wheat,  tea,  and  the  finest  fruits. 

Gold,  silver,  copper,  tin,  lead,  iron,  and 
coal,  abound. 

Buffaloes  and  zebus  are  common,  and  are 
used  for  agricultural  purposes.  Horses  are 
small  but  excellent,  and  are  used  only  by 
the  nobility.  There  is  a  great  variety  of 
birds  and  insects. 

The  Japanese  belong  to  the  Mongol  race. 
They  are  divided  into  eight  classes ;  princes, 
nobles,  priests,  soldiers,  civil  officers,  mer- 
chants, artisans,  and  laborers.  Many  of 
them  are  very  intelligent.  They  are  skilled 
in  agriculture  and  manufactures.  Females 
are  treated  with  great  respect. 

The  government  is  an  absolute  hereditary 


monarchy.  The  religion  consists  chiefly  in 
the  worship  of  departed  spirits  of  good  men. 
Yeddo,  the  capital,  is  one  of  the  most 
populous  cities.  The  houses  are  usually  of 
one  story,  but  it  contains  many  palaces. 

Questions.  What  number  of  square  miles  has  the 
Empire  of  Japan  ?  Inhabitant?  ?  AVhat  does  it  in- 
clude ?  What  is  said  of  the  surface  ?  Climate,  soil 
and  productions  ?  Minerals?  Animals?  Inhabitants? 
Government?  In  what  does  the  religion  consist? 
Describe  Yeddo. 


INDIA. 

India  is  an  extensive  and  populous  coun- 
try, embracing  Chin-India  on  the  east,  and 
Hindostan  on  the  west. 

It  is  distinguished  by  its  numerous  rivers, 
fertile  soil,  and  luxuriant  vegetation ;  and 
is  rich  in  gold,  diamonds,  and  other  pre- 
cious stones. 

Lofty  and  beautiful  forests  are  numerous. 
Some  of  these  are  rendered  almost  impen- 
etrable by  vines  and  shrubs,  and  are  called 
jungles. 

The  elephant,  tiger,  lion,  panther,  leop- 
ard, hyena,  and  rhinoceros,  abound — also 
birds  of  beautiful  plumage,  and  swarms  of 
insects. 

Most  of  the  inhabitants  are  superstitious 
pagans,  and  exceedingly  degraded. 

Questions.  What  is  India  ?  By  what  is  it  distin- 
guished? In  what  is  it  rich?  What  is  said  of  the 
forests  ?  What  animals  are  found  ?  Describe  its  in- 
habitants. 


7.     FARTHER  INDIA. 

Square  miles,  1,000,000.     Population,  22,000,000. 
Farther  India,  or  India  beyond  the  Gan- 
ges, is  situated  between  the  bay  of  Bengal 
and  China  Sea. 

Four  parallel  mountain  chains  travcrte 


136 


ASIA. 


this  region,  from  north  to  south,  bounding 
the  great  basins  of  its  principal  rivers. 

It  contains  many  rich  valleys,  yielding  a 
variety  of  vegetable  products. 

The  climate  is  healthful.  Agriculture  is 
in  a  backward  state.  Rice  is  the  principal 
product. 

Maize,  cotton,  sugar-cane,  ginger,  and 
tropical  fruits,  are  raised  to  some  extent. 

In  some  parts  of  Farther  India,  gold, 
silver,  copper,  and  iron,  are  found. 

Farther  India  comprises  the  empires  of 
Anam  and  Burmah,  the  kingdom  of  Siam, 
the  peninsula  of  Malacca,  and  the  British 
possessions. 

Anam  extends  from  China  and  the  Gulf 
of  Tonquin,  to  the  Gulf  of  Siam,  and  in- 
cludes Tonquin,  Cochin  Cliina,  Champa, 
and  the  eastern  portion  of  Cambodia. 

Burmah  occupies  the  western  part  of  the 
peninsula,  extending  from  China  to  the 
Gulf  of  Martaban. 

Siam  occupies  the  center  of  the  peninsula, 
lying  between  the  empires  of  Anam  and 
Burmah. 

Malacca  is  the  most  southern  portion  of 
Continental  Asia,  lying  between  tl>e  China 
Sea  and  the  Strait  of  Malacca.  It  was  for- 
merly an  independent  territory,  but  is  now 
divided  between  European  powers  and  the 
king  of  Siam. 

The  British  possessions  embrace  a  section 
of  country  on  the  east  and  north  of  the 
Gulf  of  Martaban,  the  southern  portion  of 
Malacca,  and  the  island  of  Singapore. 

Hue,  the  capital  of  the  empire  of  Anam, 
is  situated  on  the  Hue  river,  ten  miles  from 
the  China  Sea.  It  is  surrounded  by  walls 
mounting  numerous  cannon,  and  its  for- 
tress is  considered  the  strongest  in  Asia. 

Bangkok,  the  capital  of  Siam,  is  situated 


on  both  banks  of  the  river  Menam,  twenty 
miles  above  its  mouth.  It  has  manufactures 
of  tin  and  iron  wares,  and  leather,  and  is 
one  of  the  most  commercial  cities  in  Asia. 

MoNCHOBOO  has  recently  become  the  cap- 
ital of  the  Burman  Empire. 

Singapore,  situated  on  the  south  side  of 
the  island  of  the  same  name,  is  one  of  the 
principal  commercial  emporiums  of  the  east. 
It  has  an  extensive  trade  with  eastern  and 
southern  Asia,  Great  Britain,  France,  and 
the  United  States.  The  port  is  free  to  ves- 
sels of  all  kinds  and  from  all  nations. 

Questions.  What  is  the  extent  of  Farther  India ' 
Population?  How  is  Farther  India  situated ?  What 
is  said  of  its  surface  ?  Soil  ?  Climate  ?  Productions  ? 
Minerals  ?  What  does  it  comprise  ?  Describe  Anam. 
Burmah.  Siam.  Malacca.  The  British  possessions. 
Hue.     Bangkok.     Mgnchoboo.     Singapore. 


8.     HINDOSTAN. 
Square  miles,  1,280,000.     Population,  150,000,000. 

Hindostan  comprises  the  great  central 
peninsula  of  Southern  Asia.  It  consists  of 
a  vast  plain  in  the  north,  and  high  plateaus 
bounded  by  mountains  in  the  south.  Its 
soil  is  very  fertile. 

The  climate  in  the  northern  part  is  mild 
and  agreeable.  In  the  southern,  it  is  op- 
pressively hot  and  often  unhealthy. 

Rice,  sugar,  tobacco,  opium,  cotton,  silk, 
indigo,  and  various  kinds  of  grain  and 
spices,  arc  the  vegetable  productions.  The 
most  delicious  fruits  grow  spontaneously. 

One  of  the  remarkable  vegetable  curiosi- 
ties of  Hindostan,  is  the  Banian,  or  Indian 
fig  tree.  Its  limbs  send  downward  to  the 
earth  numerous  shoots,  which  take  root  and 
become  large  trunks.  One  tree  will  some 
times  form  a  grove  large  enough  to  sliad^ 
several  thousand  persons. 


ASIA. 


137 


Its  minerals  are  gold,  iron,  coal,  diamonds, 
and  other  precious  stones. 

The  Hindoos  have  excelled  in  a  few  man- 
ufactures; the  embroidered  shawls  of  the 
province  of  Cashmere  being  unrivaled. 

The  population  is  dense,  and  divided  into 
castes,  which  never  associate  or  intermarry 
with  each  other.  In  some  districts,  the  in- 
habitants are  intelligent  and  industrious,  in 
others,  ignorant  and  extremely  degraded. 


PALACE    OF    THE    KING,    DELHI. 

Their  religion  is  paganism.  They  wor- 
ship many  thousands  of  deities — also  the 
river  Ganges,  and  various  animals. 

The  British  Government  has  the  control 
of  the  larger  portion  of  the  country. 

The  British  also  possess  Ceylon,  a  beau- 
tiful and  fertile  island,  abounding  with 
fruits  and  spices,  and  valuable  for  its  pearl 
fisheries. 

Calcutta,  the  capital  and  largest  city  in 
Hindostan,  has  an  extensive  commerce,  and 
is  thronged  with  persons  from  all  parts  of 
the  globe. 

Bombay,  the  capital  of  "Western  British 
India,  though  inferior  to  Calcutta  and  Ma- 
dras, has  an  extensive  commerce,  and  is  the 
chief  Indian  port,  connected  with  the  estab- 


lishment of  steam  navigation  between  India 
and  Great  Britain. 

Madras  is  situated  on  a  sandy  shore  on 
the  eastern  coast.  It  has  no  harbor,  but  is 
a  place  of  extensive  trade.  Benares  is  a 
wealthy  city,  situated  on  the  north  bank 
of  the  Ganges.  It  is  the  holy  city  of  the 
Hindoos,  and  contains  numerous  mosques 
and  temples.  It  is  famous  for  its  trade  in 
diamonds. 

Delhi  was  once  tlie  largest  city  in  India. 
It  is  distinguished  for  its  royal  palace. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Hindos- 
tan? Inhabitants?  Where  is  it  situated ?  What  is 
the  surface  of  Hindostan  ?  What  can  you  say  of  the 
soil?  Climate?  Productions V  Banian  tree?  Min- 
erals? Manufactures?  Population?  Religion?  Who 
control  most  of  the  country  ?  Describe  Ceylon.  Cal- 
cutta.    Bombay.     Madras.     Benares.     Delhi. 


9.     BELOOCHISTAN. 
Square  miles,  160,000.     Population,  2,000,000. 

Beloochistan  lies  west  of  Hindostan,  and 
extends  six  hundred  miles  on  the  shore  of 
the  Arabian  sea. 

It  is  a  mountainous  country,  covered 
chiefly  with  barren  wastes,  and  tliinly  pop- 
ulated. 

The  climate  is  various,  being  cold  in  the 
elevated  parts,  and  excessively  hot  in  the 
valleys.  In  the  low  and  watered  plains,  rice, 
sugar-cane,  cotton,  indigo,  and  tobacco,  are 
raised ;  in  other  parts,  wheat,  barley,  and 
fruits  are  the  principal  products. 

The  government  is  despotic,  and  the  re- 
ligion, Mohammedan. 

The  inhabitants  consist  of  Belochees  and 
Brahoees.  The  Belochees  are  a  warlike 
race,  living  by  plunder.  The  Brahoees  arc 
mild,  peaceful,  and  subsist  on  their  cattle. 

Kelat  is  the  principal  city  and  capital. 


i:)S 


ASIA. 


Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Beloo- 
rhistan  ?  Inhabitants  ?  Where  is  it  situated  ?  De- 
scribe it.  Climate.  Productions.  Government  and 
religion.     The  inhabitants.     Name  its  chief  city. 


10.     AFGHANISTAN. 
Square  miles,  800,000.     Population,  5,000,000. 
Afghanistan  lies  directly  north  of  Beloo- 


ohistan,  wliicli  it  resembles  in  surface  and 
soil.  The  summits  of  the  mountains  are 
often  covered  with  snow,  while  the  valleys 
ill  summer  are  extremely  hot.  It  is  inhab- 
ited by  various  tribes,  of  which  the  Afghans 
are  the  chief,  and  of  a  brave  character. 

Arts  and  manufactures  are  in  a  backward 
state 

Cabool,  the  capital,  is  beautifully  situated 
on  the  Cabool  river  in  a  fertile  plain,  and 
has  a  delightful  climate  and  active  trade. 

Herat  is  important  for  its  manufactures 
and  trade. 

Questions.  "What  is  the  number  of  square  miles  in 
Afghanistan?  Population?  Describe  Afghanistan.  Its 
inhabitants.    Arts  and  manufactures.    Cabool.    Herat. 

11.    PERSIA. 

Square  miles,  450,000.     Population,  10,000,000. 
Persia  extends  from  the  Caspian  Sea  to 


the  Persian  Gulf.  It  consists  of  an  exten- 
sive central  plateau,  encircled  by  mountain- 
chains  on  three  of  its  sides.  These,  with 
vast  salt  or  sandy  deserts,  and  long,  arid 
valleys  destitute  of  streams,  are  the  mot-t 
striking  characteristics  of  Persia. 

The  climate  is  subject  to  extremes  of  heat 
and  cold ;  only  in  the  valleys,  is  the  soil  fertile. 

Silk  of  the  finest  quality,  grains,  rice, 
tobacco,  cotton,  wines,  and  fruits,  are  the 
chief  products. 

Agriculture  receives  comparatively  little 
attention.  The  most  elegant  silks,  shawls, 
carpets,  and  porcelain,  are  manufactured. 


MOSQUE    OF   SULTAN    HUSSEIN,    ISPAHAN. 

The  Persians  are  a  handsome,  active  and 
warlike  people. 

Pastoral  tribes  or  shepherds  who  frequent 
ly  plunder  the  more  fertile  tracts,  inhabit 
the  mountainous  districts. 


ASIA. 


139 


111  ancient  times,  Persia  was  one  of  the 
most  powerful  empires  of  the  East,  but  its 
power  and  influence  have  been  much  re- 
duced.   The  sovereign  is  an  absolute  despot. 

Teheran,  the  capital,  is  strongly  fortified, 
and  has  an  unhealthy  site.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  carpets  and  iron  goods. 

Ispahan  is  a  populous  city,  with  a  beauti- 
ful situation.  Reslul  is  a  seaport  on  the 
Caspian  Sea. 

Questions.  Give  the  number  of  square  miles  in 
Persia.  Inhabitants.  Situation.  Striknig  character- 
istics. What  is  said  of  the  cUmate  and  soil  ?  Chief 
products  ?  Agriculture  and  manufactures  ?  The  Per- 
sians ?  Pastoral  tribes?  Persia  in  ancient  times? 
Government?     Teheran?     Ispahan?     Reshd? 

12.    ARABIA. 

Square  miles,  834,000.     Population,  10,000,000. 

Arabia  occupies  a  large  peninsula  in  the 
south-west  of  Asia. 

It  consists  chiefly  of  broken  mountains 
and  sandy  plains  or  deserts,  interspersed 
with  fertile  spots;  and  is  almost  destitute 
of  streams  of  water. 

The  mountainous  districts  are  temperate 
— the  plains  are  excessively  hot,  and  subject 
to  a  pestilential  wind,  called  the  Sirocco. 

In  the  fertile  regions,  coffee  and  fragrant 
spices  are  abundant.  Dates,  oranges,  figs, 
and  melons,  grow  spontaneously,  and  furn- 
ish the  p3ople  with  much  of  their  food. 

The  Arabian  horse  is  fleet  and  beautiful. 
The  camel  is  the  most  useful  animal.  The 
Arabs  are  proud,  active,  intelligent  and  hos- 
pitable to  their  guests,  but  rob  all  whom 
they  meet  in  the  desert. 

The  Arabs  are  Mohammedans,  and  pre- 
serve the  patriarchal  form  of  government. 

The  Bedouins  are  a  wandering  tribe,  who 
live  in  the  deserts  and  dwell  in  tents.    They 


subsist  principally  on  vegetables,  and  the 
milk  of  their  camels  and  asses. 

The  pearl  banks,  in  the  Persian  gulf,  give 
employment  to  nearly  thirty  thousand  men. 

Mecca,  the  birth-place  of  Mohammed,  is 
considered  a  sacred  city,  and  resorted  to  by 
vast  numbers  of  pilgrims. 

Medina  contains  the  tomb  of  Mohammed, 
inclosed  by  magnificent  mosques.  It  is 
called  the  "City  of  the  Prophet."     Mocha 


is  the  center  of  trade  with  Europe,  and 
exports  large  quantities  of  coffee.  Muscat, 
a  seaport  on  the  Indian  ocean,  is  the  grand 
emporium  of  Eastern  Arabia,  and  a  key  to 
the  entrance  of  the  Persian  Gulf. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  in  Arabia?  | 
Inhabitants  ?  Where  is  it  situated  ?  Of  what  does 
it  consist?  What  is  the  soil ?  Climate?  Name  the  t 
products.  What  is  said  of  the  horse  ?  Camel  ?  De- 
scribe the  Arabs.  What  is  their  religion  and  govern-  j 
ment  ?  What  can  you  say  of  the  Bedouins  ?  The  ' 
pearl  fisheries  ?   Mecca?   Medina?   Mocha?   Muscat?  j 

13.     TURKEY  IN  ASIA. 
Square  miles,  538,000.     Population,  16,000,000, 
Turkey  in  Asia  extends  from  Arabia  to 

the   Black   sea,  and  embraces  A^sia  Minor 

and  Syria. 


140 


ASIA. 


It  is  remarkable  for  having  been  the  seat 
of  the  most  thrilling  occurrences  recorded 
m  the  Sacred  Scriptures. 


MOSQUE    OF    OMAR. 

It  is  still  an  interesting  country,  and  con- 
tains the  ruins  of  the  mighty  Babylon,  of 
Nineveh,  Balbec,  and  Jerusalem. 

It  consists  of  two  plateaus  and  an  exten- 
sive plain.  The  larger  plateau  occupies  the 
whole  of  its  northern  portion,  and  has  an 
elevation  of  from  four  to  five  thousand  feet; 
tlie  other  includes  Syria  and  Palestine,  and 
lies  to  the  east  of  the  Mediterranean.  The 
plain  forms  the  lower  basin  of  the  Euphrates 
and  Tigris. 

The  soil  and  climate  present  many  varie- 
ties. The  river  banks  and  valleys  are  very 
fertile,  but  in  the  south  are  vast  arid  plains, 
and  but  few  productions.  The  summits  of 
the  mountains  are  covered  with  snow,  while 
the  valleys  have  a  tropical  climate,  and  pro- 
duce the  fruits  of  Southern  Asia. 

The  chief  products  are  grain,  cotton,  cof- 
fee, and  tobacco. 


Asiatic  Turkey  was  once  the  seat  of  pow- 
erful empires.  It  has  been  conquered  by 
one  nation  after  another,  and  is  now  subject 
to  the  Turks. 

The  inhabitants  are  ignorant  and  barbar- 
ous. They  comprise  a  motley  assemblage 
of  Jews,  Arabs,  Moors,  Tartars,  Greeks, 
Turks,  Armenians,  kc. 

Syria  is  a  country  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
bounded  soutli  by  Arabia,  and  west  by  the 
Mediterranean,  and  a  large  part  of  it  is  very 
productive.  The  southern  part  of  Syria  is 
called  Palestine. 

Jerusalem,  the  capital  of  ancient  Pales- 
tine, is  celebrated  as  the  "Holy  City"  of 
the  Jews,  and  the  scene  of  many  important 
events  recorded  in  Scripture.  It  retains  few 
traces  of  its  ancient  grandeur,  except  the 
foundation  stones  of  some  of  its  walls,  and 
the  remains  of  arclies,  acqueducts  and  sub- 
terranean passage  ways. 

Smyrna  is  the  most  populous  city  of  Tur- 
key, and  has  an  extensive  trade  and  com- 
merce. Damascus  is  celebrated  for  its  anti- 
quity, and  the  fineness  of  its  manufactures. 
A  highly  fertile  and  beautiful  country  sur- 
rounds it. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Turkey 
in  Asia  ?  Inhabitants  ?  What  is  its  situation  ?  What 
does  it  embrace  ?  For  what  is  it  remarkable  ?  What 
is  its  surface  ?  Climate  and  soil  ?  What  are  its  chief 
products  ?  Of  what  was  it  oTice  the  seat  ?  Describe 
the  inhabitants.  Syria.  What  can  you  say  of  JerU' 
salein  ?     Smyrna  ?     Damascus  ? 


15.     GEORGIA. 

Square  miles,  28,800.     Population,  000,000. 
Georgia  is  usually  employed  to  designate 
the  whole  territory  claimed  by  the  Russians, 
between  the  Black  and  Caspian  Seas,  and 
south  of  the  Caucasus  mountains. 


ASIA. 


141 


The  central  part  is  occupied  bj  a  large 
and  fertile  valley,  having  a  mild  and  health- 
ful climate. 

The  soil  in  the  valleys  is  very  fertile,  pro- 
ducing maize,  hemp,  flax,  great  quantities 
of  wine  and  cotton,  and  also  fine  fruits. 

The  natives  are  distinguished  for  their  fine 
forms,  and  for  the  beauty  of  the  women. 

The  Georgians  belong  nominally  to  the 
Greek  Church. 

TiFLis,  the  capital,  is  situated  in  a  narrow 
valley  on  the  Koor.  It  is  the  residence  of 
the  Russian  governor,  and  is  defended  by 
walls  and  several  forts. 

Questions.  What  is  the  extent  of  Georgia  ?  Popula- 
tion ?  Where  is  it  situated  ?  What  is  its  surface  ?  Soil  ? 
What  are  its  productions  V  For  what  are  the  natives 
distinguished  ?    What  is  said  of  the  religion  ?    Tiflis  ? 

16.     INDEPENDENT  TOORKISTAN. 

Square  miles,  720,800.     Population,  4,000,000. 

Independent  Toorkistan  extends  from 
Chinese  Tartary  to  the  Caspian  Sea,  occu- 
pying the  central  portions  of  Asia. 


It  has  an  elevated  surface,  a  mild  climate, 
and  abounds  with  vast  deserts. 

The  southern  part  of  Independent  Toor- 
kistan is  called  Bokhara,  and  is  far  the 
most  fertile  and  best  cultivated  section. 
It  was  formerly  the  seat  of  a  powerful 
empire. 

The  principal  productions  are  cotton,  silk, 
wool,  maize,  and  fruits. 

Various  independent  roving  tribes  inhabit 
this  country,  some  of  whom  subsist  by  agri- 
culture, but  more  on  their  flocks.  They 
are  generally  Mohammedans. 

Bokhara,  the  capital  of  the  Khanat  of 
Bokhara,  is  situated  in  a  flat  country,  em- 
bosomed among  the  hills,  and  is  enclosed  by 
earthern  ramparts.  It  has  long  been  famous 
as  a  seat  of  Mohammedan  learning. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  in  Independent 
Toorkistan  ?  Inhabitants  ?  How  is  it  situated  ?  What 
is  the  surface  and  climate  ?  What  abound  ?  What 
can  you  say  of  Bokhara?  What  are  the  principal 
productions  of  Toorkistan  ?  Who  inhabit  it  ?  How 
do  they  live  ?     Describe  the  city  of  Bokhara  ? 


GENERAL  QUESTIONS  ON  ASIA. 


In  what  part  of  Asia  is  Siberia  ?  Hindostan  ?  Ara- 
bia ?  What  divisions  lie  south  of  Siberia  ?  Where 
are  the  Ural  mountains  ?  Stanovoi  ?  Ghauts  ?  Hin- 
doo Koosh  ?  Elbrooz  ?  Himalaya  ?  Where  is  Mount 
Sinai  ?     Ararat  ? 

Where  is  Lake  Baikal?  Lop  Nor?  Zurrah? 
Where  is  the  river  Obi  ?  What  are  its  tributaries  ? 
Where  is  the  Amoor  ?  What  are  the  principal  rivers 
of  China  ?  Where  is  the  Irrawaddy  ?  Ganges  ?  In- 
dus ?     Tigris  ?     Ural  ? 

Where  is  cape  Lopatka  ?  Cape  Cambodia  ?  Cape 
Comorin  ?  Isthmus  of  Suez  ?  Nova  Zembla  ?  For- 
mosa ?     Singapore  ?     Ceylon  ?     Cyprus  ? 

Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Lena  ?  Gulf  of  Siam  ?  Gulf 
of  Ormus?  Sea  of  Kara?  China  Sea?  Arabian 
Sea  ?  Dead  Sea  ?  Caspian  Sea  ?  Channel  of  Tar- 
tary ?  Strait  of  Corea  ?  Strait  of  Malacca  ?  Strait 
of  Dardanelles  ?     Channel  of  Bosporus  ? 


What  is  the  latitude  of  Calcutta  ?  Peking?  Mecca? 
In  what  zones  is  Asia  ?  What  division  of  Asia  is 
crossed  by  the  Arctic  Circle  ?  What  divisions  by  the 
Tropic  of  Cancer  ?  What  is  the  climate  of  Siberia  ? 
What  are  its  minerals  ?  What  is  the  most  noted  pro- 
duct of  China  ?  How  is  Peking  situated  ?  To  what 
race  do  the  Japanese  belong  ?  What  are  the  charac- 
teristics of  the  Mongol  race  ?  For  what  is  India  dis- 
tinguished? What  does  Farther  India  comprise? 
How  is  Singapore  situated  ?  What  remarkable  tree  is 
found  in  Hindostan?  In  what  have  the  Hindoos 
excelled  ?  What  are  the  chief  products  of  Persia  ? 
The  manufactures  ?  For  what  is  Turkey  remarkable  ? 
What  ruins  does  it  contain  ?  By  whom  is  Toorkistan 
inhabited  ? 

How  would  you  sail  from  New  York  to  Calcutta  ? 
From  Calcutta  to  Constantinople  ?  Which  of  these 
three  cities  is  the  largest  ? 


AFRICA. 

SQUARE  MILES,  12,000,000.     POPULATION",    60,000,000. 


KEY  TO  MAP  NO.  8. 

COUNTRIES,  CAPITALS  AND  CHIEF  TOWNS 


1  Morocco,      1  Morocco,    2   Rabat,  3   Mequinez,  4 

Fez. 

2  Algiers,        l  Algiers,    2  Oran,  3  Constant ine,   4 

£o7ia. 

3  Tunis,  1  Tunis,  2  Kairwan. 

4  Beled  el  Jereed,  i  Tooggoort. 

5  Tripoli,        1  Tripoli,  2  Mesurata. 
1  Derne,  2  Bengazi. 


6  Barca, 

7  Egypt, 

8  Nubia, 


1  Cairo,   2  Alexandria,   3   Hosetta,   4 
Bamietta,  5  Sioot. 

1  New  Dongola,  2  Khartoom,  8  /Sew- 
naar. 


9  Abyssinia,  l  Gondar,  2  Massowah,  3  Antalo. 

10  Adel  and  Ajan,  l  Berbera,  2  Zeyla. 

11  Zanguebar,  or  Essawalul,    i   Magadoxo,   2 

MombOfS. 

12  Mozambique,    l    Mozambique,    2    Quilimane,    8 

13  Zooloo  Country. 

14  Natal,         l  Pietermaritzbubg. 

15  Kaflfraria. 

16  Bosjesman's  Country,  l  Kurrichane,  2  Lat- 

takoo. 

17  Cape  Colony,  l  Cape  Town,  2  GrahairCs  Town, 

3  Georgetoum. 

18  Hottentot. 

19  Cimbebas. 

20  Lower  Guinea,  l  Loan  go,  2  San  Salvador,  3  St. 

PauVs  de  Loanda,  4  Nere  Benguela. 


21  Upper  Guinea,  l  Coomassie,  2  Ahoiney,  3  Benin^ 

4  Abbeokoota. 

22  Liberia,       l  Monrovia. 

23  Sierra  Leone,  l  Freetown, 

24  Senegambia,  l  Bathurst,  2  /S^f.  ZoMt«,  3  Teem- 

boo. 


25  Fezzan, 

26  Soodan, 


27  EtMopia. 


1  MooRzooK,  2  Ziceela. 

1  Kemmoo,  2  Sego,  3  Timbuctoo,  4 
Saccatoo,  5  Kobbe,  6  Obeid,  7 
BooDA,  8  Katunga,    9   Kano,    10 


28  Madagascar,  l  Tananaritoo,  2  Tamatav,  3  i/izji* 


OCEANS,  SEAS,  GULFS  AND  BAT& 

1  Indian  Ocean, 

2  Atlantic  Ocean, 

3  Mediterranean  Sea, 

4  Gulf  of  Cabes, 

5  Gulf  of  Sidra, 

6  Red  Sea, 

V  Gulf  of  Aden, 

8  Delagoa  Bay, 

9  Algoa  Bay, 

10  St.  Helena  Bay, 

11  Cruz  Bay, 

12  Walvisch  Bay, 

13  Great  Fish  Bay, 

14  Gulf  of  Guinea, 

15  Bight  of  Biafra^ 

16  Bight  of  Benin, 

17  Antongill  Bay, 

18  Bembatooka  Bay. 


144                                                                         AFRICA. 

STRAITS,  CHANNELS  AND  SOUNDS. 

MOUNTAINS,  DESERTS  AND  OASES. 

19  Strait  of  Gibraltar, 

20  Strait  of  Bab-el-Mandeb, 

61  Atlas, 

62  Miltseen, 

21  Mozambique  Channel. 

63  Kong, 

64  Cameroon's, 

65  Mts.  of  the  Moon, 

66  Abba  Yaret, 

ISLANDS. 

67  Kenia, 

22  kbd-el- Curia, 

23  Socotra, 

24  Seychelles  Islands^ 

25  Amirante  Islands, 

26  Pemba, 

27  Zanzibar, 

28  Monfia, 

29  Comoro, 

30  Madagascar, 

31  Mauritius, 

32  Bourbon, 

33  St.  Helena, 

34  Ascension, 

35  Annobo7i, 

36  Si.  Iftomas^ 

68  Kilirnandjaro, 

69  Radama, 

70  Red, 

71  Lupata, 

72  Snow, 

73  Crystal, 

74  Sahara  Desert, 

75  Libyan  Desert, 

76  Nubian  Desert, 

77  Desert  of  Challkhenga, 

78  Oasis  of  Seewah, 

79  Oasis  of  Tuat, 

80  Oasis  of  Tibesti, 

81  Oasis  of  Bilmah, 

82  Oasis  of  Agadez. 

37  Prince's, 

38  Fernando  Po, 

39  Cape  Verde  Islands^ 

LAKES. 

40  Canary  Islands, 

41  Madeira  Islands, 

83  Melgig, 

84  Sibkah, 

42  Azores  Islands. 

85  Tchad, 

86  Fittre, 

87  Dembea, 

ISTHMUS  AND  CAPE& 

88  Ukerewe, 

89  Nyassi,  or  Marati, 

43  Isthmus  op  Suk:^ 

90  Ngaini, 

44  Bon, 

91  Bebo. 

45    GUARDAFOI, 

46   Orftd, 

47  Bassas, 

48  Delgado, 

RIVERS. 

49  Ambro, 

92  Nile, 

50  St.  Mart, 

93        White, 

51    CORRIENTES, 

94              Gojeb, 

52  Agulhas, 

95        Blue, 

53  Good  Hope, 

96         Tacazze, 

64  Cross, 

97  Maine, 

55  Frio, 

98    JUBA, 

56  Palmas, 

99  Ozi, 

57  Verde, 

100  Sabaki, 

58  Blanco, 

101  Matoni, 

59  BojadoTf 

102  Zambezk, 

60  I^oon. 

103  Orangx, 

AFRICA. 


145 


104          Vaal, 

112    Volta, 

105  Benibaroughe, 

113  tit.  FauVs, 

1U6    Coanza, 

114  Rio  Grande, 

107  Ambriz, 

115  Gambia, 

108  Congo, 

116  Senegal, 

109         Umbre, 

117    Yeoo, 

110  Niger, 

118  Shan/, 

111         Chadda, 

119  Mis.selad. 

QUESTIONS   ON  THE  MAP  OF  AFRICA. 


Bound  Africa.  In  what  zones  is  it  situated  ?  Point 
out  its  chief  divisions  on  the  map.  What  states  bor- 
der on  the  Mediterranean  Sea  V  On  the  Red  ?  On 
the  Indian  Ocean  ?  Atlantic?  What  states  have  no 
sea-coast  ?  What  states  are  crossed  by  the  Equator  ? 
What  by  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  ?  What  by  the  Tropic 
of  Capricorn  ? 


OCEANS,  SEAS,  GULFS  AND  BAYS. 

What  ocean  east  of  Africa?  1.     West?  2. 

Wliat  sea  north  ?  3.    Between  Africa  and  Asia  ?  6. 

What  gulfs  north  of  Africa?  4,  5.  What  gulf 
north  of  Adel  and  Ajan  ?  7. 

What  bay  south  of  Mozambique?  8.  South  of 
Cape  Colony?  9.  West?  10.  West  of  Hottentot 
Country?  11.  West  of  Lower  Guinea?  13.  What 
gulf  south  of  Upper  Guinea  ?  14. 

What  strait  at  the  entrance  of  the  Mediterranean 
Sea?  19.     Red?  20. 

What  channel  between  Mozambique  and  Madagas- 
car? 21. 


ISLANDS. 

What  island  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Aden  ? 
23.  AVhat  large  island  south-east  of  Africa?  30. 
What  two  clusters  of  islands  north-east  of  Madagas- 
car? 24,  25.  What  islands  east?  31,  32.  What 
islands  between  Madagascar  and  the  continent  ?  29. 
What  islands  in  the  Gulf  of  Guinea?  35-37.  What 
island  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean  between  ten  and  twenty 
degrees  south  latitude  ?  33.  Between  the  Equator 
and  ten  degrees  south  latitude  ?  34.  What  cluster  of 
islands  west  of  Senegambia?  39.  South-west  of 
Morocco?  40.     Northwest?  41,  42. 


ISTHMUS  AND  C.VPES. 

What  isthmus  connects  Africa  with  Asia  ?  43. 

Which  is  the  most  northern  cape  of  Africa?  44. 
Eastern?  45.  Southern?  52.  Western?  57.  What 
capes  on  the  eastern  coast  south  of  Cape  Guardafui  ? 
40-48,  51.  Which  is  the  most  northern  cape  of 
Madagascar  ?  49.  Southern  ?  50.  What  capes  on 
the  coast  of  Cimbebas  ?  54,  55.  On  the  coast  of 
Liberia?  56.  On  the  western  coast  north  of  Cape 
Verde?  58-60. 


MOUNTAINS,  DESERTS  AND  OASES. 

What  mountains  in  the  north  of  Africa  ?  01.  What 
mountains  in  the  east?  66-08,  71.  North  of  Ethi- 
opia ?  05.  In  Cape  Colony  ?  72.  East  of  Lower 
Guinea?  73.  North  of  Upper  Guinea?  03.  What 
mountains  on  the  island  of  Madagascar  ?  69,  70. 

What  large  desert  north  of  Soodan  ?  74.  South  of 
Barca?  75.  In  Nubia?  76.  Mention  the  principal 
oases  in  the  Desert  of  Sahara.  79  82.  What  desert 
in  the  southern  part  of  Ethiopia  ?  77. 

LAKES  AND  RIVERS. 

Which  is  the  largest  lake  in  Soodan  ?  85.  In  Ethi- 
opia? 89. 

What  river  flows  into  the  Mediterranean  ?  92.  What 
are  its  principal  branches  ?  93,  95,  96.  What  are  the 
pi'incipal  rivers  flowing  into  the  Indian  Ocean  ?  98 
102.  What  river  between  Cape  Colonj-^  and  Hotten- 
tot Country?  103.  What  river  forms  the  northern 
boundary  of  Cimbebas  ?  105.  What  three  rivers  from 
Lower  Guinea  flow  into  the  Atlantic  ?  106  108.  What 
large  river  from  Soodan  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Guinea  ? 
110.  What  rivers  in  Senegambia?  114-116.  What 
rivers  flow  into  Lake  Tchad?  117,  118.  What  one 
into  Lake  Fittre  ?  119. 


146 


xVFRICA. 


DESCRIPTIVE    GEOGRAPHY, 


Africa  is  wholly  surrounded  by  water, 
except  where  the  Isthmus  of  Suez  connects 
it  witli  Arabia. 

It  has  a  coast  line  of  upwards  of  fifteen 
thousand  miles,  but  it  is  nowhere  indented 
by  any  great  gulf  or  bay,  except  by  the  Gulf 
of  Guinea  on  the  west  coast. 

It  is  about  5000  miles  in  extreme  length, 
and  4,800  in  its  greatest  breadth,  containing 
12,000,000  square  miles. 

It  has  three  principal  ranges  of  moun- 
tains, and  numerous  extensive  deserts. 

The  climate  of  most  of  Africa  is  exceed- 
ingly hot,  and  rain  seldom  falls.  It  is  sub- 
ject to  scorching  winds. 

The  well  watered  sections  are  exceedingly 
fertile,  and  yield  the  richest  tropical  pro- 
ducts. The  deserts  are  barren  tracts  of 
dry,  burning  sand. 


It  has  ricli  mines  of  gold  ;  and  iron,  cop- 
per and  salt,  are  found  in  some  parts. 

Africa  contains  a  great  variety  of  wild 
animals.  The  principal  arc  the  lion,  leo- 
pard, camelopard,  elephant,  rhinoceros,  hip- 
popotamus, panther,  hyena,  zebra,  and 
antelope. 

The  most  useful  animals  are  the  camel 
and  the  ass.  The  former  requires  little 
food,  while  it  supplies  the  owner  with  milk. 

There  is  a  great  variety  of  birds,  of  which 
the  ostrich  is  the  largest,  and  dwells  in  the 
deserts.  The  vulture  is  next  in  size  and 
very  ferocious. 

Monkeys,  insects,  reptiles,  and  enormons 
serpents  and  alligators,  are  also  very  numer- 
ous. 

Northern  Africa  is  chiefly  inhabited  by 
Europeans,    who  are  generally  Mohamme- 


AFRICA. 


147 


dans,  and  in  various  stages  of  civilization. 
Negroes  inhabit  the  central  and  southern 
parts,  most  of  whom  are  Pagans,  and  live 
in  a  barbarous  state. 

Africa  contained  in  ancient  times,  many 
wealthy  and  enlightened  nations,  and  is 
distinguished  for  its  antiquities. 

Qdestions.  What  is  the  position  of  Africa?  What 
is  said  of  its  coast?  What  is  the  size  of  Africa? 
What  is  said  of  its  mountains  and  deserts  ?  Climate  ? 
Soil  and  productions?  Minerals?  Wild  animals? 
Useful  animals  ?  Birds  ?  Other  animals  ?  By  whom 
is  Africa  inhabited?  What  did  Africa  formerly  con- 
tain ? 


BARBARY  STATES. 

These  states  border  on  the  Mediterranean 
Sea,  and  comprise  the  states  of  Morocco, 
Algiers,  Tunis,  Tripoli,  and  the  districts  of 
Barca  and  Belcd-el-Jerced.  They  arc  tra- 
versed by  the  Atlas  mountains,  and  contain 
elevated  table  lands. 

The  climate  is  warm,  the  soil  fertile,  and 
the  productions  resemble  those  of  southern 
Europe. 

Noxious  animals  and  ferocious  lions,  pan- 
thers and  hyenas,  also  serpents  and  scorpions 
of  the  most  deadly  venom,  roam  here. 

Agriculture  is  not  well  understood,  and 
manufactures  and  commerceare  very  limited. 

The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Moors,  Jews, 
Berbers,  and  Arabs. 


1.    MOROCCO. 

Square  miles,  222,000.     Population,  8,500,000. 

Morocco,  the  ancient  Mauritania,  includes 
the  kingdom  of  Morocco,  Fez,  and  Tafilet. 
It  yields  an  abundance  of  fruit  and  grain 
and  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  morocco 
leather.     Horses,  cattle  and  sheep,  are  nu- 


merous. From  the  latter,  wool  of  the  finest 
quality  is  obtained  in  large  quantities. 

Morocco,  the  capital,  is  situated  in  a  fer- 
tile plain,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  wall 
thirty  feet  in  height.  The  streets  are  nar- 
row, irregular  and  unpaved.  It  contains 
many  elegant  mosques. 

Fez  was  formerly  an  important  city,  but 
is  now  much  decayed.  It  has  a  variety  of 
manufactures  of  the  common  articles  of 
clothing.  It  contains  upwards  of  two  hun- 
dred mosques. 


2.    ALGIERS. 
Square  miles,  90,000.     Population,  2,500,000. 
Algiers,  formerly    called    Numidia,    is    a 
mountainous  country  lying  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean, east  of  Morocco. 


A    STUEET    IN    ALGIERS. 


It  lias  a  very  variable  though  salubrious 
climate,  and  a  soil  which  is  rendered  fertile 
by  irrigation.  The  principal  productions 
are  figs,  pomegranates,  oranges,  lemons, 
and  dates. 

It  has  extensive  coral  fisheries. 

It  is  now  a  French  colonial  province,  un- 
der the  supreme  power  of  a  governor-gen- 


148 


AFRICA, 


erai,    appointed    by   the    French    Govern- 
ment. 

Algiers,  the  capital,  is  strongly  fortified, 
and  has  some  commerce.  It  is  rapidly  im- 
proving in  its  appearance. 

3.    TUNIS. 
'      Square  miles,  70,000.     Population,  2,500,000. 

Txinis,  the  ancient   Carthage,  lies   next 
east  of  Algiers,  and  is  the  most  fertile  and 
i    flourishing  of  the  Barbary  States. 
I         Owing  to  the  extortions  of  government, 
I     agriculture  is  very  much  neglected. 
It  is  rich  in  mineral  products. 
The  government  is  nominally  tributary 
to  tlie  Turkish  sultan. 

Tunis,  the  capital,  is  about  twelve  miles 
from  the  ruins  of  Carthage,  and  one  of  the 
finest  cities  in  Africa.  It  lias  an  extensive 
trade. 


4.  BELED  EL  JEREED. 
Square  miles,  140,000.  Population,  500,000. 
Beled  el  Jereed  is  a  narrow  but  extensive 
tract  of  land,  lying  between  the  Atlas 
mountains  and  the  Great  Desert.  The  soil 
is  generally  sterile,  but  the  country  con- 
tains several  oases  fertile  in  dates.  It  is 
inhabited  by  nomadic  tribes. 


5.    TRIPOLI. 

Square  miles,  105,000.     Population,  1,500,000. 

Tripoli  is  a  barren  and  thinly  populated 
state.  ]\Iuch  of  its  surface  is  a  desert,  but 
some  of  its  plains  are  very  fertile.  On  these 
rich  crops  of  wheat,  barley,  millet,  and  In- 
dian corn,  are  grown. 

The  government  is  an  unlimited  and  bar- 
barous despotism. 


Tripoli,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the     i 
Mediterranean,  and  has  a  good  harbor. 


6.  BARCA. 
Square  miles,  35,000.  Population,  300,000. 
Barca  is  a  maritime  country,  east  of  Tri- 
poli. It  is  fertile  along  the  coast,  but  the 
interior  and  southern  part  is  desert.  It  has 
no  permanent  rivers,  but  numerous  moun- 
tain torrents. 

It  belongs  to  Tripoli..   Derne  is  the  capital. 

Questions.  Name  the  Barbary  States.  Give  the 
square  miles  and  population  of  each.  What  is  said 
of  their  surface  ?  Climate,  soil  and  productions  ? 
Noxious  animals  ?  Agriculture,  manufactures  and 
commerce  ?     Inhabitants  ? 

Describe  Morocco.  Its  productions  and  manufac- 
tures.    Its  animals.     Its  capital. 

Describe  Fez.  Algiers.  Its  climate  and  soil.  Pro- 
ductions.    Government.     Its  capital. 

Describe  Tunis.  Its  agriculture.  Minerals.  Gov- 
ernment.    Its  capital. 

Describe  Beled  el  Jereed. 

Describe  Tripoli.     Its  government.     Its  capital. 

Describe  Barca.     Derne. 


7.     EGYPT. 

Square  miles,  180,000.     Population,  2,890,000. 

Egypt,  a  country  in  the  north-eastern 
part  of  Africa,  comprises  the  narrow  valley 
of  the  Nile,  with  extensive  deserts  on  either 
side.  This  valley,  throughout  its  whole 
extent,  is  hemmed  in  on  both  sides  by  con- 
tinuous chains  of  hills.  Those  on  the  east 
side  approach  more  closely  to  the  river. 

The  climate  is  remarkable  for  its  uni- 
formity. In  the  upper  part,  rain  is  hardly 
known,  but  the  Nile  overflows  its  banks, 
leaving  behind  a  rich  loam,  that  annually 
yields  two  or  three  crops. 


AFRICA, 


141> 


Rice,  cotton,  wheat,  maize,  barley,  durra, 
a  kind  of  grain,  and  fruits,  grow  in  great 
luxuriance. 

Considerable  attention  is  given  to  agri- 
culture, though  the  system  of  husbandry  is 
probably  the  same  now  that  it  was  thou- 
sands of  years  ago. 


THE    SrilYNX    AND    PYRAMIDS. 

Much  trade  is  carried  on  by  means  of 
caravans.     Canals  have  been   constructed, 
and  a  railroad  extends  from  Alexandria  to 
Cairo. 
'         Egypt  is  governed  by  a  Pasha,  sul)]cct  to 
Turkey,  who  encourages  education  and  the 
arts.     The  prevailing  religion   is   the    Mo- 
hammedan. 
j         Egypt  was  anciently  a  wealthy  and  power- 
;     ful  kingdom.     Many  stupendous  ruins  of 
;     its  former  glory  still    remain.     Pyramids, 
j     obelisks  and  catacombs  are  scattered  over 
]     the  country.     Tlie  largest  pyramid  is  near 
Cairo.     It  is  500  feet  high  and  covers  eleven 
acres.     The  ruins  of  Thebes  extend  several 


miles,  and  are  among  the  most  magnificent 
in  the  world. 

Cairo,  the  capital,  is  the  largest  city  in 
Africa,  and  the  center  of  trade  with  Europe 
and  Asia.  The  streets  are  narrow,  crooked, 
ill-paved  and  unfit  for  the  passage  of  car- 
riages. 

Alexandria  was  once  renowned  in  the 
arts  and  sciences.  It  is  the  principal  sea- 
port of  Egypt  and  connected  by  means  of 
steam  vessels  with  the  chief  ports  of  the 
Mediterranean. 

Questions.  What  is  the  extent  of  Egypt  ?  Pop- 
uh^tion  ?  What  does  Egypt  coinpriso  ?  Wliut  is 
said  of  the  valley  of  the  Nile?  AVhat  is  said  of  the 
climate?  Soil?  Productions?  Agriculture  and 
trade  ?  Government  and  religion  V  Wliat  was  Egypt 
anciently  ?  Describe  the  pyramid  near  Cairo.  Iluins 
of  Thebes.     Cairo.     Alexandi'ia. 


8.     NUBTA. 
Square  miles,  800,000.     ropul;i(ion,  500,000. 

Nubia  is  situated  soutli  of  Egypt,  on  the 
shore  of  the  Red  Sea. 

It  consists  chiefly  of  mountains  and  sandy 
deserts.  The  cultivated  portion  occupies 
tlie  narrow  valley  of  the  Nile,  and  yields 
cotton,  barley,  tobacco,  and  palm  trees. 

The  climate  is  hot  and  dry,  but  healthful. 

The  Nubians  belong  to  the  Arabian  and 
Ethiopian  races.  They  are  of  a  dark-brown 
complexion ;  bold,  frank,  cheerful,  and  sim- 
ple in  manners. 

Nubia  is  divided  into  petty  kingdoms, 
subject  to  the  pasha  of  Egypt. 

Magnificent  ruins  abound ;  the  principal 
one  of  which  is  the  temple  of  Ipsambul, 
which  is  cut  out  of  a  solid  rock.  It  is 
supposed  to  be  2000  years  old,  but  is  in  a 
state  of  complete  preservation. 


150 


AFRICA. 


TEMPLE    OF    IPSAMbCL. 

New  Dongola,  the  capital,  is  important 
as  a  military  depot  and  place  of  trade. 

Khartoom,  the  capital  of  a  province  of 
Nubia,  is  regularly  built  and  very  flourish- 
ing. 

Questions.  How  manj^  square  miles  has  Nubia  ? 
What  is  its  population  ?  What  is  the  surface  of 
Nubia?  Productions?  Climate?  Who  inhabit  it? 
IIow  is  it  divided  ?  What  is  said  of  its  ruins  ?  New 
Dongola  ?     Khartoom  ? 


9.     ABYSSINIA. 

Square  miles,  250,000.     Population,  280,000. 

Abyssinia,  comprised  in  the  ancient  Ethi- 
opia, is  a  country  of  East  Africa,  south  of 
Nubia.  It  is  a  mountainous  country,  with 
an  agreeable  climate  and  fertile  soil. 

Wheat,  barley,  oats,  maize,  rice,  a  small 
grain  called  teff,  fruits,  and  honey,  are  the 
chief  products.  The  minerals  are  iron  ore, 
rock-salt  and  gold.  Ivory  and  gold  are  the 
principal  exports. 

The    inhabitants    are    Jews,    Arabs    and 


Negroes.  Their  religion  is  a 
curious  mixture  of  the  Jewish 
and  Pagan  religions. 

The  government  is  divided 
up  among  several  petty  states. 

GoNDAR,  the  capital  city,  is 
twenty  miles  from  lake  Dem- 
bea;  it  contains  a  ruined  pal- 
ace and  was  formerly  a  royal 
residence,  but  is  now  a  meanly 
built  town. 

3Iassoicah,  the  principal 
seaport  town,  is  on  a  small 
island  in  the  Red  Sea. 

QrESTioNS.     What   is  the  extent 

of  Aljyssinia  ?     Population  ?  IIow 

is  Abyssinia  situated  ?    What  is  the 

surface?     CHmate  and  soil?  What 

are  the  productions  ?     Minerals  ?     Exports  ?  What 

is  said  of  the  inhabitants  ?    The  government  ?  Gon- 

dar  ?     Massowah  ? 


EASTERN  AFRICA. 

Eastern  Africa  comprises  all  the  coast 
between  Abyssinia  and  the  Tropic  of  Cap- 
ricorn. In  consequence  of  the  excessive 
heat,  numerous  wild  animals,  and  ferocious 
natives,  it  has  been  little  explored. 


10.     ADEL  AND  AJ.VN. 

Adel  and  Ajan  are  iioted  for  their  gold, 
ivory,  frankincense  and  myrrh. 

Berbera  is  a  seaport  station  on  a  bay  of 
the  gulf  of  Aden.  An  annual  fair  is  iield 
here  from  October  till  April,  at  which 
from  ten  to  twenty  thousand  people  as- 
semble. 

Zeyla  stands  on  a  low  sandy  cape  on  the 
straits  of  Bab-el-Mandeb. 


AFRICA. 


151 


11.     ZANGUEBAR. 

Zanguebar  contains  several  independent 
states,  and  has  a  uumber  of  unimportant 
towns. 

The  trade  is  cliiefly  in  the  liands  of  the 
Arabs. 

Mag-adoxo  is  a  maritime  town,  enclosed 
hj  stone  walls,  and  divided  into  two  parts, 
one  composed  wholly  of  tombs. 


12.     MOZAMBIQUE. 

Mozambique  nominally  belongs  to  the 
Portuguese.  Its  trade  consists  })rincipally 
in  gold  and  ivory. 

Mozambique,  the  residence  of  the  Portu- 
guese Governor,  is  situated  on  an  island 
near  the  coast.  It  has  a  good  anchorage  for 
ships. 

Questions.  What  docs  Eastern  Africa  comprise? 
what  has  prevented  its  being  explored? 

For  what  arc  Adel  and  Ajan  noted  ?  Describe  Ber- 
bera.      Zcjla. 

Describe  Zanguebar.  What  is  said  of  the  trade  ? 
Of  Magadoxo  ? 

What  is  said  of  Mozambique  ?  Describe  Mozam- 
bique. 

SOUTHERN  AFRICA. 

Southern  Africa  includes  Zooloo  Coun- 
try, Natal,  Kuffraria,  Bosjesman's  Country, 
Cape  Colony,  and  Hottentot  Country. 

13.     ZOOLOO  COUNTRY. 
This  is  a  small  extent  of  territory,  and 
lies  soutli  of  Mozambique. 


14.     NATAL. 
Natal,  a  colonial  possession  of  Great  Brit- 
ain, lies  south  of  Zooloo  Country. 


The  surface  is  undulating,  well  watered, 
the  soil  generally  fertile,  and  the  climate 
healthy. 

Cotton  and  indigo  grow  wild.  The  other 
productions  are  coffee,  sugar,  wheat,  and 
tobacco. 

Iron  is  abundant,  and  a  superior  kind  of 
coal  is  found. 

PiETERMARiTZBURG,  the  Capital,  is  fifty 
miles  inland. 


15.     KAFFRARIA. 

Kaffraria,  a  country  in  South-eastern 
Africa,  is  level  near  the  coast;  the  western 
portion  is  varied.  The  soil  is  generally  fer- 
tile. Tlie  principal  productions  are  maize, 
millet,  and  melons. 

The  Kaffres  are  tall  and  well-formed. 
Their  color  is  a  dark  gray.  The  men  are 
chiefly  engaged  in  war,  and  in  the  care  of 
their  cattle. 


10.     BOSJESMAN'S  COUNTRY. 

Tliis  country  lies  north-west  of  Natal  and 
Kaffraria. 

The  inhabitants,  a  race  of  Hottentots,  are 
of  small  stature  and  of  a  savage  disposition. 


17.     CAPE  COLONY. 

Cape  Colony,  occupying  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  Africa,  consists  of  several  plat- 
eaus and  mountain  ranges,  rising  one  above 
another. 

The  climate  is  changeable;  the  alterna- 
tions of  heat  and  cold  being  frequently 
great  and  sudden. 

The  soil  is  fertile  on  the  coast,  and  pro- 
duces an  abundance  of  grain,  fruits,  and 


152 


A  F  R  I  C  A . 


good  pasturage.     Large  herds  of  cattle  arc 

kept  by  the  farmers,  or  boors. 

Cape   Colony  belongs  to  Great  Britain, 
!     and  is  inhabited  by  English,  Dutch,   and 

Hottentots. 
j        Cape  Town,  the  capital,  is  a  fortified  sea- 
;    port,  regularly  laid  out  with  broad  streets 

lined   with    shade    trees.     It   has    a   royal 


CAPE   TOWN    AND   TABLE    MOUNT. 


observatory  and  other  public  buildings, 
and  is  visited  annually  by  a  large  number 
of  vessels. 


18.     HOTTENTOT  COUNTRY. 
The  Hottentots  are  stupid  and  degraded. 
The  wild  Hottentots,  called  Bushmen,  are  a 
miserable  race,  living  like  wild  beasts,  and 
subsisting  on  roots,  insects,  and  reptiles. 

Questions.     What  does  South  Africa  include  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  Zooloo  Country. 
What  is  said  of  Natal  ?     Its  surface,  soil  and  cli- 
mate ?    Productions?    Minerals?    Pietermaritzburg ? 
What  is  said  of  Kaffraria  ?     The  KafFres  ? 

What  is  said  of  Bosjesman's  Country  ?    The  inhab- 
itants ? 


What  is  said  of  Cape  Colony  ?  Its  climate  ?  Soil  ? 
Cattle  ?  To  whom  does  it  belong  ?  Describe  Cape 
Town. 

Describe  the  Hottentots. 


WESTERN    AFRICA. 

Western  Africa  embraces  the  coast  from 
the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  to  tlie  Great  Des- 
ert. It  is  remarkable  for  its 
fertility,  luxuriant  vegeta- 
tion, and  vast  numbers  of 
wild  animals. 

It  is  inhabited  by  degraded 
Negroes,  many  of  whom  wor- 
ship reptiles.  They  are  sub- 
ject to  vindictive  chiefs. 

Cimbebas,  Lower  and  Up- 
per Guinea,  Liberia,  Sierra 
Leone,  and  Senegambia,  arc 
its  divisions. 


10.    CIMBEBAS. 
Cimbebas    lies    north    of 
Cape  Colony,  and  is  but  little  known.    It  is 
inhabited   by  an   inoffensive   farming  com- 
munity, who  reside  chiefly  in  the  intei-ior. 


20.     LOWER  GUINEA. 

This  is  a  fertile  and  thickly  populated 
country,  embracing  a  number  of  different 
states. 

The  northern  part  is  little  known.  Tlie 
central  and  southern  portions  belong  to  the 
Portuguese. 

The  trade  consists  of  ebony,  palm-oil, 
and  gold-dust. 

Its  principal  divisions  arc  Loango,  Congo, 
Angola  and  Benguela.  The  palm  tree  is 
the  most  useful  production. 


AFRICA, 


1C3 


21.     UPPER  GUINEA. 

This  state  is  situated  between  the  Kong 
iloiintains  and  the  Gulf  of  Guinea,  and 
contains  several  native  kingdoms. 

It  has  a  large  trade  in  gold-dust  and 
ivory. 

Most  of  its  inhabitants  are  deeply  degraded 
and  ferocious.  Thousands  of  human  beings 
are  sometimes  sacrificed  at  the  death  of  a 
king. 

The  British,  Dutch,  and  Danes,  have  sev- 
eral small  garrisons  on  the  coast. 


22.     LIBERIA. 

Square  miles,  25,000.     Population,  2-50,000. 

Liberia  lies  on  the  coast,  west  of  Upper 
Guinea.  It  is  well  watered,  and  the  soil  is 
fertile,  producing  cotton,  coffee,  sugar-cane, 
dye-woods,  and  fruits. 

It  was  established  by  the  American  Col- 
onization Society  in  1821,  as  a  home  for 
emancipated  and  free  negroes. 

It  is  a  republic,  the  government  consist- 
ing of  a  president,  vice-president,  senate, 
and  a  house  of  representatives. 

^loNROViA  is  the  capital  and  principal 
town,  and  has  a  number  of  schools,  churches, 
and  a  public  library. 


23.     SIERRA  LEONE. 

Square  miles,  25,000.     Population,  42,000. 

This  is  a  small  British  settlement,  made 

in    1787,   for    the    purpose   of    putting   a 

stop   to   the    slave    trade,    and    civilizing 

Africa. 

Freetown,  the  capital,  is  regularly  built, 
and  contains  the  government  offices,  bar- 
racks, and  various  schools. 


24.     SEXFAiAMBTA. 

This  extensive  region  in  Western  Africa, 
includes  all  the  countries  lying  on  the  Sen- 
egal and  Gambia  rivers.  The  climate  is 
extremely  hot,  and  the  soil  well  watered 
and  fertile. 

The  principal  productions  arc  palm-oil, 
ivory,  gold-dust  and  gums. 

It  is  densely  populated,  anl  trades  in  ivo- 
ry and  gold-dust,  with  tlie  I]nglish,  French, 
and  Portuguese,  who  have  settlements  on 
the  coast. 


25.     FEZZAN. 

Fezzan  is  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  bounded 
on  all  sides  by  the  Sahara,  or  Great  Desert, 
except  on  the  north. 

The  northern  part  consists  of  ranges  of 
mountains  perfectly  barren;  in  the  south, 
sandy  plains,  destitute  of  vegetation,  alter- 
nate with  low  hills  and  valleys,  which  con 
tain  all  the  cultivated  soil  in  the  country. 

Tlie  principal  products  are  dates,  figs, 
pomegranates  and  garden  vegetables. 

It  lias  considerable  trade,  carried  on  by 
caravans. 

The  country  is  governed  by  a  chief  with 
the  rank  of  sultan. 

Questions.  What  docs  Western  Africa  embrace  ? 
For  what  is  it  remarkable  ?  By  whom  is  it  inhabited  ? 
What  are  its  principal  divisions  ? 

Describe  Cimbebas. 

Describe  Lower  Guinea.  To  whom  docs  it  belong? 
What  is  said  of  its  trade  ?  What  are  its  principal 
divisions. 

Describe  Upper  Guinea.  What  is  said  of  its  trade  V 
Inhabitants  ? 

How  is  Liberia  situated  ?  What  is  said  of  its  soi.' 
and  productions  ?  When  was  it  colonized  V  What 
is  its  government  ?     Describe  Monrovia. 

Describe  Sierra  Leone.     Freetown. 


154 


AFRICA 


What  is  said  of  Senegambia  ?  Climate  ?  Soil  'i 
Productions  ?     Trade  ? 

How  is  Fezzan  situated  ?  What  is  said  of  the  sur; 
face  and  soil?  Productions'?  Trade?  How  is  it 
governed  ? 


CENTEAIi  AFRICA. 

This  section  includes  all  the  interior  of 
Africa  south  of  the  Great  Desert,  embrac- 
ing Ethiopia  and  Soodan. 

26.     SOODAN. 

Soodan  has  been  only  partially  explored. 
It  is  a  large,  fertile  and  populous  tract,  em- 
bracing the  valley  of  the  Niger,  and  abounds 
with  valuable  tropical  prod\icts. 

It  is  divided  into  a  large  number  of  states, 
ruled  by  petty  chiefs,  called  kings.  The 
inhabitants  are  generally  humane  and  in- 
dustrious. 

There  are  a  number  of  large  cities,  of 
which  Timbuctoo  is  the  most  important. 


27.    ETHIOPIA. 

This  is  a  vast  country  in  Central  Africa, 
lying  south  of  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon. 

It  is  for  tiie  most  part  an  unexplored  and 
unknown  region.  Recent  travelers  have 
represented  the  country  as  extremely  po}»u- 
lous,  containing  regularly  organized  gov- 
ernments. 

Questions.     AVhat  docs  Central  Africa  include? 
What   is   said   of   Soodan  ?     How   is   it   divided  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  inhabitants  ?     Cities  ? 
What  is  said  of  Ethiopia  ? 


AFRICATf  ISLANDS. 

28.     MADAGASCAR. 
This  island  is  in  the  Indian  Ocean  about 


one  hundred  miles  from  Africa.  It  is  1,000 
miles  in  length  with  an  average  breadth  of 
240  miles,  having  an  area  a  little  larger 
than  France. 

It  is  low  and  level  on  the  coast,  and  in 
the  interior,  mountainous.  The  heat  in 
the  low  lands  is  often  intense,  and  rains  are 
nearly  constant,  rendering  the  climate  of 
the  coast  very  unhealthful,  both  to  natives 
and  Europeans.  In  the  interior  it  is  salu- 
brious. 

Its  vegetable  productions  are  rich  and 
varied,  containing  many  species  of  plants 
not  found  elsewhere.  Cotton,  sugar-cane, 
tobacco,  hemp,  and  rice,  are  cultivated. 
Gmger,  pepper,  and  indigo  grow  wild  in 
the  woods.  It  has  also  a  variety  of  fruits, 
among  which  are  the  orange,  peach,  citron, 
and  mulberry. 

The  population  appears  to  have  sprung 
from  different  races,  but  lias  a  perfect 
unity  of  language.  Thougli  nearly  in  a 
barbarous  condition,  the  people  have 
manufactures  of  iron  utensils  and  of 
cloths. 

The  government  is  a  monarchical  des- 
potism.    The  religion  is  pagan. 

Tananarivoo,  the  capital,  is  near  the  cen- 
ter of  the  island.  It  is  little  known  by 
Europeans,  but  is  reported  to  be  large,  and 
to  have  manufactures  of  gold  and  silver 
chains,  and  of  silk  stuffs. 

Bourbon  and  Mauritius  are  fertile  isl 
ands.  Coffee  and  sugar  are  the  chief  pro- 
ducts. Bourbon  has  a  volcano  constantly 
burning. 

Seychelles  and  Amirante  Islands  are  de- 
pendencies of  Mauritius.  Both  produce 
cotton  and  cocoa-nuts. 


AFRICA, 


155 


Pemba,  Zanzibar  and  Monfia  are  fertile 
islands  belonging  to  Muscat. 

Socotra,  an  island  in  tlie  Indian  ocean, 
one  hundred  and  twenty  miles  from  cape 
Guardafui,  is  inhabited  principally  by  the 
Bedouins.  It  produces  aloes  of  the  finest 
quality.  It  belongs  to  the  Sultan  of  Ke- 
shin. 

The  chief  islands  on  the  western  coast, 
are  the  Azores,  Madeira,  Canary,  and  Cape 
Verde  islands. 

Excepting  the  Cape  Yerde  islands,  they 


have  a  mild  healthful  climate,  a  fertile  soil, 
and  produce  wine  and  various  kinds  of 
grain  and  fruits  in  abundance. 

The  island  of  St.  Helena  is  noted  as  the 
place  of  Napoleon's  exile  and  death. 

Questions.  What  is  Madagascar  ?  Its  size  ? 
Surface  ?  Climate  ?  Productions  ?  What  is  said  of 
the  population  ?  Manufactures  ?  Government  ? 
Religion  ?     Tananarivoo  ? 

What  is  said  of  Bourbon  and  Mauritius  ?  Sey- 
chelles and  Amirante  ?  Pemba,  Zanzibar  and  Mon- 
fia? Socotra?  What  are  the  principal  islands  on 
the  western  coast?  What  is  said  of  their  climate, 
soil,  and  productions  ?     For  what  is  St.  Helena  noted. 


GENERAL  QUESTIONS  ON  AFRICA. 


How  is  Africa  bounded?  In  which  direction  is  it 
the  longest  ?  With  what  other  grand  division  is  it 
connected?  What  states  lie  north  of  the  Sahara 
Desert  ?  What  states  border  on  the  Red  Sea?  What 
large  state  south  of  the  Sahara  Desert?  AVhat  coun- 
try occupies  the  greater  part  of  Central  Africa? 
What  state  extends  farthest  south  ?     East  ?     West  ? 

Where  are  the  Atlas  Mountains  ?  The  Mountains 
of  the  Moon?  Snow  Mountains?  Crystal  Moun- 
tains? Where  is  the  Sahara  Desert?  Libyan  Des- 
ert?    Nubian  Desert? 

What  large  river  in  Eastern  Africa  flowing  north  ? 
Where  is  the  Zambeze  ?  Orange  ?  Coanga  ?  Congo  ? 
Niger  ?  Senegal  ?  Gambia  ?  Where  is  Lake  Tchad  ? 
Lake  Dembea  ?     Lake  Nyassi  ?     Lake  Ngami  ? 

Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Sidra?  Gulf  of  Aden  ?  St. 
Helena  Bay?  Gulf  of  Guinea?  Where  is  the  Red 
Sea  ?     Mozambique  Channel  ? 

Where  is  Socotra  ?  Madagascar  ?  Zanzibar  ?  Mau- 
ritius?    St.  Helena?     Ascension?     Cape  Verde  Isl- 


ands ?  Canary  Islands  ?  Azores  ?  Cape  Bon  ?  Cape 
Guardafui?     CapePalmas?     Cape  Verde? 

What  is  the  latitude  of  Cape  Bon  ?  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  ?  Straits  of  Bab  el  Mandeb  ?  Between  what 
meridians  of  longitude  is  Africa  situated  ?  In  what 
zone  is  the  greater  part  of  Africa  ?  What  states  in 
the  North  Temperate  Zone  ?  In  the  South  Temperate 
Zone  ? 

What  is  the  climate  of  the  Barbary  States  ?  Of 
Egypt  ?  Of  Nubia  ?  Of  Cape  Colony  ?  Of  Mada- 
gascar? What  fruits  grow  in  Northern  Africa? 
What  grains?  What  are  the  productions  of  Egj-pt? 
Of  Liberia  ?  What  animals  are  found  in  the  Barbary 
States  ?  For  what  are  Adel  and  Ajan  noted  ?  What 
countries  have  a  trade  in  ivory  ?  In  what  countries 
is  gold  found  ?     What  other  minerals  in  Africa  ? 

What  ruins  in  Egypt ?  In  Nubia?  Describe  Cairo. 
Alexandria.  Cape  Town.  Monrovia.  What  is  the 
character  of  the  inhabitants  of  Western  Africa? 
What  is  the  government  of  Egypt  ? 


OCEANICA. 

SQUARE  MILES,   4,400,000.      POPULATION,  23,500,000^ 

KEY   TO    MAP   NO.   9. 

OCEANS  AND  SEAS. 

33  Navigator  Islands, 

1  Pacific  Ocean, 

34  Central  Archipelago,                        : 

35  Mitchell's  Islands,                      r 

2  Indian  Ockan, 

3  China  Sea, 

36        De  Peyster's  Islands, 

4  Coral  Sea. 

37  Tasweirs  Islands, 

38  Gilbert'' s  Archipelago,    , 

39  Scarborough's  Range, 

40  Mulgrave  Islands, 

ISLANDS.                        ^ 

41  Radack  Islands, 

42  Caroline  Islands, 

1  Polynesia. 

43         Ulalan, 

5  BoNiN  Islands, 

44        Strong's, 

6  Magellan's  Archipelago, 

46        Torre's, 

7         Guadalnpe, 

46        Mortlock  Islands, 

8  Anson's  Archipelago, 

47        Hall  Islands, 

9  Sandwich  Islands, 

48        Egoi  Islands, 

10         Oahu, 

49        Pelew  Islands, 

11         Hawaii  or  Owhyhee, 

60        St.  Andrew's  Islands, 

12  Palmyras, 

61  Ladrone  Islands. 

13  America  Islands, 

14  Christmas, 

2  Australasia. 

15  Marquesas  Islands, 

52  Australia. 

16         Nookaheeva, 
11  St.  PauVs, 

3  North  Australia. 

18  Easter, 

19  Ducie, 

4  New  South  Wales,  l  Brisbane,  2  Stdhit. 

20  Pitcairn, 

5  Victoria,  3  Melbourne,  4  Portland. 

21  Gambler  Islands., 

22  Pearl  Islands, 

6  South  Australia,  5  Adelaide. 

23  Palliser  Islands, 

24  Society  Islands, 

7    West  Australia,    6    Albany ^    7  Freemantle, 
Perth. 

8 

25         Tahiti, 

26  Austral  Islands, 

63  Melville, 

27  Cook's  Islands, 

64  Arroo  Islands, 

28  Kermadec  Islands, 

65  New  Guinea, 

29  Friendly  Islands, 

66  Admiralty  Islands, 

30         Hapai  Islands, 

67  New  Ireland, 

31         Tonga  Islands, 

58  New  Britain, 

82  Feejee  Islands, 

9 

69   LOUISIADK, 

158                                                                   OOEANIOA. 

60  New  Georgia, 

STRAITS. 

61  Solomon's  Archipelago, 

102  Malacca, 

62  Rennel  Islands, 

103    SUNDA, 

63  Hffinont, 

104  Macassar, 

64  New  Hebrides, 

105  Torres, 

65  New  Caledonia, 

106  Bass, 

66  Norfolk, 

107  Cook's, 

67  New  Zealand, 

108  FOTEAUX. 

68        New  Ulster, 

69  New  Munster, 

70  New  Leinstkr, 

71  Chatham, 

72  Van  Diemen's  Land,  1  Hobart  Towh. 

CAPES. 

8  Malaysia. 

109  Engano, 

73  Sumatra,         1  Acheen,  2  Padang,  3  Pa- 

110  Rodney, 

lembang,  4  Bencoolen. 

111  York, 

74  Banca, 

112  Flattery, 

75  Java,                1  Batatia,  2  Samarang. 

113  Townsend, 

76  Borneo,           1  Borneo,  2  Banjermaaain,  3 

114  Sandy, 

Sarawak. 

115  Howe, 

77  Celebes,          1  Macassar. 

116  Chatham, 

78  Sooloo  Islandi, 

117  Leeuwin, 

79  Philippine  Islands, 

118  North  West, 

80        Luzon,        1  Manilla. 

119  Leveque, 

81        Samar, 

120  Bougainville, 

82        Mindoro, 

121  Maria  Van  Diemen. 

83  Palawan, 

84  Mindanao, 

85  Sangir, 

. 

86  Spice  Islands, 

MOUNTAINS. 

87         Gilolo, 

88  Timor, 

122  Mount  Ophir, 

89  Flores, 

123  Blue, 

90  Sandalwood, 

124  Australian  Alps, 

91    SUMBAWA, 

125  Mount  Kilauea. 

92  Bally  Islands, 

93  Keeling. 

LAKK 

126  TORRENS. 

f 

GULFS  AND  BATS. 
94  Cambridge  Gulf, 

95  Gulf  op  Carpentaria, 

96  Halifax  Bay, 

RIVERS. 

97  Botany  Bay, 

127  Lynd, 

98  Spencer's  Gulj", 

128  Murray, 

99  Shark's  Bat, 

129        Darling, 

100  Bay  of  Islands, 

130        Lachlan, 

101  Bay  of  Plenty. 

131  Swan. 

OCEANICA. 


159 


SANDWICH,  OR  HAWAIIAN  ISLANDS. 

1  Nihau. 

2  Kauhai. 

3  Oahu,  1  Honolulu. 

4  Molokai. 

5  Maui,  2  Lahaina,  3   Wairuht. 

6  Lanai. 

7  Kahoolawe. 

8  Hawaii,  4  Hilo,  5  Kaaka,  6  Kealakeakua. 


CAPES. 


1  Koolatc, 

2  KahaJca, 

3  Hana, 

4  Upola. 


MOUNTAINS. 

6  Mauna  Kea, 

6  KiLAUEA, 

7  Mauna  Loa. 


QUESTIONS   ON  THE  j\IAP   OF   OCEANICA. 


In  what  two  oceans  are  the  islands  of  Oceanica 
situated  ?  Which  are  the  three  grand  divisions  of 
Oceanica  ?  What  part  of  Oceanica  constitutes  Malay- 
sia ?    Australasia  ?     Polynesia  ? 


ISLANDS. 

What  are  the  principal  islands  in  Polynesia? 
What  archipelago  is  crossed  by  the  equator?  34. 
What  groups  between  the  equator  and  ten  degrees 
north  latitude?  13,  39,  42.  What  two  archipelagoes 
are  crossed  by  the  tropic  of  cancer  ?  6,  8.  What  arc 
the  principal  groups  in  Polynesia  south  of  the  Equa- 
tor ?  15,  24,  2T,  29,  32,  33. 

Which  is  the  largest  island  in  Australasia?  52. 
What  are  the  divisions  of  Australia?  What  large 
island  north  of  Australia?  55.  What  south?  72. 
South-east  ?  67.  East  ?  fi5.  What  islands  in  Aus- 
tralasia east  of  New  Guinea?  61. 

What  three  large  islands  in  Malaysia  are  crossed 
by  the  equator?  73,  76,  77.  What  group  of  islands 
northeast  of  Borneo?  79.  East  of  Celebes?  86. 
What  large  island  south-east  of  Sumatra  ?  75. 


SEAS,  GTTLFS,  BAYS,  AND  STRAITS. 

AVTiat  sea  west  of  the  Philippine  islands  ?  3.    What 
sea  east  of  Australia  ?  4. 


What  gulf  north  of  Australia?  95.  What  gulf  on 
the  south?  98. 

What  two  bays  on  the  cast  of  Australia?  96,  97. 
What  bay  on  the  west  ?  99.  What  bays  on  the  north 
of  New  Zealand?  100,  101. 

AVhat  strait  north-east  of  Sumatra  ?  102.  Between 
Sumatra  and  Java?  103.  Between  Australia  and 
New  Guinea  ?  105.  Between  Australia  and  Van  Die- 
men's  Land  ?  106.  Between  the  islands  of  New  Zea- 
land? 107. 


CAPES,  MOUNTAINS  AND  RIVERS. 

What  cape  north  of  the  Philippine  Islands  ?  109. 
■\Vhat  cape  at  the  northern  point  of  Australia?  111. 
What  capes  on  the  east  ?  112-114.  Southwest  ?  116, 
117.     What  cape  west?  118. 

What  mountain  in  Sumatra?  122.  What  moun- 
tains in  Australia  ?  123,  124. 

What  lake  in  Australia?  126. 

What  rivers  in  Australia?  127,  128,  131. 


SANDWICH,  OR  HAWAIIAN  ISLANDS. 
Which  is  the  largest  of  the  Sandwich  Islands  ?  8. 
What  are  the  other  principal  islands  ?  1-7.  Mention 
the  principal  towns  of  Hawaii.  4-6.  Mountains.  5- 
7.  What  two  towns  in  Maui  ?  2,  3.  What  town  in 
Oahu?  1.  Mention  the  principal  capes  of  each  of 
the  four  larger  islands  ?  1  -4. 


160 


0  C  E  A  N  I  C  A 


DESCRIPTIVE      GEOGRAPHY. 


OcEANiCA  includes  the  islands  lying  in 
the  Pacific  and  eastern  portion  of  the  Indian 
ocean,  and  is  divided  into  Polynesia,  Aus- 
tralasia and  Malaysia. 

Questions.  What  does  Oceanica  include,  and  how 
is  it  divided  ? 


1.    POLYNESIA. 

Square  miles,  151,000.  Population,  445,000. 
Polynesia  includes  a  great  number  of 
islands  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  lying  on  both 
sides  of  the  equator.  These  islands  are 
distributed  into  different  groups,  which  are 
usually  composed  of  one  or  more  large 
islands  and  numerous  smaller  ones.  They 
are  all  more  or  less  of  coral  formation.     The 


temperature,  owing  to  the  influence  of  the 
surrounding  ocean,  is  mild  and  compara- 
tively uniform.  The  climate  is  delightful 
and  salubrious. 

The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  except  on  the 
mountains.  The  productions  are  bread- 
fruit, cocoa,  banana,  yams,  sweet  potatoes, 
and  cotton,  besides  various  fruits.  There 
are  several  species  of  timber  trees,  especially 
sandal  wood,  and  a  few  spices. 

The  inhabitants  consist  of  two  races,  one 
of  Malay  origin,  and  the  other  a  variety  of 
the  negro  race.  A  few  years  since  they 
were  all  idolaters,  and  sunk  in  the  lowest 
paganism.  Through  the  efforts  of  mission- 
aries many  of  them  have  received  Christian- 
ity and  civilization. 


0  C  E  A  N  I  C  A . 


Ifil 


The  Sandwich  Islands  are  the  most  im- 
portant group  of  Polynesia,  and  form  a  kind 
of  connecting  link  between  America  and 
China.  The  groxip  consists  of  thirteen 
islands,  seven  of  which  are  inhabited. 

The  surface  is  mountainous.  The  islands 
are  of  volcanic  origin.  Several  active  vol- 
canoes still  exist. 

European  manners  and  arts  have  been 
adopted  by  the  people,  and  a  regular  gov- 
ernment established.  Churches  and  schools 
are  common,  and  books  and  newspapers 
are  printed  in  the  language  of  the  coun- 
try. 

Honolulu^  the  principal  town  and  seaport 
of  the  Sandwich  Islands,  is  on  the  south 
side  of  the  island  of  Oahu.  Its  harbor, 
capable  of  containing  between  seventy  and 
eighty  ships,  is  often  visited  by  British  and 
American  vessels. 

Questions.  What  does  Polynesia  include  ?  What 
is  said  of  these  islands  ?  Climate  ?  Soil  ?  Produc- 
tions ?  Trees  ?  Inhabitants  ?  Which  is  the  most 
important  group  ?  What  is  said  of  the  surface  ?  Vol- 
canoes? Arts  and  government?  Churches  and 
schools  ?     Honolulu. 


2.    AUSTRALASIA. 

Square  miles,  3,500,000,     Population,  1,500,000. 

Australasia  embraces  Australia,  New 
Guinea,  New  Zealand,  Van  Dieman's  Land, 
New  Hebrides,  and  New  Britain,  with  nu- 
merous smaller  islands. 

Australia  is  the  largest  island  in  the 
world,  and  on  account  of  its  vast  extent  is 
often  called  a  continent.  It  lies  between 
the  Indian  and  Pacific  oceans,  south-east  of 
Asia,  and  is  about  2,400  miles  in  length 
from  east  to  west,  and  nearly  2,000  in 
breadth  from  north  to  south. 


It  is  traversed  by  several  ranges  of  moun- 
tains, though  it  is  mostly  level. 

It  is  subject  to  severe  droughts  of  several 
months  duration,  which  are  sometimes  fol- 
lowed by  sudden  and  heavy  rains.  Not- 
withstanding these  sudden  changes,  the 
climate,  especially  in  the  southern  part, 
is  salubrious. 

The  soil  on  the  coast  and  in  the  lowlands 
is  fertile. 

Wheat,  Indian  corn,  flax,  indigo,  and 
tobacco,  are  the  principal  productions. 
Oranges,  lemons,  figs,  bananas,  pine-apples, 
olives,  and  peaches,  thrive  well. 


NATIVE    NEW    ZEALAND    VILLAGE. 

The  chief  mineral  is  gold  which,  since  its 
discovery  in  1850,  has  been  exported  in 
large  quantities.  There  are  also  rich  de- 
posits of  copper.  Tin  and  iron  are  found 
to  some  extent. 

The  aboriginal  inhabitants  are  usually 
small,  very  ignorant,  and  live  in  the  lowest 
state  of  degradation. 

The  island  is  divided  into  New  South  Wales, 
North,  West,  and  South  Australia,  and  Vic- 
toria, and  is  claimed  by  Great  Britain. 


162 


OCEANICA. 


THi:    HA.MBOO    TREK. 

The  government  consists  of  a  legislative 
council,  and  a  governor,  appointed  by  the 
crown. 

Melbourne  and  Sydney  are  the  principal 
cities  and  seaports,  and  are  rapidly  increas- 
ing in  population  and  importance.. 

Van  Diemen's  Land  is  directly  south  of 
Australia.  The  interior  is  rugged  and 
mountainous.  The  climate  and  produc- 
tions are  similar  to  those  of  South  Australia. 
This  island  was  for  a  long  time  used  by 
Great  Britain  as  a  penal  colony. 

Papua,  or  New  Gkiinea,  is  a  large  island, 
north  of  Australia,  lying  immediately  south 
of  the  equator.  It  is  supposed  to  be  moun- 
tainous in  the  interior.     The  coast  is  lined 


with  coral  reefs.  Little  is 
known  of  the  climate  and 
productions. 

It  is  inhabited  by  negroes 
and  Malays. 

New  Zealand  consists  of 
a  group  of  islands  in  the 
south  Pacific  ocean,  be- 
longing to  Great  Britain. 
The  two  principal  islands 
arc  Xew  Ulster  and  New 
Munstcr. 

Tlic  surface  is  mountain- 
ous, the  climate  remark- 
ably healthful,  and  the  soil 
fertile. 

The  native  plants,  like 
those  of  other  islands  in 
the  South  Pacific,  differ 
from  vegetable  forms  in 
other  parts  of  the  world. 
European  fruits  and  plants 
are  cultivated. 

The  inhabitants  belong 
to  the  Malay  race,  and  have  been  much  im- 
proved, through  the  exertions  of  the  mis- 
sionaries laboring  among  them. 

Questions.  What  does  Australasia  embrace  ?  De- 
scribe Australia.  Its  situation  and  size.  Its  sur- 
face. Climate.  Soil.  Productions.  Minerals.  In- 
habitants. How  is  the  island  divided  ?  What  is  said 
of  the  government  ?     Melbourne  and  Sydney  ? 

How  is  Van  Diemen's  Land  situated  ?  Describe  It. 
New  Guinea.  Of  what  does  New  Zealand  consist  ? 
Describe  its  surface.  Climate.  SoiL  Productions. 
Inhabitants. 


3.    MALAYSIA 

Square  miles,  760,000.      Population,  21,600,000. 
Malaysia,  or  the  Malay  Archipelago,  in- 
cludes tiie  moat  important  and  extensive 


OCEANICA. 


1G3 


group  of  islands  on  the  globe,  the  largest 
of  which  are  Borneo,  Sumatra,  Java  and 
Celebes.  Malaysia  embraces  also  the  Sun- 
da,  Philippine,  and  Spice  Islands. 

The  surface  is  generally  mountainous  in 
the  interior.  The  climate  is  for  the  most 
part  warm,  and  in  some  portions  delightful. 

Tiie  soil  is  very  fertile,  and  yields  an 
abundance  of  spices,  gums,  and  delicious 
fruits. 

The  interior  of  most  of  the  islands  is 
covered  with  thick  jungles,  containing  for- 
est trees  of  great  variety  and  gigantic  size. 
One  of  the  most  useful  is  the  bamboo  tree. 

Tiie  principal  minerals  are  gold,  tin,  sil- 
ver, copper,  iron,  and  coal. 

The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  of  the  Malay 
race,  and  dwell  principally  upon  the  coast. 

Their  chief  towns  are  in  many  instances 
built  over  the  water. 

The  Philippines  belong  to  Spain.  Pen- 
ang  and  a  few  other  islands  belong  to  Great 
Britain. 

Tlie  north  and  north-west  portions  of 
Borneo  and  the  Sooloo  islands  are  under 
native  rulers.     The  remainder  of  this  vast 


Archipelago  is  under  the  control  of  the 
Dutch,  and  is  frequently  named  the  Dutch 
East  Indies. 


VILLAGE    OF    WAROU. 

Manilla,  the  capital  of  the  Spanish  pos- 
sessions, and  Batavia,  the  capital  of  the 
Dutch,  are  large  and  flourishing  commer- 
cial cities. 

Questions.  What  does  Malaysia  comprise  ?  "What 
can  you  say  of  the  surface  ?  Climate  ?  Soil  and  pro- 
ductions ?  Forests  ?  Minerals  ?  Inhabitants  ?  How 
are  the  towns  built  ?  To  whom  do  the  islands  belong  ? 
Describe  Manilla  and  Batavia. 


GENERAL  QUESTIONS  ON  OCEANICA. 


Which  division  of  Oceanica  is  nearest  America? 
Nearest  Asia  ?  Which  division  contains  the  largest 
island  ? 

On  what  island  is  Mount  Ophir  ?  Mount  Kilauea  ? 
Where  are  the  Blue  Mountains  ? 

Which  is  the  largest  river  in  Australia?  What 
branches  has  it  ? 

AVhere  is  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria  ?  Halifax  Bay  ? 
Botany  Bay  ?     Spencer's  Gulf?    Bay  of  Islands  ? 

Where  is  the  Strait  of  Malacca?  Strait  of  Sunda? 
Strait  of  Macassar  ?     Cook's  Strait  ? 


Where  IS  New  Guinea  ?  Sumatra?  Borneo?  Java? 
Celebes?  Where  are  the  Philippine  Isles?  Sand- 
wich Islands  ?  Spice  ?  New  Zealand  ?  Society  Isl- 
ands? Cook's?  Friendly?  Caroline?  What  isl- 
ands are  crossed  by  the  Equator?  What  is  the 
latitude  of  the  Sandwich  Islands  ?  Longitude  ?  In 
what  zones  is  Oceanica  ? 

What  is  the  climate  of  Polynesia  ?  What  are  the 
productions  ?   Mention  the  principal  town  and  seaport. 

What  is  the  climate  of  Australia  ?  What  minerals 
has  it? 


THE    PHYSICAL    WORLD. 

KEY    TO    MAP   NO.    10. 

HYDROGRAPHIC  BASINS. 

17  Mexican, 

1  Arctic, 

18  Sargossa  Sea. 

2  Atlantic, 

3  Pacific, 

4  Indian, 

5  Continental. 

A    GEOLOGY. 

1  Granite,  (unHtratiJied,) 

2  Primary,  or  Metamorphic, 

3  Silurian, 

PRINCIPAL  VOLCANOES.* 

4  Old  Red  Sandstone, 

5  Carboniferous, 

6  Hecla, 

6  New  Red  Sandstone, 

*?  Vksuvius, 

7  Oolite, 

8  Stromdoli, 

8  Crktaceous, 

9    ^TXA, 

9  Tertiary, 

10  Peak  of  Teneriffe, 

10  Superficial. 

11    COTOPAXI, 

12  JoRULLO,  IN  Mexico, 

B    RAIN. 
1  Constant  Rain, 

OCEAN  CURRENTS. 

1  Arctic, 

2  Gulf  Stream, 

2  Periodical  Rain, 

3  Variable  Rain, 

4  Rainless  District. 

3  Caribbean, 

4  North  Atlantic, 

•» 

5  Guinea, 

6  Equatorial, 

C    WINDS  AND  CALMS. 

•7  Brazil, 

1  North  Polar  Winds, 

8  South  Atlantic, 

2  South-westerly  Currents, 

9  Cape,                                                   v 

3  Calms  of  Cancer, 

10  South  Connecting, 

4  North-east  Trade  Winds, 

11   Counter, 

5  Variable  Winds  and  Calms, 

12    MOZAMBIQCE, 

6  South-east  Trade  Winds, 

13  Japan, 

7  Calms  of  CAPBicffax, 

14  Antarctic, 

8  North-westerly  Currents, 

15  Oape  Horn, 

9  South  Polar  Winds, 

16  Peruvian, 

10  Monsoons. 

Note.     The  Temperature  is  indicated  by  Isothermal  Lines  crossing  the  Map  east  and  west. 

*  Volcanic  regions  are  inarlied  by  small  circles. 

PHYSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


Physical  Geography  treats  of  the  solid 
mass  of  the  earth,  of  the  waters  that  partly 
cover  it,  of  the  atmosphere  that  surrounds 
both,  and  of  the  vegetables  and  animals  by 
which  all  these  are  inhabited. 

Descriptive  Geography  has  taught  us  that 
the  surface  of  the  earth  is  much  diversified ; 
that  the  land  consists  of  continents  and  isl- 
ands, mountains,  plains  and  valleys;  and 
the  water  of  oceans,  seas,  lakes  rivers,  &g. 


1.    LAND. 

GEOLOGY. 

It  has  been  found  that  there  is  an  increase 
of  heat  as  the  earth  is  penetrated  towards 
its  center,  and  it  is  believed  that  the  interior 
of  the  globe  is  in  a  fluid  state,  in  consequence 
of  the  interior  heat.  It  is  also  supposed 
that  the  solid  land  is  only  a  crust  formed  by 
gradually  cooling,  and  is  less  than  a  hun- 
dred miles  in  thickness. 

Men  have  been  able  to  penetrate  this 
crust  only  a  few  thousand  feet,  but  in  con- 
sequence of  the  inclination  of  the  layers  of 
solid  rock  which  compose  it,  they  have  been 
able  to  determine  the  composition  and  order 
of  succession  of  the  materials  which  com- 
pose the  earth's  crust  for  several  miles  in 
thickness. 

There  are  in  nature,  about  sixty  simple 
substances  or  elements.  The  various 
minerals  are  composed  of  these  elements 
alone  or  chemically  combined.  About  four 
hundred  mineral  species  are  known,  but 
many  of  these  are  quite  rare. 

The  most  common  minerals  are  quartz, 


feldspar,  mica,  hornblende,  talc,  serpentine, 
and  limestone.  These,  and  many  others, 
some  of  them  metals,  are  mechanically  com- 
bined into  rocks  and  earths,  and  constitute 
the  earth's  crust. 

The  term  Rock,  in  popular  language,  is 
applied  only  to  the  solid  portions  of  the 
earth's  crust,  but  in  science,  it  extends  to 
all  the  mineral  portion  of  the  earth. 

All  Rocks  are  either — 

Stratified,  or  Unstratified. 

Igneous,  Aqueous,  or  Metamorphic. 

Fossiliferous,  or  Non-fossiliferous. 


BTRATIFED. 


UNSTRATIFIED. 


STRATIFIED. 


Stratified  Rocks  are  such  as  are  arranged 
in  distinct  layers  or  strata,  as  sandstone. 

Unstratified  Rocks  are  not  arranged  in 
layers,  but  are  composed  of  minerals  or 
broken  pieces  of  other  rocks  in  irregular 
masses,  like  granite. 

Igneous  Rocks  are  such  as  are  supposed 
to  owe  their  origin  to  intense  heat.  When 
formed  by  melted  matter  cooled  at  great 
depths,  they  are  called  Plutonic  Rocks. 
When  the  products  of  volcanoes  are  cooled 
at  the  surface,  they  are  called  Volcanic 
Rocks. 


168 


PHYSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


Aqueous  Rocks  are  made  up  of  small 
particles  deposited  in  water,  and  are  usual- 
ly stratified. 

Metamorphic  Rocks  arc  Aqueous  Rocks 
which  have  been  changed  in  structure  by 
heat,  without  being  melted  or  entirely 
changed  in  form.  They  are  usually  found 
in  connection  with  Igneous  Rocks. 

Fossiliferous  Rocks  are  such  as  contain 
the  remains  of  animals  or  plants,  many  of 
which  are  different  from  any  that  now  exist. 
These  fossils  seem  to  indicate  that  the  earth 
long  ago  was  inhabited  by  families  or  races 
of  the  animal  and  vegetable  kingdoms 
whose  remains  were  deposited  with  the  sed- 
iment which  now  composes  the  Stratified 
Rocks.  Many  of  these  species  of  animals 
and  plants  have  become  extinct. 

Non-fossiliferous  Rocks  contain  no  fossils 
and  are  generally  igneous  and  unstratified. 

The  lowest  Rocks  arc  the  Granite  Rocks, 
which  are  made  up  of  quartz,  feldspar  and 
mica,  mixed  irregularly  together,  coarser 
or  finer,  as  if  the  pieces  had  been  broken  up, 
half  melted,  and  then  cemented  together 
under  conditions  of  great  heat  and  pres- 
sure. These  are  Plutonic  Rocks,  and  are 
unstratified. 

Above  the  Granite  come  many  series  of 
Stratified  Rocks.  Of  these  Rocks,  the  lowest 
is  known  as  the  Primary  or  Metamorphic 
Formation,  consisting  of  gneiss,  which  re- 
sembles granite,  except  that  it  is  stratified, 
mica  slate,  hornblende  slate,  and  mountain 
limestone. 

The  Silurian  series,  which  is  the  lowest 
of  the  Fossiliferous  Rocks,  follows,  and 
above  this  series  is  the  Old  Red  Sandstone, 
consisting  of  sandstone  generally  of  a  red 
color. 

The  next  series  is  the  Carboniferous,  or 


Coal-bearing,  which  consists  of  carbonifer- 
ous limestone,  sandstone,  and  the  coal 
measures,  from  which  vast  quantities  of 
hard  coal  are  obtained. 

Over  this  lies  the  New  Red  Sandstone, 
then  the  Oolite,  the  Cretaceous,  or  Chalky 
Formation,  and  lastly,  the  Tertiary,  or  upper 
series,  which  is  made  up  of  the  clays,  marls, 
sand  and  drift  that  we  now  see  on  or  near 
the  surface  of  the  earth. 

Above  these  is  the  recent  deposit  of  soil, 
or  the  Alluvium,  which  contains  much  de- 
cayed or  decaying  animal  and  vegetable 
matter. 

In  addition  to  the  Granite  Rocks  which 
seem  to  form  the  basis  of  all  the  others, 
there  are  Granite  Veins  penetrating  the 
Stratified  Rocks. 

There  are  also  other  Rocks  of  igneous 
origin  found  in  connection  with  the  Strati- 
fied Rocks.  These  are  principally  volcanic, 
and  include  Trap  Rock,  Basalt,  Greenstone, 
the  products  of  ancient  volcanoes,  and  also 
the  Lavas  and  other  Rocks  more  recently 
ejected. 

The  presence  or  absence  of  certain  Rocks 
gives  general  character  to  a  country,  affect- 
ing its  configuration,  and  also  contributing 
to  the  fertility  or  sterility  of  its  soil.  The 
crust  of  the  earth  is  still  undergoing  im- 
portant changes  caused  by  igneous  and 
aqueous  forces. 

Questions.  Of  what  does  Physical  Geography 
treat  ?  What  has  Descriptive  Geography  taught  of 
the  surface  of  the  earth  ?  What  is  said  of  the  heat 
of  the  earth  ?  In  what  state  is  the  interior  of  the  earth 
supposed  to  be  ?  What  is  said  of  the  crust  ?  How 
far  has  the  crust  been  penetrated  ?  How  much  of  its 
composition  is  known  ?  How  many  simple  elements 
are  there  ?  How  many  species  of  minerals  are  known? 
Which  are  the  most  common  minerals?  How  are 
they  combined  ?     "What  is  meant  by  the  term  Rock  ? 


PHYSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


160 


How  are  Rocks  classified  ?  What  are  Stratified  Rocks  ? 
Unstratified  Rocks?  Igneous  Rocks  ?  Plutonic  Rocks  ? 
Volcanic  Rocks?  Aqueous  Rocks?  Metamorphic 
Rocks?  Fossiliferous  Rocks?  Non-fossilifcrous  Rocks? 
Describe  the  Granite  Rocks.  What  are  the  lowest 
Stratified  Rocks  ?  Mention  the  succeeding  series  in 
their  order.  Describe  Granite  Veins.  What  other  Un- 
stratified Rocks  occur  ?  What  is  said  of  the  effects 
of  certain  Rocks  ?     Of  changes  now  taking  place  ? 


CONTINENTS  AND  ISLANDS. 

All  the  land  on  the  globe  is  comprised  in 
two  great  divisions,  Continents  and  Islands. 

There  is  far  more  land  in  the  Northern 
than  in  the  Southern  Hemisphere.  If  a 
great  circle  be  drawn  through  the  south  of 
Asia  and  the  coast  of  Peru,  nearly  all  the 
land  surface  of  the  globe  will  be  on  the 
upper  or  northern  side  of  this  line. 

The  land  is  arranged  chiefly  in  two  great 
masses  called  Continents.  There  is  much 
doubt  as  to  the  mode  by  which  these  have 
arrived  at  their  present  form  and  condition. 
Many  suppose  there  has  been  a  succession 
of  elevations  and  depressions,  produced  by 
tlie  agency  of  the  heat  beneath.  However 
this  may  be,  they  have  undoubtedly  passed 
through  both  sudden  and  gradual  changes, 
with  alternating  periods  of  rest. 

The  Continents  present  several  notable 
resemblances  and  differences.*  Both  have 
their  great  mountain  ranges  running  in  the 
same  direction  as  the  greatest  length  of 
land;  both  are  broad  at  the  north,  and 
terminate  at  the  south  in  tapering  rocky 
points.  With  two  exceptions,  the  important 
peninsulas  of  both  point  southward,  and 
have  to  the  eastward  an  island  or  groups 
of  islands.  A  large  member  of  each  is 
nearly  isolated,  and  has  a  deep  bend  of  its 

«  See  Map  Is^o.  1. 


western  coast  to  the  interior.  They  differ 
in  the  direction  of  the  land, — that  of  the 
Western  stretching  from  north  to  south, 
and  that  of  the  Eastern  from  east  to  west, 
giving  to  the  former  great  variety  of  zone, 
hence  of  climate  and  production,  and  to  the 
latter  great  extent  in  the  same  climatic  belt. 

The  Western  Continent  is  simple  in  its 
form,  its  edges  mainly  unindented  by  the 
sea,  except  on  the  eastern  side,  and  its 
masses  little  broken  by  irregular  or  trans- 
verse mountains.  The  northern  portion 
has  more  indentations  than  the  southern. 
Its  distinguishing  characteristics  are  its 
lofty  chain  of  mountains,  uninterrupted 
from  Beliring's  Strait  to  the  Magellan,  its 
vast  plains,  and  its  system  of  inland  waters. 

On  the  Eastern  Continent,  Africa  is  sim- 
ple in  its  structure ;  but  Europe  is  divided 
and  re-divided  by  deep  arms  of  the  sea; 
and  Asia,  thovigh  so  extensive  as  to  keep  a 
vast  mass  entire,  still  has  in  the  east  and 
south,  a  succession  of  land-locked  seas  and 
broad  indenting  bays.  Each  of  these  divi- 
sions is  traversed  by  mountains,  secondary, 
to  the  main  ranges,  making  comparatively 
small  river  basins.  The  marked  feature  of 
this  Continent  is  its  wide  and  elevated  plat- 
eaus, which  appear  especially  in  Central 
Asia. 

Islands  are  either  Continental,  having  at 
one  time  formed  part  of  the  neighboring 
main  land,  as  the  British  Isles;  or  are  Sandy 
accumulations  deposited  by  the  waves,  as 
along  the  east  coast  of  North  America ;  or 
are  the  products  of  Volcanic  action,  as  the 
Azores;  or  are  the  work  of  the  Coral  in- 
sects, as  many  of  those  in  the  Pacific. 

The  Continental  Islands  usually  resemble 
the  adjacent  portions  of  the  Continents  in 
formation. 


170 


PHYSICAL     GEOGRAPHY. 


A  few  Volcanic  Islands  have  been  formed 
by  submarine  volcanic  action,  since  the  chris- 
tian era. 

Coral  Islands,  which  consist  of  a  circular 
sti'ip  of  coral  enclosing  a  portion  of  shallow 
water,  are  called  Atolls,  and  the  water  thus 
enclosed  is  called  a  Lagoon.  Coral  reefs, 
many  miles  in  extent,  are  sometimes  found 
surrounding  Volcanic  Islands. 

Questions.  How  is  the  land  on  the  globe  divided  ? 
Which  Hemisphere  contains  the  most  land  ?  How  is 
the  land  arranged  ?  Describe  the  Continents.  Which 
is  the  most  simple  in  form  ?  What  are  the  character- 
istics of  the  Western  Continent  ?  Describe  the  East- 
ern Continent.  What  is  its  marked  feature  ?  How 
are  Islands  divided  ?  What  is  said  of  the  Continental 
Islands  ?  Volcanic  Islands  ?  Coral  Islands  ?  Coral 
Reefs  ? 


MOUNTAINS  AND  VOLCANOES. 

Mountains  sometimes  occur  singly,  but 
they  are  usually  found  connected  together, 
forming  a  Chain  or  Range  of  Mountains. 

A  number  of  Mountain  chains  nearly  re- 
lated to  each  other,  extending  in  the  same 
direction,  constitutes  a  Mountain  System. 

The  great  Mountain  Systems  of  the  two 
Continents  correspond  to  the  general  out- 
line of  the  Continents.  The  principal  Sys- 
tems of  the  Western  Continent  extend 
north  and  south,  while  those  of  the  Eastern 
Continent  extend  east  and  west. 

On  the  Western  Continent,  the  Rocky 
Mountain  System  in  North  America,  and 
the  System  of  the  Andes  in  South  America, 
constitute  an  almost-  uninterrupted  succes- 
sion of  Mountain  Chains  extending  from 
the  Arctic  Ocean  to  the  southern  point  of 
the  Continent. 

The  California  System  consists  of  several 
ranges  in  North  America  west  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 


The  Appalachian  System  includes  the 
Cumberland,  Alleghany,  Blue  Ridge,  Cats- 
kill,  and  other  ranges  extending  from  Ala- 
bama nearly  to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  at 
a  distance  of  from  thirty  to  three  hundred 
miles  from  the  coast  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

In  South  America,  the  Brazilian  and 
Pari)7ia  are  distinct  Systems  on  the  eastern 
coast,  of  less  height  and  extent  than  the 
Andes,  and  nearly  parallel  to  the  Atlantic 
coast. 

The  Great  Eastern  System,  consisting  of 
nearly  parallel  ranges  somewhat  broken,  ex- 
tends nearly  across  the  Eastern  Continent, 
including  the  Cantabrian,  Pyrenees,  Alps 
and  Balkan  Mountains  of  Europe,  and  the 
Taurus,  Elburg,  Hindoo  Koosh,  Himalaya, 
Kuenlun,  and  Peling  of  Asia. 

Another  System,  north  of  this,  is  com- 
posed of  the  Altai,  Stanovoi  and  other 
ranges. 

The  Scandinavian  and  Ural  Mountains 
are  distinct  Systems  running  in  an  oblique 
direction  from  the  principal  Systems,  while 
the  Appenines,  Ghauts  and  other  ranges, 
may  be  considered  as  spurs  from  the  main 
System. 

The  principal  mountain  ranges  of  the 
Eastern  Continent  have  a  gradual  slope  to 
the  north,  and  an  abrupt  descent  to  the 
south,  while  those  of  the  Western  Conti- 
nent have  the  gradual  slope  to  the  east, 
and  the  abrupt  descent  on  the  west. 

By  Volcanic  action  is  meant  the  influence 
exerted  by  the  heated  interior  of  the  earth 
on  its  external  covering.  Its  effects  are 
known  to  us, — not  only  in  the  eruption  of 
Volcanoes,  but  in  Earthquakes,  and  all  kin- 
dred phenomena,  in  emanations  of  gases 
and  vapors  from  the  earth,  and  in  Geysers 
and  Hot  Springs. 


PHYSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


171 


A  Volcano,  properly  so  called,  exists  only 
where  a  permanent  connection  is  estab- 
lished between  the  interior  of  the  earth 
and  the  atmosphere.  The  number  of  active 
Volcanoes  is  estimated  at  about  three  hun- 
dred, of  which  two-thirds  are  found  around 
the  shores  or  on  the  islands  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean. 


THE    CHATER    OF    ETNA. 


There  are  five  principal  Lines  of  Volca- 
noes :  one  from  Patagonia  to  Oregon,  which 
is  divided  into  several  volcanic  spaces,  with 
intervals  entirely  free ;  one  from  the  Aleu- 
tian Isles  to  Borneo;  another  in  the  East 
Indies,  through  Java  and  Sumatra;  a  fourth 
from  Greece,  through  the  Mediterranean,  to 
the  Azores;  and  the  last  from  the  West 
Indies,  across  Mexico,  to  the  Sandwich 
Islands. 

The  vents  of  Iceland  seem  to  form  a  short 
chain  by  themselves;  and  besides  these, 
there  are  some  isolated  or  grouped  Volca- 
noes on  land,  and  probably  many  in  the  bed 
of  the   ocean.     Stromboli  is  noted  for  its 


constant  activity, — Hecla,  for  its  violent 
eruptions, — Cotopaxi,  for  its  great  height, 
and  Jorullo,  in  Mexico,  for  having  been 
thrown  up  from  a  plain  within  a  few 
months. 

Sudden  and  violent  disturbances  of  the 
earth's  crust  are  called  Earthquakes,  and 
occur  usually  within  the  region,  though  not 
in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Volcanoes. 
Some  of  the  most  destructive  on  record 
are  those  of  Lisbon,  in  1755,  of  Riobamba, 
in  1797,  and  those  of  Caracas  and  the  Mis- 
sissippi valley,  in  1812. 

Questions.  How  do  Mountains  occur?  "What  is 
a  Mountain  System  ?  To  what  do  the  Mountain  Sys- 
tems correspond?  Describe  the  principal  Systems  of 
the  Western  Continent.  Of  the  Eastern  Continent. 
What  is  peculiar  to  the  Mountains  of  each  Continent  ? 
What  is  meant  by  Volcanic  action  ?  How  many  Vol- 
canoes are  now  active  ?  Describe  the  principal  Vol- 
canic regions.  For  what  is  Stromboli  noted  ?  Hecla  ? 
Cotopaxi  ?  Jorullo  ?  What  are  Earthquakes  ?  Men- 
tion some  of  the  most  destructive. 


PLATEAUS  AND  PLAINS. 

Plateaus  are  extensive  elevated  tracts  of 
land  with  a  surface  generally  level,  though 
they  may  sometimes  contain  hills  or  moun- 
tain ridges. 

Plains  are  low  tracts  of  land  nearly  level. 
The  two  Continents  are  not  only  character- 
ized by  their  Mountain  Systems,  but  by 
their  Plateaus  and  Plains.  "While  each  Con- 
tinent contains  both  Plateaus  and  Plains, 
the  Western  Continent  may  be  distinguished 
for  its  Plains,  while  the  Eastern  is  distin- 
guished for  its  Plateaus. 

On  the  Western  Continent,  a  Plateau 
extends  along  the  base  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains from  the  southern  part  of  British 
America  to  the  Isthmus  of  Panama.  It 
includes   the   Utah   basin,   and   the   great 


172 


PHYSICAL    GEOGRAPHY, 


Mexican  Plateau,  on  which  the  city  of  Mex- 
ico is  situated. 

Ill  South  America  there  are  several  ele- 
vated Plains  connected  with  the  Andes,  the 
principal  of  which,  the  Plateau  of  Lake 
Tilicaca,  is  one  of  the  highest  Plateaus  in 
America.  The  city  of  Potosi  is  situated  on 
the  southern  end  of  this  Plateau. 

The  greater  part  of  Central  and  Western 
Asia  is  one  vast  Plateau  traversed  by  Moun- 
tain Chains.  This  great  Plateau  includes 
the  great  Desert  of  Gobi,  and  is  also  the 
source  of  most  of  the  Asiatic  Rivers.  Tlie 
southern  portion  of  Hindostan  contains  the 
Plateau  of  the  Deccan,  which  is  often  the 
resort  of  the  Europeans  of  Hindostan  in  the 
hot  season.  By  ascending  this  Plateau,  they 
may  enjoy  a  temperate  climate  in  the  torrid 
zone.  Tlie  principal  Plateau  of  Europe  is 
that  of  Spain. 

North  America  has  a  Great  Gentral  Plain 
extending  from  the  Arctic  Ocean  to  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  northern  part  is 
drained  by  the  waters  which  flow  into  Hud- 
son's Bay  and  the  Arctic  Ocean,  and  the 
southern  part  includes  the  great  valley  of 
the  Mississippi  and  the  basin  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  There  is  also  a  narrow  plain  east 
of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  extending  from 
Maryland  to  Florida.  The  lower  part  of 
this  is  swampy.     ■ 

In  South  America  a  great  Plain  east  of 
the  Andes  extends  through  nearly  the  whole 
length  of  this  division.  It  branches  off  into 
the  Plain  of  the  Orinoco  on  the  north-east, 
and  the  Plain  of  the  La  Plata  in  the  south- 
ern part. 

A  large  part  of  the  South  American 
Plains  are  covered  with  grass,  which  grows 
luxuriantly  during  the  rainy  seasons  afford- 
ing pasturage  to  vast  herds  of  cattle. 


The  principal  Plains  of  the  Eastern  Con- 
tinent are  the  great  Northern  European 
Plains,  which  extend  from  the  Bay  of  Biscay 
through  the  northern  part  of  central  Eu- 
rope to  the  Ural  Mountains,  and  the  North- 
ern Asiatic  Plain  which  extends  from  the 
Ural  Mountains  to  Behring's  Strait.  The 
European  Plain  has,  most  of  it,  a  deep  fer- 
tile soil,  very  productive.  A  part  of  it  is 
still  covered  with  extensive  forests.  The 
northern  part  of  the  Asiatic  Plain  is  frozen 
to  a  great  depth. 

The  smaller  Plains  of  Europe  are  found 
in  northern  Italy,  Austria  and  Turkey. 
Plains  of  limited  extent  skirt  the  eastern 
and  south-eastern  shores  of  Asia  and  the 
lower  part  of  the  principal  river  basins. 

The  principal  Plains  of  Africa  are  the 
great  Desert  of  Sahara,  the  narrow  Plain 
of  Egypt,  known  as  the  valley  of  the  Nile, 
and  the  Plain  of  Gentral  and  Southern 
Africa,  which  has  not  yet  been  thoroughly 
explored. 

Questions.  What  are  Plateaus  ?  Plains  ?  Which 
Continent  is  distinguished  for  its  Plains  ?  Its  Pla- 
teaus? Describe  the  Plateaus  of  North  America. 
South  America.  Asia.  Describe  the  Plains  of  North 
America.  South  ximerica.  The  Plains  of  Europe 
and  Asia.     Of  Africa. 

2.    WATER. 

SPRINGS,  LAKES,  AND  RIVERS. 

The  Waters  of  the  land  are  found  in  the 
form  of  Springs,  Lakes,  and  Rivers. 

Springs  are  Hot  or  Cold,  according  to 
the  depth  of  the  reservoirs  by  which  they 
are  supplied.  If  these  are  above  the  stra- 
tum of  invariable  temperature,  the  heat  of 
the  water  will  only  vary  with  the  seasons ; 
if  the  water  come  from  this  stratum  itself, 
it  will  be  invariable ;  if  from  below  it,  its 


PHYSICAL     GEOGRAPHY. 


1Y3 


temperature  will  be  proportionate  to  the 
depth. 

Hot  and  Boiling  Springs  are  very  con- 
stant in  their  heat,  and  are  more  fre- 
quent in  volcanic  regions,  though  there  are 
many  examples  of  them  remote  from  such 
places.  Many  mineral  substances  are  dis- 
solved by  both  Hot  and  Cold  Springs, 
whence  the  medicinal  properties  of  their 
waters;  especially  are  they  often  highly 
impregnated  with  common  salt. 

The  principal  Mineral  Springs  in  the 
United  States  are  the  Salt  Springs  of  Syra- 
cuse and  Salina  in  New  York,  and  those  on 
the  Kanawha  river  in  Virginia;  also  the  Me- 
dicinal Springs  of  Saratoga,  New  York;  and 
the  Sulphur  Springs  of  Virginia. 

Lakes  are  of  four  kinds;  those  having 
inlets  and  outlets,  as  the  great  American 
Lakes;  those  having  neither  inlets  nor  out- 
lets, found  among  mountains  and  fed  by 
Springs,  and  in  which  the  evaporation 
equals  the  supply ;  those  having  outlets  but 
no  inlets,  which  are  fed  by  Springs,  and  are 
the  sources  of  Rivers;  and  those  having 
inlets  but  no  outlets,  as  the  Caspian,  Aral, 
and  Dead  Seas  in  Asia;  Titicaca  and  the 
great  Salt  Lake,  in  America.  These  last, 
with  their  tributaries,  form  Continental 
Systems  of  Rivers,  and  their  basins  cover 
a  vast  extent  of  territory. 

Rivers  are  streams  of  water  flowing  over 
the  land  to  some  other  body  of  water. 
They  have  their  origin  in  Springs,  Lakes, 
and  in  ice-covered  mountains.  The  basin 
of  a  River  is  the  entire  country  drained  by 
it  and  its  tributaries,  and  the  elevation, 
whether  great  or  small,  which  separates 
one  such  basin  from  another,  is  their  water- 
shed. The  velocity  of  a  River  depends  on 
the  form  and  slope  of  its  bed,  and  the  vol- 


ume and  pressure  of  water  in  the  upper 
part  of  its  course.  The  Danube,  Tigris 
and  Indus  are  the  most  rapid  of  the  large 
Rivers. 

Owing  to  the  structure  of  the  highland 
and  mountain  chains,  most  of  the  important 
Rivers  flow  in  an  easterly  direction,  and  the 
next  in  size  towards  the  south  and  north, 
while  those  flowing  west  are  generally 
small. 


^s^^.:'A^^^ 


sea 


^CAIRO 


DELTA. 


The  soil  borne  down  by  streams  is  depos- 
ited as  their  velocity  diminishes,  and  if  the 
lower  courses  be  through  a  flat  country, 
subject  to  inundation.  Deltas  are  formed  at 
their  mouths,  as  in  the  Mississippi  and 
Nile. 

Questions.  How  are  the  waters  of  the  land  found  ? 
Describe  Springs.  Hot  and  Boiling  Springs.  Men- 
tion the  principal  Mineral  Springs  of  the  United 
States.  Describe  Lakes.  Rivers.  What  is  meant 
by  the  basin  of  a  River  ?  Upon  what  does  the  veloc- 
ity of  a  River  depend?  In  what  direction  do  the 
largest  Rivers  flow  ?    How  are  Deltas  formed  ? 

THE  OCEAN. 
The  great  mass  of  Waters,  covering  two- 
thirds  of  the  earth's  surface,  receives  the 
general  name  of  Ocean.  This  contains 
from  three  to  four  per  cent,  of  salts,  is  of 
a  dark  blue  or  green  color,  and  of  great 
depth.     Of  the  five  Oceans,  the  Pacific  is 


174 


PHYSICAL     GEOGRAPHY. 


the  largest,  and  is  remarkable  for  its  calm 
waters  and  many  islands.  The  Indian,  real- 
ly a  branch  of  this,  is  noted  for  its  periodical 
and  violent  winds.  The  Atlantic  occupies 
a  long  and  narrow  trough  between  the  two 
continents ;  it  is  deep,  almost  unbroken  by 
islands,  traversed  by  well  defined  currents, 
and  extends  through  all  zones  of  climate. 
The  Northern  and  Southern  Oceans  are 
within  the  Polar  Circles,  and  are  alike  re- 
markable for  their  masses  of  ice  and  the 
icebergs  which  they  send  off  to  the  warmer 
seas. 

The  Basin  of  an  Ocean  includes  not  only 
the  space  actually  occupied  by  its  waters, 
but  all  the  land  drained  by  Rivers  flowing 
into  it.  The  Atlantic  receives  the  waters 
of  Western  Europe,  Northern  and  Western 
Africa,  and  of  the  greater  part  of  America; 
the  Northern  Ocean,  those  of  the  great 
northern  slope  of  the  Eastern  Continent, 
and  the  vast  upper  plain  of  North  America; 
the  Indian,  those  of  Southern  Asia  and 
Eastern  Africa;  and  the  Pacific  those  of 
Eastern  Asia  and  of  America  west  of  the 
mountains. 

The  Ocean  is  characterized  by  three  great 
movements.  Waves,  Tides,  and  Currents. 

Waves  are  the  alternate  elevations  and 
depressions  of  the  surface  of  a  body  of 
water,  produced  by  a  force  acting  unequally 
on  that  surface.  There  is  no  real  onward 
motion,  except  in  case  of  violent  winds  and 
over  shoals. 

Tides  are  alternate  risings  and  fallings 
of  the  water  of  the  Ocean,  occurring  twice 
in  twenty -four  hours,  and  are  owing  to  the 
united  attraction  of  the  sun  and  moon. 
The  influence  affects  the  whole  mass  of  the 
water,  and  is  thought  to  originate  in  the 
unbroken  expanse  of  water  about  the  Ant- 


arctic Circle,  and  to  spread  thence  to  all 
the  Seas  having  ready  communication  with 
each  otlier.  In  the  open  Ocean  the  rise  of 
the  Tide  is  small,  being  only  two  or  three 
feet ;  it  varies  on  various  shores,  and  when 
it  enters  narrow  bays,  or  is  forced  around 
a  head  land,  it  sometimes  rises  to  the  hight 
of  forty,  fifty,  and  even  seventy  feet,  as  in 
Bristol,  England, — St.  Malo,  France, — and 
in  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 

The  Tidal  Wave  occupies  about  a  day 
and  a  half  in  traveling  from  its  great  south- 
ern reservoir  to  the  British  Isles.  It  moves 
rapidly  through  deep  Seas,  and  slowly 
through  shallows,  as  in  the  Pacific,  where 
its  influence  is  hardly  perceptible. 

Currents  are  like  Rivers  in  the  Ocean, 
effecting  an  interchange  of  the  waters  of 
one  latitude  with  those  of  another.  Tem- 
porary Currents  are  produced  by  violent 
winds  or  by  Tides,  as  Hurlgate,  in  East 
River,  near  New  York.  Periodical  Cur- 
rents are  owing  to  periodical  winds,  as  the 
Monsoons  of  the  Indian  Ocean. 

Constant  Currents  are  the  result  of  con- 
stant forces,  of  which  the  principal  are,  the 
heat  of  the  sun,  the  salts  of  the  sea,  and 
the  rotation  of  the  earth.  Direction  is 
often  given  to  them  by  the  configuration  of 
the  land,  and  together  they  constitute  a 
great  system  of  Oceanic  circulation.  They 
seem,  like  the  Tides,  to  have  their  source  in 
the  Southern  Ocean ;  a  great  stream  known 
as  the  Antarctic  Current,  flowing  thence 
northward  toward  South  America,  where  it 
is  divided ;  a  small  part  goes  east,  around 
Cape  Horn,  while  the  rest  flows  north  along 
the  western  coast,  and  turning  suddenly  to 
the  west,  is  lost  in  the  Equatorial  Current 
af  the  Pacific.  This  flows  westward  until 
it  meets  China,  India,  and  the  East  India 


PHYSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


175 


Islands;  a  part  makes  its  way  among  these 
and  joins  the  Equatorial  Current  of  the  In- 
dian Ocean.  Passing  between  Madagascar 
and  the  main  land,  it  rounds  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  and  turns  northward  along  the  coast 
of  Africa,  until  off  Guinea  it  flows  westward 
in  the  Atlantic  Equatorial.  This,  reaching 
Brazil,  is  divided ;  one  branch  flowing  south, 
then  eastward  to  the  Indian  Ocean,  is  known 
as  the  Southern  Connecting'  Current;  the 
other  and  principal  branch  goes  round  the 
point  of  Brazil,  through  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
sweeps  round  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and 
appears  off  the  peninsula  of  Florida  as  the 
Gulf  Stream.  This  great  current  flows 
along  the  United  States  coast,  toward  New- 
foundland, where,  spreading,  it  goes  east- 
ward, mingling  with  and  warming  the 
waters  west  of  Europe.  The  British  Isles 
divide  it,  a  part  of  it  going  north  to  the 
Polar  Sea,  and  a  part,  turning  south,  seems 
to  appear  again  on  the  coast  of  Africa  in 
the  North  African  and  Guinea  Current,  which 
completes  the  circuit  of  the  North  Atlantic 
by  mingling  with  the  Equatorial  Current. 
Within  this  circuit  of  waters  is  an  area 
matted  over  with  gulf  weed,  known  as  the 
Sarg-ossa  Sea. 

A  stream  originates  in  the  ice  masses 
around  the  North  Pole,  and  coming  south- 
ward past  Labrador,  divides,  sending  one 
Current  inside  the  Gulf  Stream  to  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  and  another,  as  an  Under  Cur- 
rent, to  the  Caribbean.  On  the  eastern 
coast  of  Asia  is  the  Japan  Current,  in  many 
respects  closely  resembling  the  Gulf  Stream 
of  the  Atlantic.  Like  that,  it  has  a  Cold 
Counter  Current  near  the  coast,  and  also 
sends  a  Return  Current  along  the  shores  of 
California  and  Mexico,  to  mingle  with  the 
Pacific  Equatorial. 


Questions.  What  is  the  Ocean?  Describe  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  Indian.  Atlantic.  Northern.  South- 
ern. What  is  meant  by  the  Basin  of  an  Ocean? 
Describe  the  Hydrographic  Systems  of  each  Ocean. 
By  what  is  the  Ocean  characterized?  Describe 
Waves.  Tides.  Currents.  The  Antarctic  Current. 
Equatorial  Currents.  Southern  Connecting  Current. 
The  Gulf  Stream.  Guinea  Current.  Sargossa  Sea. 
Japan  Current 


3.    ATMOSPHERR 

TEMPERATURE  AND  WINDS. 

The  Atmosphere  is  the  fluid  which  we 
breathe,  and  which  surrounds  the  earth  to 
a  height,  probably  of  forty  or  fifty  miles. 
It  has  weight  and  great  elasticity,  and  is 
nearly  colorless. 

The  quantity  of  sensible  Heat,  as  indi- 
cated by  the  thermometer,  is  called  Temper- 
ature. The  depth  to  which  the  solid  earth 
is  affected  by  Heat  or  Cold  varies  with  the 
latitude ;  at  the  equator  it  is  about  one  foot; 
in  the  temperate  zones,  fifty  or  sixty  feet; 
in  the  Polar  regions,  800  or  400  feet.  Be- 
low this  the  Heat  increases  regularly.  In 
the  ocean  there  is  also  a  line  of  Invariable 
Temperature,  (39°. 5,)  found  at  the  equator 
at  a  depth  of  7,200  feet,  in  lat.  56°,  at  the 
surface,  and  in  lat.  70°,  4,500  feet  below  it. 
The  Temperature  of  water  is  far  more 
equable  than  that  of  the  land.  The  Atmos- 
phere receives  its  Sensible  Heat  chiefly  by 
radiation  from  the  earth.  The  Temperature 
of  any  place  depends  principally  on  its  lati- 
tude, its  elevation,  the  vicinity  of  the  sea, 
and  prevailing  winds. 

Wind  is  air  in  motion.  Whenever  the 
equilibrium  of  the  atmosphere  is,  for  any 
cause,  disturbed,  there  follows  an  exchange 
of  place  among  its  particles,  until  this  equi- 
librium is  restored.  The  Heat  of  the  earth 
in  the  equatorial  regions  causes  the  rarefied 


I7G 


PHYSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


air  to  rise,  to  supply  the  place  of  which 
other  air  rushes  in  from  the  north  and 
south,  the  air  which  ascends  flowing  off  to 
the  Poles  again,  thus  completing  the  circuit 
of  the  globe.  The  revolution  of  the  earth 
on  its  axis  gives  a  westward  direction  to 
the  air  from  the  Poles,  and  an  eastward 
one  to  the  returning  currents.  The  force 
and  constancy  of  these  are  greatly  modified 
by  the  alternating  land  and  water  over 
which  they  flow. 


WATER    SPOUTS. 


Within  the  Tropics,  gentle  winds  blow 
constantly  from  the  east,  called  the  Trade 
Winds.  These  are  in  two  bands  or  zones, 
between  which  is  a  zone  of  calms  that  is 
near  but  north  of  the  equator,  and  shifts  its 
position  with  the  change  of  seasons.  Out- 
side of  these  Trades  are  narrow  belts  of 
calms,  north  of  the  northern  and  south  of 
the  southern,  of  which  the  prevailing  direc- 
tion of  the  winds  is  found  to  be  from  the 
west,  as  far  as  60°  or  70°  of  latitude,  beyond 
which  limits  the  courses  of  the  winds  are 
not  accurately  known. 


The  westerly  winds  of  the  temperate  zone 
are  called  the  Return  Trades.  They  are 
by  no  means  constant,  and  their  prevalence 
is  determined  only  by  careful  and  continued 
observation. 

There  are  certain  Periodical  Winds,  such 
as  the  Morning  and  Evening  Breezes  on 
the  sea/-coast;  the  Monsoons  of  the  Indian 
Ocean,  changing  their  course  with  the  sea- 
sons; the  Etesian  Winds,  blowing  from  the 
north  in  the  Mediterranean  in  summer; 
and  the  cold  Northers  of  Texas  and  Mexico. 

Winds  are  hot  or  cold,  moist  or  dry, 
taking  these  characters  from  the  countries 
over  which  they  pass.  Among  the  noted 
Hot  Winds  are  the  Simoon^  of  Arabia, 
Syria,  and  Nubia,  and  the  Sirocco^  of  the 
Sahara  Desert. 

Whirlivinds  are  produced  by  currents 
meeting  each  other  obliquely.  Hurricanes, 
are  violent  revolving  Winds,  which  occur 
chiefly  in  the  West  Indies,  the  Indian  Ocean, 
and  Chinese  waters.  They  spring  up  sud- 
denly, move  rapidly  over  wide  areas,  and 
are  more  frequent  in  the  Autumn.  Water- 
spouts, caused  by  Whirlwinds  near  the  sur- 
face of  the  water,  are  very  common  in  the 
Mediterranean. 

Questions.  What  is  the  Atmosphere  ?  What  is 
Temperature  ?  Upon  what  does  the  Temperature  of 
a  place  depend  ?  What  causes  Wind  ?  What  are 
the  principal  prevailing  Winds?  The  most  noted 
Hot  Winds  ?  What  are  Whirlwinds  ?  Hurricanes  ? 
Waterspouts  ? 


MOISTURE  AND  CLIMATE. 
The  Atmosphere  is  constantly  receiving 
Moisture  from  the  earth,  by  means  of  evap- 
oration. The  capacity  of  the  Air  for  con- 
taining this  moisture  depends  on  its  tem- 
perature.    It  is  said  to  be  saturated^  or  at 


PHYSICAL     GEOGRAPHY. 


177 


the  Dew  point,  when  it  contains  all  its  tem- 
perature will  allow  it  to  receive,  and  any 
above  this  quantity  will  be  condensed  and 
precipitated.  It  is  often  deposited,  during 
still  nights,  on  bodies  which  are  cooler  than 
the  Dew  point  of  Atmosphere  at  the  time, 
and  in  this  form  is  called  Dew.  Hoar-frost 
is  frozen  Dew. 

Mists  and  Fogs  are  masses  of  vapor  near 
the  earth,  sufficiently  condensed  to  be  visi- 
ble, differing  from  Clouds  only  in  position. 
When  Clouds  come  in  contact  with  air  or 
vapor  cooler  than  themselves,  their  moist- 
ure is  condensed  and  falls  to  the  earth  in 
the  form  of  Rain.  Hail  is  frozen  Rain, 
and  Snoiv  is  frozen  vapor. 

Rain  is  very  unequally  distributed;  it 
is  found  that  it  decreases  in  quantity 
from  the  Equator  to  the  Poles,  and  from 
the  coasts  to  the  interior  of  a  continent; 
that  the  greatest  number  of  rainy  days 
occur  in  the  temperate  zones;  that  more 
Rain  falls  in  mountainous  than  level  dis- 
tricts, and  more  in  the  Northern  than  in 
the  Southern  Hemisphere ;  and  the  same  is 
true  of  the  western  coasts  of  the  continents 
in  the  temperate  zones,  because  the  moist- 
ure is  brought  by  westerly  winds,  which 
lose  it  before  they  reach  the  eastern  shores. 

Rains  are  Periodical  within  the  Tropics 
and  wherever  periodical  winds  prevail ;  and 
are  Frequent  beyond  the  Tropics,  where  it 
may  rain  on  any  day  of  the  year.  Large 
Rainless  Districts  occur  in  Peru,  Central 
America,  and  Mexico,  and  in  Central  Asia; 
the  moisture  brought  from  the  sea  by  the 
winds  being  condensed  by  mountain  ranges 
before  they  arrive  at  these  districts.  The 
annual  fall  of  rain  is  estimated  at  8.5  feet 
in  the  Torrid  Zone,  at  3.05  feet  in  the  Tem- 
perate, and  in  the  Frigid  at  1.25  feet. 
10 


By  the  Snow  Line  is  meant  the  limit  on 
mountains  above  which  tlie  snow  is  perpet- 
ual. At  and  below  this  limit  the  snow  and 
ice  are  melted  or  softened  by  the  heat  of 
summer,  and  here  it  is  that  Glaciers  have 
their  origin.  These  are  large  masses  of  ice 
and  snow,  which,  becoming  attached,  are 
in  time  consolidated,  and,  increasing  from 
year  to  year  by  additions  from  above,  move 
slowly  down  valleys  and  gorges,  until,  reach- 
ing a  milder  temperature,  they  dissolve  and 
form  the  sources  of  rivers. 

By  Climate  is  meant  the  condition  of  the 
Atmosphere  witli  reference  to  heat  and  cold, 
moisture  and  dryness,  healthiness  and  un- 
healthiness.  It  is  affected,  in  all  these  par- 
ticulars, by  the  form  and  elevation  of  the 
land,  the  nature  of  the  soil,  and  the  neigh- 
borhood of  bodies  of  water,  and  is  by  no 
means  the  same  in  similar  latitudes.  Lines 
passing  through  places  which  have  the  same 
mean  temperature,  are  called  Isothermal 
Lines.  By  tracing  any  one  of  these  through- 
out its  course,  it  will  be  found  to  pass  over 
widely  differing  latitudes.  Especially  is  this 
the  case  with  those  Isotherms  which  cross 
North  America  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

Questions.  What  is  Dew?  Frost?  What  are 
Mists  and  Fogs  ?  What  is  said  of  Rain  ?  Hail  and 
Snow?  Where  are  Rains  Periodical?  Frequent? 
Where  are  the  Rainless  Districts?  What  is  the  an- 
nual fall  of  Rain?  What  is  meant  by  the  Snow 
Line?  What  are  Glaciers?  What  is  Climate? 
What  are  Isothermal  Lines  ? 


4.    GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION  OF 
PLANTS. 

The  whole  number  of  species  of  Plants 
on  the  globe  is  estimated  at  130,000. 

They  appear  to  have  originally  had  their 
native  regions  adapted  by  soil  and  climate 


178 


PHYSICAL     GEOGRAPfiY. 


for  their  growth  and  perfection,  and  to 
which  they  were  principally  confined.  Nat- 
ural means  and  artificial  agencies  have  dis- 
tributed many  Plants  over  a  large  extent 
of  country,  and  to  a  great  distance  from 
their  native  soil. 

The  most  important  influences  affecting 
vegetation  are  heat,  light,  and  moisture. 

The  most  constant  heat  and  the  greatest 
amount  of  rain,  we  have  already  noticed, 
are  found  in  the  Torrid  Zone. 


TORRID    ZONE. 


In  this  zone  vegetation  exists  in  its  great- 
est variety  and  luxuriance.  The  most 
gorgeous  flowers,  the  most  luscious  fruits, 
and  the  hardest  and  heaviest  timber  are 
found  in  the  Torrid  Zone. 

In  the  Temperate  Zones,  the  most  im- 
portant grains  are  found;  such  as  wheat, 
rye,  maize,  barley,  oats;  also  the  common 
grasses,  and  fruits,  such  as  apples,  pears, 
grapes  and  berries,  and  plants  for  clothing, 
as  flax,  hemp  and  cotton. 

This  zone  also  contains  majestic  forests 
of  the  oak,  hickory,  chestnut,  maple,  pine, 
fir,  and  cedar. 

In  the  Frigid  Zones  vegetation  is  scanty, 
and,  in  some  parts  of  these  zones,  ceases  to 
exist.  Barley  and  oats  are  produced  on 
the  borders  of   the  Temperate  Zone,  but 


the  principal  Plants  of  the  Frigid  Zones 
are  mosses,  lichens,  dwarf  trees  and  shrubs. 
Besides  the  limitation  of  Plants  by  cli- 
mate, there  are  also  local  and  restricted  re- 
gions  with  plants  peculiar  to  the  locality. 
Thus  Australia  constitutes  a  botanical  re- 
gion differing  from  all  others.  Countries 
in  the  same  latitude  differ  essentially  in 
their  species  of  vegetation,  but  the  most 
important  productions  of  each  zone  are 
most  widely  distributed. 

Questions.  What  is  the  estimated  number  of 
species  of  Plants  on  the  globe  ?  What  is  said  of  the 
native  regions  of  Plants  ?  Of  the  distribution  of 
Plants  ?  What  are  most  important  influences  affect- 
ing vegetation  ?  What  is  said  of  the  vegetation  of 
the  Torrid  Zone  ?  Of  the  Temperate  Zone  ?  Of  the 
Frigid  Zone  ?  Of  local  and  restricted  botanical  re- 
gions ? 


5.     GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION"  OP 
ANIMALS. 

Animals  are  adapted  to  different  climates 
and  diverse  circumstances,  by  variety  in 
clothing  and  physical  structure.  In  the 
Torrid  Zone,  quadrupeds  are  usually  nearly 
naked,  or  furnished  with  a  coat  of  short  and 
thin  hair ;  in  the  Temperate  Zone,  they  are 
covered  with  thick  hair,  or  with  wool ;  while 
in  the  Frigid  Zone,  they  are  supplied  with 
thick  fur. 

It  is  in  the  Torrid  Zone  that  Animal  life 
is  most  abundantly  developed.  This  zone 
contains  the  greatest  variety  of  insects,  rep- 
tiles and  birds,  as  well  as  the  largest  quad- 
rupeds, such  as  the  elephant,  rhinoceros, 
camel,  camelopard,  tapir  and  hippopotamus. 

The  most  poisonous  reptiles  and  insects, 
and  the  most  savage  beasts  of  prey  are 
found  in  this  zone.  Among  these  may  be 
mentioned  the  lion,  tiger,  elephant,  puma, 
and  hyena. 


PHYSICAL     GEOGRAPHY. 


1T9 


Birds  of  the  largest  size  and  most  beau- 
tiful plumage  are  found  in  this  zone,  such 
as  the  bird  of  paradise,  the  parrot  tribe 
and  the  ostrich. 

The  coral  forming  tribes  are  found  chiefly 
in  this  zone.  Here  are  also  the  largest 
monkeys. 

The  Temperate  Zones  contain  the  great- 
est number  of  useful  and  domestic  animals, 
such  as  the  horse,  ox,  sheep  and  deer  tribes. 
The  chief  beasts  of  prey  are  the  lynx,  wild 
cat,  wolf,  bear,  fox,  and  weasel.  The  ani- 
mals of  the  Temperate  Zones  are,  many  of 
tliem,  gregarious,  or  accustomed  to  collect 
in  flocks  or  herds.  Many  of  the  birds  are 
migratory,  passing  the  summer  in  the  north, 
and  returning  to  warmer  climes  on  the  ap- 
proach of  winter. 

The  Frigid  Zone  contains  few  species  of 
animals,  and  those  the  most  hardy,  such  as 
the  white  bear,  moose,  reindeer,  Arctic  fox, 
seals,  whales,  and  walruses.  There  are  a 
few  species  of  birds,  such  as  eagles,  gulls, 
cormorants,  and  petrels. 


Some  Animals,  like  some  species  of  plants, 
are  confined  to  particular  regions.  The 
giraffe,  gorilla,  and  some  varieties  of  bab- 
oons and  monkeys,  are  found  only  in  Africa. 

The  island  of  Madagascar  has  a  large 
number  of  species  peculiar  to  itself.  Aus- 
tralia and  many  of  the  East  Indian  Islands 
have  species  found  no  where  else.  Austra- 
lia is  distinguished  for  its  marsupial  quad- 
rupeds. 

In  North  America,  the  grizzly  bear  ai:d 
the  American  buffalo  are  found  in  large 
numbers,  and  in  South  America,  the  sloth, 
armadillo,  vampire,  and  a  species  of  mon- 
key peculiar  to  this  continent. 

Questions.  How  are  Animals  adapted  to  different 
climates  ?  What  is  said  of  the  clothing  of  Animals 
in  different  zones  ?  What  Animals  does  the  Torrid 
Zone  contain?  What  kind  of  birds?  Where  are 
the  coral  tribes  found  ?  What  class  of  Animals  does 
the  Temperate  Zone  contain  ?  Mention  the  chief 
beasts  of  prey  in  the  Temperate  Zone?  What  is 
said  of  the  Animals  in  the  Frigid  Zone  ?  Of  Animals 
peculiar  to  particular  regions  ?  Mention  some  of 
these  Animals  and  their  locality. 


GENERAL  QUESTIONS   ON  PHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


What  is  Physical  Geography  ?  Of  what  is  the 
earth's  crust  composed  ?  Mention  the  different  kinds 
of  Rocks.  How  are  Igneous  Rocks  formed  ?  Aque- 
ous Rocks  ?    What  are  the  principal  Stratified  Rocks  ? 

Which  Continent  contains  the  most  land?  Give 
the  principal  characteristics  of  each  Continent.  What 
are  the  different  kinds  of  Islands?  What  are  the 
principal  Mountain  Systems  of  the  Western  Conti- 
nent? Of  the  Eastern  Continent  ?  Where  are  the  prin- 
cipal Volcanoes  found  ?  Where  is  Hecla  ?  Vesuvius  ? 
Etna  ?  Peak  of  Teneriffe  ?  Cotopaxi  ?  Describe  the 
Plateaus  of  the  Western  Continent.  Of  the  Eastern 
Continent.  'What  are  the  most  noted  Plains  of  the 
Western  Continent  ?     Of  the  Eastern  ? 

What  are  the  principal  River  Systems  of  the  West- 
ern Continent  ?  Of  the  Eastern  Continent  ?  What 
is  meant  by  a  Delta  ?     Point  out  on  the  map  the  dif- 


ferent Hydrographic  Basins.  What  are  Ocean  Cur- 
rents ?  Point  out  the  Equatorial  Currents.  Describe 
the  Gulf  Stream.  Sargossa  Sea.  Japan  Current.  Brazil 
Current.  Mozambique  Current.  Cape  Horn  Current. 
What  is  the  direction  of  the  Peruvian  Current  ? 

Where  are  the  Trade  Winds  found?  Monsoons? 
What  are  the  most  noted  Hot  Winds  ?  Where  do 
Hurricanes  occur  ?  Where  are  the  principal  rainless 
districts  ?  Through  what  countries  does  the  north 
Isotherm  of  YO  degrees  pass?  Of  50  degrees?  Of 
32  degrees  ? 

How  many  species  of  Plants  are  supposed  to  exist 
on  the  globe  ?  What  kinds  of  Plants  are  found  in 
the  Torrid  Zone  ?  Temperate  Zones  ?  Frigid  Zones  ? 
What  can  j'ou  say  of  the  characteristics  of  the  .Ani- 
mals of  the  Torrid  Zone  ?  Of  the  Temperate  Zones  ? 
Of  the  Frigid  Zones  ? 


/ 


PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY  AND  TABLES. 

Note.     The  following  Pronouncing  Vocabulary  contains  the  names  of  the  countries,  states,  cities,  towns,  oceans, 

gulfs,  bays,  seas,  islands,  peninsulas,  capes,  mountains,  deserts,  lakes,  and  rivers,  found  on  the  Outline  Maps,  or  men- 

tioned in  the  Geography.     Lippincott's  Pronouncing  Gazetteer  of  the  World,  a  work  prepared  with  great  care  and 

accuracy,  has  been  adopted  as  the  standard  of  pronunciation. 

The  extent  of  countries,  the  population  of  cities  and  towns,  the  length  of  rivers,  and  the  height  of  mountains. 

have  been  given  wherever  authority  could  be  found  for  the  same.     In  the  population  of  cities  and  towns,  the  latest 

census  taken  has  been  followed. 

KEY  TO  THE  PRONUNCIATION  OF  VOWELS. 

Fite,  fir,  fSlI,  fat, — m^te,  mSt,  hSr, — pine,  pit,— note,  not, — tube,  t&b,  full.    Vowels  not  marked,  (excepting  final 

e,)  when  ending  a  syllable  that  is  accented,  are  long;  when  followed  by  a  final  consonant,  they  are  short  or  obscure. 

L     STATES  AND  COUNTRIES. 

North  America. 

United  States,            u-ni'-ted  states 

Vermont,                      vcr-mont'. 

States  and  Territories, 

Virginia,                       ver-jiii'-e-a. 

America,  British,        brit'-ish. 

Carolina,                      kar-o-li'-na. 

Washington,                 wash'-ing-tun. 

America,  Russian,       roo'-shan. 

Columbia,District  of,  ko-lum'-be-a. 

Wisconsin,                    wis-koi;'-sin. 

America,  Central,       sen'-tral. 

Alabama,                       al-a-ba'-ma. 

Balize,                           ba-lez'. 

Arkansas,                      ar-kan'-sas. 

South  America. 

Canada,                          kan'-a-da. 

California,                   kal-e-for'-ne-a. 

Greenland,                   green'-land. 

Connecticut,                 kou-net'-e-kut. 

Argentine  Republic,  ar'-j en-teen. 

Labrador,                      lab'-ra-dor. 

Delaware,                     del'-a-war. 

Bolivia,                         bo-le'-ve-a. 

Mexico,                         mex'-e-ko. 

Florida,                         flor'-e-da. 

Brazil,                           bra-zil'. 

States  of, 

Georgia,                      jor'-je-a. 

Chili,                             chil'-le. 

Chiapas,                         che-a'-p;ts. 

Illinois,.                       il-lin-oi'. 

Ecuador,                      ek-wa-dor'. 

Chihuahua,                  che-wd'-wa. 

Indiana,                         in-de-an'-a. 

Guiana,                          ghe-a'-ni. 

CiNALOA,                        sin-a-lo'-a. 

Indian,                           in'-de-an. 

New  Granai/A,             gri-na'-dA. 

CoAHUiLA,                      ko-a-we'-lL 

Iowa,                             I'-o-wa. 

Paraguay,                     pa-ra-gwa'. 

CoLiMA,                          ko-le'-ml. 

Kansas,                          kan'-sas. 

Patagonia,                    pa-ta-go'-ne-a. 

DuRANGO,                       doo-ran'-go. 

Kentucky,                     ken-tuk'-e. 

Peru,                              pe-roo'. 

Guanajuato,                  gwa-nd-hwa'to 

Louisiana,                    loo-e-ze-a'-na. 

Uruguay,                      oo-roo-gwa'. 

Guerrero,                     gher-ra'-ro. 

Maine,                            mine. 

Venezuela,                   ven-ez-we'-la. 

Jalisco,                          hd-lis'ko. 

Maryland,                     ma'-re-land. 

MiCHOACAN,                    me-cho'4-can. 

Massachusetts,            mas^-sa-chu'- 

Europe. 

New  Leon,                   nu  le'-on. 

setts. 

Oajaca,                          wd-ha'-k3,. 

Michigan,                     mish'-e-gan. 

Austria,                       Ss'-tre-a. 

PuEBLA,                          pweb'-la. 

Minnesota,                    njin'^-ne-so'-ta. 

Baden,                            ba'-den. 

Queretaro,                    ka-ra'-ta-ro. 

Mississippi,                    mis-sis-sip'-pe. 

Bavaria,                        ba-va'-re-a. 

San  Luis  Potosi,         s^n  loo '-is 

Missouri,                       mis-soo'-re. 

Belgium,                       bel'-je-um. 

po-to'-se. 

Nebraska,                      ne-bras'-ka. 

Denmark,                       den'-mark. 

Sonora,                          so-no'-ra. 

New  Hampshire,          nu  hamp'-shir. 

England,                      ing'-gland. 

Tabasco,                       t^-bas'-ko. 

New  Jersey,                 nujer'-ze. 

France,                          frans. 

Tamaulipas,                  tS-maw'-le-pas. 

New  York,                  nu  york. 

Germany,                     jer'-ma-ne. 

Tehuantkpec,                ta-wau-ta-pek'. 

Ohio,                              o-hl'-o. 

Greece,                         grfes. 

Vera  Cruz,                   va'-ra  kroos. 

Oregon,                          or'-e-gon. 

Hanover,                      han'-o-ver. 

Yucatan,                       yoo-ka-tan'. 

Pennsylvania,              pen-sil-va'-ne-a 

Holland,                       hol'-land. 

Zacatecas,                     zak-a-ta'-kas. 

Rhode  Island,             rod  I'-land. 

Ireland,                         Ire'-land. 

New  Brunswick,          nu  bruns'-wik. 

Tennessee,                   ten-nes-se'. 

Italy,                             it'-a-le. 

Nova  Scotia,               no'-va  sko- 

Texas,                            tex'-as. 

Lapland,                        lap'-land. 

she-a. 

Utah,                            yoo'-tE. 

MECKLBNBtTRG,              mek'-lcn-burg. 

PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY. 


181 


MODENA, 

mod'-Sn-i. 

COREA, 

ko-re'-a. 

Bosjesman's, 

bos'-yes-manz) 

Naples, 

n&'-pl'z. 

Farther  India, 

in'-de-a. 

Cape  Colonic;, 

kip  kol'-o-ue. 

Norway, 

nor'-wi. 

Georgia, 

ior'-je-a. 
nia-doo-stan'. 

Cimbebas, 

sim-ba'-bas. 

Parma, 

pir'-ma. 

Hindostan, 

Egypt, 

e'-jipt. 

Poland, 

po'-land. 

Japan, 

j4-p^n'. 

ESSAWAHIL, 

es-sl'-wa-heel. 

PORXnOAL, 

p6r'-tu-gal. 

Malacca, 

m^-lak'-ka. 

Ethiopia, 

e-the-o'-pe-a. 

Prussia, 

proo'-she-a. 

Mantchooria, 

man-choo'-rc-a 

Eezzan, 

f^z-zan'. 

Russia, 

roo'-she-a. 

Mongolia, 

mon-go'-le-a. 

Guinea, 

ghin'-ne. 

Sardinia, 

sir-din'-e-a. 

Persia, 

per'-she-a. 

Hottentot, 

hot'-ten-tot. 

Saxony, 

sax'-o-ne. 

SlAM, 

sl-am'. 

Kaffraria, 

kaf-fra'-re-a. 

Scotland, 

skot'-land. 

Siberia, 

sl-be'-re-a. 

Liberia, 

li-be'-re-a. 

Spain, 

spane. 

SOONGARIA, 

60ong-ga'-rc-a. 

Madagascar, 

mad-a-gas'-kar. 

Sweden, 

swe'-den. 

Syria, 

sir'-e-a. 

Morocco, 

mo-rok'ko. 

Switzerland, 

swit'-zer-land. 

Tenasserim, 

ten-as'-se-rim. 

Mozambique, 

mo-zam-beek'. 

Turkey, 

tur'-ke. 

Thibet, 

tib'-et. 

Natal, 

na-tal'. 

Tuscany, 

tus'-k4-ne. 

TOORKISTAN, 

Independent, 

Nubia, 

nu'-be-a. 

Venice, 

ven'-is. 

toor-kis-tin'. 

Senegambia, 

sin-e-gam'be-a. 

Wales, 

wilz. 

Turkey, 

tur'-ke. 

Sierra  Leone, 

se-er'-rale-6n'. 

WURTEMBURG, 

wur'-tem-berg. 

Asia 

Africa. 

Oceanlca. 

Afoanistan, 

&f-gJn^-is-tan'. 

Abyssinia, 

ab-is-sin'-e-a. 

Australasia, 

aus-tral-a'she-a. 

Akam, 

i-nani'. 

Ad  EL, 

&-d&l'. 

Australia, 

aws-tra'-le-a. 

Arabia, 

a-ri'-be-a. 

Ajan, 

d-zhan'. 

Malaysia, 

ma-la'-shc-a. 

Beloochistak, 

bel-oo-kis-tdn'. 

Algiers, 

ill-jeerz'. 

New  South  Wales, 

nu  south  Avalz. 

BURMAH, 

bur'-raa. 

Barca, 

bar'-ka. 

Polynesia, 

pol-e-ne'she-a. 

China, 

chl'-na. 

Beled-el-Jereed, 

be-led'-el-jer- 

Victoria, 

vik-to'-re-a. 

Chinese  Tartary, 

tar'-ta-re. 

eed'. 

II.     CITIES  AND  TOWNS. 


Abbeville, 

acapulco, 

Adrian, 

Alton, 

Albany, 

Annapolis, 

Ann  Arbor, 

Appalachicola, 

Arispe, 

Astoria, 

Atlanta, 

Augusta,  Me., 

Augusta,  Ga., 

Austin, 

Balize, 

Baltimore, 

Bangor, 

Batesville, 

Baton  Rouge, 

Bath, 

Bathurst, 

Beaufort, 

Benecia, 

Boston, 

Bowling  Green, 

Brantford, 

Brattleboro, 

Brockville, 

Brooklyn, 

Buffalo, 

Burlington,  Vt., 


America. 

Burlington,  Iowa 
Cairo, 

ab'-be-vil, 

Camden, 

i-k3,-poor-ko. 

5,000 

Campeachy, 

a'  dre-an. 

6,200 

Cape  Haytien, 

al'-tun, 

6,300 

Carlisle, 

Jl'-ba-ne, 

62,300 

Charleston, 

an-nap'o-lis. 

4,500 

Chicago, 

an  4r'-bor, 

5,000 

Chihuahua, 

ap-pe-la-che-ko'-la. 

1,000 

Chillicothe, 

4-ris'-pa, 

"7,000 

Cincinnati, 

as-to'-re-a. 

Ciudad  Real, 

at-laii'-ta, 

9,500 

Cleveland, 

au-gus'-ta. 

7,600 

Coburg, 

au-gus'-ta. 

12,400 

COLIMA, 

Ss'-tin, 

3,000 

COLLINGWOOD, 

ba-leez', 

8,000 

Columbia,  S.  C, 

bal'-te-mftr. 

212,400 

Columbia,  Tenn., 

ban'-gor, 

16,400 

Columbus,  Ga., 

bates '-vil, 

1,700 

Columbus,  0., 

b§,'-toii  roozh. 

5,400 

Columbus,  Miss., 

bath. 

8,000 

Concord, 

b3,th'-urst, 

2,000 

Corpus  Christi, 

bu'-fort, 

2,000 

Council  Bluff, 

be-nish'-e-a, 

2,000 

Culiacan, 

bos'-tun, 

1'7'7,800 

Cumberland, 

bo'-ling  green. 

3,000 

Darien, 

brant'-ford, 

4,000 

Dayton, 

brat'-t'l-bur-ro, 

4,000 

Des  Moines, 

brok'-vil, 

3,000 

Davenport, 

brook'-lin, 

266,600 

Detroit, 

buf-fa-lo, 

81,100 

Dorchester, 

bur'-ling-tun, 

7,700 

Dover, 

bur'-ling-tun, 

6,700 

ki'-ro. 

kam'den, 

14,300 

kam-pe'-che. 

18,000 

ha'-te-en, 

12,000 

kar-lil'. 

6,  GOO 

charlz'-tun. 

40,500 

she-ka'-go, 

137,000 

che-wa'-wa, 

15,000 

chil-li-koth'-e. 

7,600 

sin^-sin-na'-te. 

161,000 

se-oo-did'  re-41'. 

kleve'-land. 

43,400 

ko'-burg. 

4,500 

ko-le'-ma. 

kol'-ling-wood. 

ko-lum'-be-a. 

8,000 

ko-lum'-be-a. 

2,500 

ko-lum'-bus. 

9,600 

ko-Ium'-bus, 

18,600 

ko-lum'-bus, 

3,300 

kon'-kord. 

10,800 

kor'-pus  kris'-te, 

1,200 

koun'-sil  bluf, 

6,000 

koo-le-a-kan', 

7,000 

kum'-ber-land, 

8,400 

da'-re-en, 

500 

da'-tun, 

20,400 

de  moia'. 

3,500 

dav'-en-port. 

ll,00o 

de-troit'. 

45,600 

dor'-ches-ter. 

do'-ver, 

4,000 

182 

PRONOUNCING 

V  0  C  A  P,  U  L  A  R  Y. 

Dpbpqpb, 

du-book', 

13,000 

Liverpool, 

liv'-er-pool, 

Dunkirk, 

dun'-kirk. 

4,400 

London, 

lun'-dun. 

■  6,000 

DURANGO, 

doo-raug'-go, 

22,000 

LORETO, 

lo-ra'-to. 

Eastox,  Pa., 

fcs'-ton. 

8,900 

Louisville, 

loo'-is-vil, 

69,700 

Eastos,  Md., 

fes'-ton. 

1,500 

Lowell, 

lo'-el. 

36,800 

Eastport, 

^8t'-port, 

4,200 

Lunenburg, 

lu'-nen-burg, 

Edenton, 

i'-den-tun, 

1,000 

Lynchburg, 

linch'-burg. 

6,800 

Elmira, 

el-nii'-ra, 

8,600 

Macon, 

ma'-kon. 

8,200 

Erie, 

k'-TB, 

9,400 

Madison,  lud.. 

inad'-i-sun, 

8,100 

Etanstille, 

ev'-ans-vil. 

11,400 

Madison  City,  Wis., 

mad'-i-sun. 

6,600 

Fatettetille, 

fa'-et-vil. 

4,800 

Manchester, 

nian'-ehes-ter, 

20,000 

Fillmore  City, 

fil'-mor  sit'-e. 

Marshall, 

niar'-shal, 

4,000 

Fond  dc  Lac, 

fond  du  lak'. 

5,400 

Marysvillk, 

ma'-riz-vil, 

9,000 

Fort  Vancocter, 

Tan-koo'-ver, 

Matagorda, 

ni4-ta-gor'-da. 

1,200 

Frankfort, 

frank'-f'ort, 

6,000 

Matamokas, 

ma-ta-mo'-ras. 

20,000 

Fredericksburg, 

fred'-er-iks-burg. 

5,(M)0 

Matanzas, 

nia-tan'-zas. 

46,0<"»O 

Frederickton, 

fred'-ei-ik-tuu, 

6,000 

Maysville, 

niaz'-vil. 

7,000 

Galena, 

ga-le'-iuK 

8,100 

Mazatlan, 

niAz-at-lan', 

11,000 

Galveston, 

gal'-vi's-tuu. 

7, 3  00 

Memphis, 

incm'-fis. 

22,600 

Gkougetovvn,  S.  C, 

jorj'-town. 

1,600 

Merida, 

mor'-e-d^. 

40,000 

i       Georgetown,  Ky., 

jorj'-to»'u. 

2,1)00 

Mexico, 

inex'-i-ko. 

180,000 

Goliad, 

go'-lc-ad, 

Michigan  City, 

niish'-e-gan. 

2,400 

;       Grand  Haven, 

grand  lia'-ven. 

800 

MlLLED(;i' VJLLE, 

mil'-ej-vil. 

3,500 

Grand  Rapids, 

grand  rii'-pids. 

8,n00 

Milwaukee, 

niif-w4'-ke. 

45,200 

Green  Bay, 

green  hay, 

2,500 

Mobile, 

nio-bcel', 

29,200 

Guadalajara, 

gwa-da-lii-lia'-r5, 

70,000 

Monroe, 

nion-ro'. 

3,500 

Guanajuato, 

gwA-na-li\va'-to, 

63,000 

MoNTJ^BEv,  Mex., 

mou-ti-ra'. 

12,000 

Halifax, 

hal'-e-liix, 

28,000 

MONTEREV,  Cal., 

mon-t^i-riV, 

2,000 

Hamilton,  U.  C, 

ham'-il-tiin, 

20,000 

Montgomery, 

mout-goni'-er-e, 

35,900 

Harper's  Ferry, 

hir'-per's  fer'-re. 

2,000 

MONTPKLIKR, 

niont-peel  -yer, 

2,400 

Harrisuurg, 

har'-ris-burg, 

13,400 

Montreal, 

niont-re-al'. 

77,400 

Hartford, 

hart'-ford, 

29,100 

MURFRKESliORO', 

niur'-fres-bur-o. 

2,000 

Havana, 

hi-van'-a. 

200,000 

Muscatine, 

mus^-ka-teen', 

6,3o0 

Helena, 

hel-i'-na. 

Nashua, 

nasli'-yu-a. 

10,000 

Holsteinburg, 

hol'-stlu-burg, 

Nashville, 

nasli'-vil, 

16,900 

Houston, 

hu'-ston, 

6,000 

Nassau, 

nas'-Sil, 

7,000 

Huntsville, 

hunts'-vil. 

4,000 

Natchez, 

natch '-ez. 

6,600 

Iowa  City, 

i'-o-wa  sit'-e, 

5,200 

NATCHITOCnES, 

natch-i-totch'-iz, 

1,300 

Independence, 

in-de-pen'-dens. 

3,000 

New  Albany, 

al'-ba-ne. 

12,400 

Indianpaolis, 

in-de-an-ap'-o-lis, 

1S,OOQ 

Newark, 

nu'-ark, 

71,900 

Jackson,  Miss., 

jak'-sun. 

3,500 

New  Bedford, 

nu  bcd'-lbrd, 

22,300 

Jackson,  Tcnn., 

jak'-sun, 

2,500 

Nkwbern, 

mi'-bcrn. 

6,400 

Jackson,  Mich., 

jak'-sun, 

4,500 

New  Guatemala, 

gwa-te-nia'-la. 

50,000 

1      Janesville, 

jans'-\al. 

7,700 

New  Haven, 

uu  ha'-ven. 

39,200 

Jalapa, 

ha-ia'-p;l. 

10,000 

New  Hermiutt, 

nu  hern' -hut, 

Jefferson  City, 

jef-fer-sun  sit'-e. 

2,500 

New  London, 

lun'-dun, 

10,100 

Juliansiiaab, 

yoo^-le-ans-hab'. 

New  Orleans, 

or'-leanz. 

168,600 

Kalamazoo, 

kal-a-ma-zoo'. 

6,000 

Newport, 

nu'-port. 

10,500 

Key  West, 

ke  west', 

2,800 

New  York, 

nu  york', 

813,600 

Kingston,  U.  C, 

kingz'-tun. 

16,000 

Niagara, 

ni-ag'-a-ra, 

4,500 

Kingston,  W.  I., 

kingz'-tun. 

35,000 

Norfolk, 

nor'-folk. 

16,600 

Knoxville, 

nox'-vil. 

5,000 

Oajaca, 

wil-h&'-ka, 

2,500 

La  Crosse, 

la  kros', 

2,000 

Ogdensburg, 

og'-dens-burg. 

7,400 

Lafayette, 

laf-i-yet', 

9,400 

Old  Guatemala, 

gwa-te-nii\'-li, 

Lancaster, 

lan'-kas-tur, 

17,600 

Olympia, 

o-lim'-pe-a. 

1,200 

Lansing, 

laii'-sing. 

3,000 

Omaha, 

o-ra3.  -ha, 

1,800 

La  Paz, 

la^paz'. 

Oswego, 

os-we'-go. 

16,800 

Lawrence, 

li-rens, 

17,600 

Ottawa, 

ot'-ta-wa. 

8,000 

LEAVENWORXa, 

lev'-en-wurth. 

Pacific  City, 

pa-?if -ik  sit'-e. 

Leco.mpton, 

le-komp'-tun. 

Paducah, 

pa-du'-ka. 

8,000 

Lewistown, 

lu'-is-town. 

8,000 

Paterson, 

pat'-er-sun, 

19,500 

Lexington,  Ky., 

lex'-ing-tun, 

9,300 

Pensacola, 

pen-sa-ko'-la. 

3,600 

Lexington,  Mo., 

lex'-ing-tun. 

4,000 

Peoria, 

pe-o'-re-a. 

14,400 

LlCHTENAU, 

lik'-teh-naw. 

Petersburg, 

pe'-terz'-burg, 

18,2jOO 

Liciitenfels, 

lik'-ten-fels. 

Philadelphia, 

fil-a-del'-fe-a, 

665,500 

Little  Bock, 

lit'-tle  rok, 

8,800 

PiCTON, 

pik'-tun. 

1,500 

♦ 

PRONOITNCING 

VOCABULARY. 

183 

PiTTSDURG, 

pits'-burg, 

49,200 

Tallahassee, 

tal-la-has'-se, 

1,000 

Placer  City, 

pla'-ser  sit'-e, 

6,000 

Taos, 

ti'-os. 

9,600 

Plattsbcro, 

plats'-burg, 

6,600 

Tehuantepec, 

ti-wAn-ta-pSk', 

8,000 

Port  au  Prince, 

port  0  prins. 

20,000 

Terre  Haute, 

tSr'-re  hot. 

8,500 

Portland,  Me., 

p6rt'-laad, 

26,300 

Three  Rivers, 

thre  riv'-erz. 

•    6,500 

Portland,  Oregon, 

p6rt'-land, 

Toledo, 

to-le'-do. 

13,700 

Portsmouth,  N.  H., 

ports'-muth, 

9,300 

TOPEKA, 

to-pe'-ka. 

PoRTSMOuTU,  Ohio, 

p6rts'-muth. 

6,200 

Toronto, 

to-ron'-to. 

50,000 

POTOSI, 

po-to'-se. 

600 

Trenton, 

tren'-tun, 

17,200 

POTTSTILLE, 

pots'-vil. 

9,400 

Troy, 

troi. 

39,200 

Prairie  vv  Cdikn, 

pri\'-re  du  sheen, 

2,000 

Tuscaloosa, 

tus-ka-loo'-sa. 

3,900 

Providence, 

prov'-i-dcns, 

50,6U0 

Upernavik, 

oo-per-na'-vik. 

Pieula, 

pweb'-la, 

70,000 

Utica, 

u'-te-ka, 

22,500 

PuKRTo  Principe, 

pwer'-to  preen'-se-pi, 

45,000 

Valladolid, 

T5l-y;\-do-lid', 

18,000 

Ql-EllEC, 

kwe-bek'. 

42,000 

Van  Buren, 

vAn  bu'-ren. 

1,800 

Qleretaro, 

ki-rA-ti'-ro, 

30,000 

Vera  Cruz, 

va'-ra  krooz. 

8,200 

QllNCY, 

quin'-se. 

13,700 

ViCKSBCRG, 

viks'-burg. 

4,500 

Racine, 

r4.<!-seen'. 

7,800 

Victoria, 

vik-to'-re-a, 

Raleigh, 

rd'-le, 

4,700 

Vincennes, 

vin-senz', 

2,200 

Reading, 

rfed'-ing. 

23,100 

Wabounse, 

wA-bouns', 

Richmond, 

rich'-inund, 

37,900 

WASIIINGrO.N, 

wdsh'-ing-tun, 

61,100 

Rio  Grande  Citt 

re'-o  grand, 

1,000 

Wetumpka, 

we-tump'-ka. 

3,500 

Rochester, 

roch'-es-ter. 

48,2o0 

Wheeling, 

wheel'-ing. 

14,1(K) 

Rock  Ist-and, 

I'-land, 

6,100 

Whitehall, 

white'-hSU, 

5,000 

Sacramento, 

sak-ra-meu'-to. 

13,700 

Wilmington,  Del., 

wil'-ining-tun. 

21,200 

Salem,  Oregon, 

ea'-leni. 

1,000 

Wilmington,  N.  C. 

wil'-niing-tun, 

9,000 

Saltillo, 

sal-ti'l'-yo. 

20,000 

WiLKESBARRE, 

wilks'-bar-re, 

5,800 

Salt  Lake  City, 

salt  lik  sit'-e. 

8,200 

Worcester, 

woos'-tcr, 

24,900 

San  Die(;o, 

sin  de-a'-go. 

2,000 

Yarmouth, 

yar'-iuuth. 

13,500 

Saniusky, 

sau-dus'-kc. 

8,400 

Zacatecas, 

zdk-a-ti\-kas. 

25,000 

San  Francisco, 

sin  fr5n-sis'-ko. 

56,800 

Zanesville, 

zauz'-vil, 

9,200 

San  Jose, 

sJn  ho-sa'. 

1S,000 

San  Luis  Potosi, 

s'm  loo'-is  po-to'-se, 

40,(t(iO 

South  America. 

San  Salvador, 

sAn  sil-vi-dor'. 

18,000 

Santa  Fe, 

s'm-ti\  la', 

4,6U0 

Aracati, 

a-nVkA-tc', 

5,000 

Santiago, 

siu-te-a'-go. 

26,000 

Areqcipa, 

d-ri-ke'-pa. 

85,000 

Saut  St.  Marix, 

soo  sint  iiii'-re 

1,000 

Arica, 

&-re'-ka. 

3,500 

Savannah, 

sa-van'-na. 

22,200 

Aspinwall, 

as'-pin-wSl, 

3,000 

SlIELnURNK, 

Bhel'-burn, 

20,000 

Assumption, 

as-sump'-shun, 

12,000 

SllERDROOKE, 

sher'-brook. 

1,500 

Bahia, 

ba-e'-a, 

100,000 

SlIREVEPORT, 

ehreve'-port. 

3,000 

Barra, 

bar'-ra. 

6,000 

Sitka, 

8it'-ka, 

1,000 

Bogota, 

bo-go-tA', 

48,000 

Socorro, 

BO-kor'ro, 

Bolivar  City, 

bol'-e-var  slt'-e, 

8,500 

Somerset, 

Bum'-er-set, 

4,000 

Buenos  Ayres, 

bo'-nos  a'-riz. 

120,000 

SONORA, 

BO-no'-ra, 

3,000 

Callao, 

kAl-la'-o, 

16,000 

South  Bend, 

south  bend. 

2,000 

Caracas, 

ka-ra'-kas. 

40,000 

Spanish  Town, 

span'-ish  town. 

6,000 

Cartagena, 

kAr-ta-je'-nA, 

18,000 

Springfield,  Mass., 

Bpring'-ftld, 

15,200 

Castro, 

kAs'-tro, 

3,500 

Springfield,  111., 

spriug'-fild. 

6,500 

Catamarca, 

kA-tA-niar'-kA, 

4,000 

St.  Andrews, 

saut  au'-diewz. 

8,000 

Caxamarca, 

kA-ha-mar'-ka, 

8,000 

St.  Anthony, 

siut  au'-to-ne, 

3,500 

Cayenne, 

ki-en'. 

6,000 

St.  Augustine, 

Bant  a-gus-teen'. 

2,000 

'  Cerro  Pasco, 

ser'-ro  pAs'-ko, 

16,000 

St.  Charles, 

Bant  cbarlz'. 

Chuquisaca, 

choo-ke-sA'-kA, 

20,000 

St.  Domingo, 

sant  do-miug'-go. 

15,000 

COBIJA, 

ko-be'-ha. 

800 

St.  Hyacinthe, 

sint  hl'-a-siuth, 

4,5o0 

Cochabamba, 

ko-chA-bam'-ba, 

30,000 

St.  John's,  X.  R, 

sant  jonz', 

22,000 

CoNCEPCioN,  Paraguay, 

kon-sep-se-on', 

10,000 

St.  John's,  L.  C, 

sant  ionz'. 

2,500 

Concepcion,  Chili, 

kon-sep-6e-on', 

7,000 

St.  John's,  Newfoundland,  sant  jonz', 

25,000 

COPIAPO, 

ko-pe-A-po', 

4,000 
7,000 

St.  Louis, 

sant  loo'-is. 

160,700 

COQUIMBO, 

ko-keem'-bo, 

St.  Paul, 

sant  paul'. 

10,400 

Cordova, 

kor'-do-va, 

14,000 

Stttbenville, 

stu'-ben-vil. 

6,100 

CORO, 

ko'-ro. 

4,000 

Stockton, 

stok'-tun. 

10,000 

CORRIENTES, 

kor-re-en'-tez, 

20,000 

Sukkertop, 

suk'-ker-top, 

CUENCA, 

kwen'-ka, 

20,0(X) 

Sydney, 

s!d'-ne. 

700 

Cdmana, 

koo-niA-nA', 

8,000 

Syracuse, 

sir'-a-kus, 

28,100 

CURUGUATY, 

koo-roo-gwA-te', 

Tadasco, 

ti-bas'-ko, 

Cuyaba, 

koo-yA'-ba, 

8,000 

184 

PRONOUNCING 

VOCABULARY. 

Cnzco, 

kuz'-ko, 

30,000 

Antwerp, 

ant'-werp, 

90,000 

DiAMANTINA, 

de-&-mln-te'-ni. 

4,500 

Archangel, 

4rk-an'-gel, 

25,000 

EspiRiTO  San 

•    Ss-pir'-e-to  s4n'-to. 

1,000 

Arta, 

&r'-t4. 

5,000 

Gkorgetown, 

jorj'-town, 

23,000 

Astrakan, 

&s-tr3-k3n', 

46,000 

Guayaquil, 

gwi'-a-keel. 

25,000 

Athens, 

ath'-enz. 

30,000 

Honda, 

hon'-dd. 

6,000 

Augsburg, 

augs'-burg. 

38,000 

HUMANGA, 

w4-m4ng'-gi. 

26,000 

Badajos, 

bad-a-hos', 

12,000 

Huasco, 

wds'-ko. 

Barcelona, 

bdr-sa-lo'-nd. 

132,000 

Ibarra, 

e-bar'-r^, 

12,000 

Bari, 

W-re, 

27,300 

La  Guayra, 

13,  gwi'-ri, 

8,000 

Basel, 

ba'-zel, 

27,300 

La  Paz, 

14  p4z. 

20,000 

Bastia, 

bis-te'-J, 

12,600 

Lima, 

le'-ma, 

100,000 

Bayonne, 

b4-y6n', 

18,900 

LOJA, 

lo'-h4. 

16,000 

Belfast, 

bel-fast', 

120,000 

Macapa, 

m4-k4-pi', 

6,000 

Belgrade, 

bel-grade'. 

30,000 

Maldonado, 

m41-do-n4'-do, 

2,000 

Bergen, 

ber'-ghen. 

25,600 

Maracaybo, 

m4-r3,-ki'-bo. 

9,000 

Berlin, 

ber-lin'. 

548,000 

Maranham, 

ma-ran-dm'. 

30,000 

Berne, 

bern, 

28,000 

Matto  Grosso, 

m4t-to'  gros'-so, 

14,000 

Bilbao, 

bil-bi'-o. 

11,900 

Mendoza, 

men-do '-za, 

12,000 

Birmingham, 

bir'-ming-ham, 

296,000 

MOMPOX, 

mom'-po. 

10,000 

Bochnia, 

bok'-ne-a, 

5,300 

Montevideo, 

mon-te-vid'-e-o, 

15,000 

Bologna, 

bo-l6n'-yd, 

75,000 

Neembucu, 

ni-fem-boo'-koo, 

Bordeaux, 

bor-do', 

163,000 

New  Amsterdam, 

nu  am'-ster-dam. 

5,000 

BosNA  Serai, 

bos'-na  ser-i'. 

60,000 

Panama, 

pS,n-&-m4', 

6,000 

Braga, 

br4'-ga, 

17,000 

Para, 

pa-r4', 

10,000 

Brahilov, 

bra-he-lov', 

6,000 

Paramaribo, 

p3,r-a-mar'-e-bo. 

20,000 

Bremen, 

brem'-en. 

74,000 

Parnahiba, 

p4r-nl-e'-bi. 

10,000 

Breslau, 

brSs'-lo, 

146,200 

Payta, 

pi't4, 

5,000 

Brest,                    \ 

brfest, 

61,000 

Pernambuco, 

pSr-n4m-boo'-ko, 

24,000 

Bristol, 

bris'-tol. 

154,000 

POPAYAN, 

po-p4-yAn', 

20,000 
*4,000 

Brunn, 

brun, 

45,000 

Porto  Alegre, 

por'-to  3,'-li-gri, 

Brussels, 

bru-sel', 

263,400 

POTOSI, 

po-to'-se. 

17,000 

Bucharest, 

bu-ka-rest'. 

60,800 

PUNO, 

poo'-no, 

9,000 

Buda, 

bu'-da. 

40,500 

QUILLOTA, 

keel-yo'-tS, 

10,000 

Burgos, 

boor'-gos, 

15,500 

Quito, 

ke'-to, 

50,000 

Cadiz, 

ki'-diz. 

64,000 

Riobamba, 

re-o-bam'-ba. 

16,000 

Caen, 

kon. 

45,610 

Rio  Grande, 

re'-o  gr^nd, 

3,600 

Cagliari, 

kal'-ya-re. 

30,000 

Rioja, 

re-o'-h4. 

4,000 

Calais, 

kal'-is, 

100,000 

Rio  Janeiro, 

ri'-o  ja-ne'-ro, 

1*70,000 

Cambridge, 

kim'-brij, 

28,000 

San  Paulo, 

san  pow'-lo. 

22,000 

Cardigan, 

kar'-de-gan. 

3,000 

Santa  Marta, 

s4n'-ta  mir'-ta. 

8,000 

Carlscrona, 

k&rls-kroo'-na, 

12,000 

Santarem, 

skn-tk-rem' , 

10,000 

Carlshrue, 

kirls'  roo, 

25,700 

Santiago,  A.  R., 

s3.a-te-4'-go. 

48,000 

Caernarvon, 

ker-nar'-von, 

9,000 

Santiago,  Chili, 

sin-te-&'-go. 

80,000 

Cartagena, 

k4r-ta-je'-na. 

28,000 

Socorro, 

so-kor'-ro. 

12,000 

Catania, 

ka-t3.'-ne-4, 

54,000 

Trujillo,  Peru, 

troo-heel'-yo. 

8,000 

Cattaro, 

kat-ta'-ro. 

4,000 

Trujillo,  Ven., 

troo-heel'-yo. 

4,000 

Cherbourg, 

sher'-burg, 

28,000 

Tucuman, 

too-koo-man', 

9,000 

Christiania, 

kris-te-d'-ne-a, 

26,000 

Valdivia, 

v41-de'-ve-a, 

Coimbra, 

ko-eem'-bra, 

15,000 

Valencia, 

v4-len'-she-i. 

17,000 

COLBERG, 

kol'-burg. 

7,600 

Valparaiso, 

v41-p4-ri'-zo. 

50,000 

Cologne, 

ko-l6ii', 

120,5U0 

Villa  Rica, 

Teel'-ya  re'-kS, 

8,000 

COMPOSTELA, 

kom-pos-ta'-l3, 

29,000 

Constantinople, 

kon-stan-te-no'-p'l, 

187,OUO 

Europe. 

Copenhagen, 

ko-pcn-ba'-gcu. 

133,000 

Cordova, 

kor'-do-va. 

42,000 

Aberdeen, 

ab-er-d^n', 

72,000 

Corinth, 

kor'-inth. 

•i.ooo 

Abo, 

a-bo', 

15,000 

Cork, 

kork. 

78,800 

Adrianoplb, 

ad-re-an-o'-pel. 

160,000 

CORUJS^NA, 

ko-run'-na, 

ly,000 

Agram, 

og-rom', 

14,800 

Cracow, 

kra'-ko. 

43,000 

Aix  LA  Chapelle, 

iks  13,  shi-pel', 

45,600 

Cronstadt,  Aus., 

kron'-statt, 

36,000 

Ajaccio, 

a-y4t'cho, 

12,000 

Cronstadt,  Russia, 

kron'-statt, 

40,000 

Alicante, 

&-\e-Un'-tk, 

19,000 

Dantzic, 

dant'-zik. 

58,000 

Amiens, 

am'-i-enz, 

52,2(10 

Debreczin, 

da-br6t-siu. 

63,000 

Amsterdam, 

4m-ster-d4m', 

248,700 

Dijon, 

de-zhon', 

32,500 

Ancona, 

an'-ko-ni. 

36,000 

Dover, 

do'-ver. 

22,000 

Angers, 

an'-jerz, 

46,600 

Dresden, 

dr^'-den, 

1()4.5(HJ 

PRONOUNCING    VOCABULARY. 


185 


Drontheim, 

dront'-hlm. 

13,800 

Dublin, 

dub'-lin. 

250,000 

Dundee, 

dun-d^', 

79,000 

Edinburgh, 

fed  -in-bur-ruh, 

160,000 

Elbkrfeld, 

^I'-ber-felt, 

35,000 

Elsinore, 

fel'-sin-6r, 

8,000 

Elvas, 

el'-vas, 

16,500 

EVORA, 

ev'-o-ra, 

15,000 

Falun, 

f4'-loon, 

4,500 

Ferrol, 

fSr-rol', 

16,600 

Flensboro, 

flens'-borg. 

16,500 

Florence, 

flor'-ens, 

111,000 

Frankfort, 

frank'-furt. 

62,500 

Gallipoli, 

gdl-lip'-o-le, 

17,000 

Galway, 

gil'-wa. 

24,700 

Gefle, 

ySv'-la, 

8,100 

Geneva, 

jen-e'-va. 

29,000 

Genoa, 

jen'-o-a. 

125,000 

Ghent, 

ghSnt, 

112,500 

Gibraltar, 

je-brar-ter. 

17,000 

GlJON, 

he-hon', 

6,500 

Glasgow, 

glas'-go, 

350,000 

Gothenburg, 

got'-en-burg, 

29,000 

GOTTINGEN, 

g§t'-ing-en. 

10,700 

Granada, 

gra-na'-dd. 

61,600 

Gratz, 

grfets. 

50,000 

Groningen, 

gron'-ing-en. 

33,700 

Hague, 

haig, 

72,500 

Halle, 

UV-\e, 

20,800 

Hamburg, 

ham'-burg. 

161,400 

Hanover, 

han'-o-ver, 

42,500 

Havre, 

h3.v'-r. 

74,000 

Hermanstadt, 

hSr'-mSn-stdtt, 

21,000 

Hull, 

hull, 

99,000 

Inverness, 

in-ver-nes'. 

12,700 

Ismail, 

is-mi-M', 

21,700 

Jasst, 

jas'-se, 

20,000 

Kalmar, 

kil'-mar^ 

6,000 

Kalooga, 

kJ-loo'-gd, 

30,000 

Kazan, 

kd-zin'. 

41,300 

Kherson, 

ker-s6n', 

24,400 

Kiev, 

ke-6v', 

60,600 

Kola, 

ko'-ia, 

1,000 

Kongsberg, 

kongs'-berg. 

4,000 

Konigsberg, 

kSn'-igz-berg, 

94,000 

Larissa, 

la-ris'-sa. 

20,000 

Latbach, 

li'-bak, 

17,400 

Leeds, 

leeds, 

207,000 

Leghorn, 

16g'-horn,  or  Ilg- 

horn',   80,000 

Leipsic, 

llp'-sik, 

66,000 

Lemberg, 

lem'-burg. 

71,000 

Leon, 

le'-on, 

7,100 

Leige, 

leej. 

66,500 

Liegnitz, 

leeg'-nits. 

14,000 

Lille, 

leel, 

132,000 

Limerick, 

lim'-er-ik, 

44,000 

Limoges, 

le-moj', 

27,000 

Lintz, 

lints. 

31,000 

Lisbon, 

liz'-bon. 

280,000 

Liverpool, 

liv'-er-pool, 

444,000 

London, 

lun'-dun, 

2,803,000 

Londonderry, 

lun'-dun-der'-re, 

20,000 

L'Orient, 

lo-re-6n'. 

26,000 

LUBECK, 

lu'-bSk, 

27,000 

Lublin, 

loo'-blin. 

16,000 

Lyons, 

U'-onz,  or  le-ong 

,          319,000 

Madrid, 

Magdeburg, 

Malaga, 

Manchester, 

Mannheim, 

Mantua, 

Marino, 

Marseilles, 

Memel, 

Merthyr  Ttdvil, 

Messina, 

Metz, 

Milan, 

Minsk, 

MODENA, 
MONTPELIER, 

Moscow, 

Munich, 

MURCIA, 

Nancy, 

Nantes, 

Naples, 

Nauplia, 

Newcastle, 

Nice, 

Norwich, 

Novgorod, 

nuremburo, 

Odessa, 

Olmutz, 

Oporto, 

Orel, 

Orleans, 

Padua, 

Paisley, 

Palermo, 

Paris, 

Parma, 

Patras, 

Perth, 

Pesth, 

Plymouth, 

Portsmouth, 

POSEN, 

Potsdam, 

Prague, 

Presburg, 

Ragusa, 

Reggio, 

Rennes, 

Revel, 

Rheims, 

Riga, 

Rome, 

Rotterdam, 

Rouen, 

Salamanca, 

Salerno, 

Salonica, 

San  Marino, 

Saragossa, 

Saratov, 

Sassari, 

schwerin, 

Scutari, 

Seres, 


mi-drid', 

260,000 

mag'-de-burg, 

68,000 

mal'-a-ga. 

68,500 

man'-ches-ter, 

338,000 

mln'-hlm. 

23,500 

man'-tu-a, 

31,000 

m&-re'-no. 

6,100 

mar-s^Iz', 

261,000 

mSm'-el,  or  mi'-mel, 

9,900 

mer'-ther  tid'-yil, 

63,100 

mes-se'-na, 

97,000 

mSts, 

43,500 

mil'-an, 

162,000 

minsk, 

23,600 

mod'-j-ni, 

27,500 

mont-p^l'-yer. 

38,000 

mos'-ko. 

386,000 

mu'-nik. 

120,000 

mur'-she-a, 

55,000 

nan'-se, 

45,100 

nants. 

113,600 

na'-ples, 

416,000 

naw'-ple-a, 

14,000 

nu-kas'-sel, 

109,000 

nees. 

25,000 

nor'-rij. 

74,400 

nov-go-rod'. 

32,000 

nu'-rem-burg. 

45,400 

o-des'-sa, 

104,000 

ol'-mutz, 

12,600 

o-por'-to. 

80,000 

o-rSr, 

25,700 

or'-Ie-anz, 

47,400 

pad'-u-a. 

60,000 

paz'-le. 

4gr,ooo 

pl-ler'-mo, 

167,000 

par'-is. 

1,696,000 

pSr'-ma, 

40,900 

pH-trds', 

8,000 

perth, 

24,000 

pSst, 

132,000 

plim'-uth. 

52,200 

ports'-rauth. 

94,500 

po'-zen. 

32,000 

pots'-dam. 

38,000 

praig, 

142,700 

pres'-burg, 

38,000 

rd-goo'-sa. 

6,000 

rfid'-jo, 

18,500 

renn. 

39,500 

r6v'-el, 

25,000 

reemz, 

45,800 

re'-gJ, 

72,000 

rom. 

176,000 

rot'-ter-dara, 

89,000 

roo-en'. 

102,600 

sk-l-k-mkng'-kSi, 

14,000 

ed-ler'-no, 

19,000 

8&-lo-ne'-ki, 

75,000 

edn  m&-re'-no. 

7,600 

si-ri-gos'-sH, 

30,000 

si-rd-tov'. 

61,000 

eSs'-si-re, 

24,500 

shwa-reeu', 

17,400 

skoo'-td-re. 

40,000 

sSr'-es, 

S0,000 

186 

PRONOUNCING 

VOCABULARY. 

Setubal, 

si-too'-bal. 

15,000 

Bassorah, 

bis'-so-rA, 

60,000 

Sktastopol, 

Bev''-as-to'-pol, 

40,000 

Benares, 

ben-il'-rfez, 

580,000 

Seville, 

eev'-il,  or  se-vill', 

85,000 

Beyroot, 

bi'-iool^. 

30,000 

Sheffield, 

shef-feld. 

185,000 

Bokhara, 

bo-kil'-r&, 

160,000 

SlIOOMLA, 

shoom'-la, 

21,000 

Bombay, 

bom-ba'. 

500,000 

SiLlSTRIA, 

ee-lis'-tre-d. 

20,000 

Brusa, 

broo'-s&. 

60,000 

Sleswick, 

sles'-wik, 

12,000 

Cabool, 

kdb-ool'. 

60,000 

Sligo, 

sli'-go. 

11,000 

Calcutta, 

kal-kut'-ta, 

300,000 

Smolensk, 

smo-lcnsk'. 

13,000 

Canton, 

kan'-tun. 

1,000,000 

Sophia, 

Bo-fe'-a, 

50,000 

Cashmere, 

kash-meer'. 

200,000 

Southampton, 

suth-hamp'-tun, 

35,500 

Chinyang, 

shin-yang'. 

120,000 

St.  Etienne, 

sint  a-te-Sn', 

92,000 

Colombo, 

ko-lum'-bo, 

32,000 

Stettin, 

st&t-teen'. 

47,000 

Dacca, 

dak'-ka. 

200,000 

St.  Petersburg, 

pe'-ters-burg. 

620,000 

Damascus, 

da-mas '-kus. 

112,000 

Stockholm, 

Btok'-hom, 

98,000 

Delhi, 

del'-le. 

250,000 

Strasburg, 

str&s'-burg. 

82,000 

Derayeh, 

da-ri'-eh. 

15,000 

Stuttgart, 

etoot'-gilrt. 

30,000 

DiARBEKIR, 

de^-ar-be-keer', 

40,000 

Syracuse, 

sir'-a-kuz, 

11,000 

Eele^, 

e'-le, 

75,000 

Taranto, 

t^'-ran-to. 

15,000 

Erzroom, 

erz-room'. 

50,000 

Temesvar, 

tem-esh-var'. 

19,000 

Hangcuowfoo, 

hdng^-chow^-foo', 

Thorn, 

torn. 

12,700 

Herat, 

her4t'. 

30,000 

Toledo, 

to-le'-do, 

13,000 

Hue, 

hoo'-a. 

60,000 

Tornea, 

tor'-ne-a. 

700 

Hyderabad, 

hr-der-a-bSd', 

200,000 

TORTOSA, 

tor-to'-sa. 

20,600 

Hydra  BAD, 

In-drA-bcld', 

20,000 

Toulon, 

too^-lon'. 

85,000 

Irkootsk, 

ir-kootsk', 

120,000 

Toulouse, 

too^-looz'. 

113,000 

Ispahan, 

is-pa-hdn', 

150,000 

Tours, 

toor. 

35,000 

Jerusalem, 

je-ru'-sa-lem, 

20,000 

Trapani, 

tr&'-ptl-ne. 

25,000 

Jiga  Gounggar, 

je'-ga  goong'-gar', 

100,000 

Trieste, 

tre-fest'. 

105,000 

Kars, 

kars, 

12,000 

Tripolitza, 

tre-po-lit'-zJ, 

10,000 

Kashgar, 

kash^-g;lr'. 

16,000 

Troyes, 

troi, 

27,500 

Kelat, 

ke-14t'. 

12,000 

Turin, 

tu'-rin, 

143,000 

Ketcho, 

ketch'-o, 

100,000 

Tver, 

tvfef, 

24,000 

Khiva, 

ke'-v&. 

10,000 

Ulm, 

ulm. 

13,500 

Khokan, 

ko^-ki\n', 

80,000 

Upsal, 

up'-sal, 

5,000 

Kiakhta, 

ke-ak'-ta. 

5,000 

Valencia, 

v&-len'-slie-a, 

76,000 

KiNGKITAO, 

king-ke-ta'-e, 

Valladolid, 

Tal-la-do-l^d', 

30,000 

Lahore, 

14-h6r',     • 

20,000 

Varna, 

v3,r'-na. 

14,000 

Lassa, 

las'-sa, 

50,000 

Venice, 

V&n'-is, 

118,000 

LUCKNOW, 

luck'-now\ 

300,000 

Verona, 

va-ro'-na, 

48,000 

Macao, 

md-kow'. 

40,000 

Vienna, 

ve-en'-n^, 

476,000 

Madras, 

ma-dras'. 

720,000 

ViLNA, 

vil'-na. 

52,500 

Maimaitchin, 

ml-mi-chin', 

1,600 

Warsaw, 

war'-saw, 

164,000 

Malacca, 

m4-lac'-ca, 

12,000 

Waterford,. 

wE'-ter-ford, 

25,000 

Mecca, 

mek'-ka, 

30,000 

Wick, 

wik, 

11,800 

Medina, 

me-de'-n<^. 

20,000 

WiDIN, 

vid'-dln, 

25,000 

Meshed, 

mesh'-ed, 

45,000 

WiELICSKA, 

ve-litch'-ka. 

4,60i> 

Miako, 

me-4'-ko. 

500,000 

Yanina, 

y3,n'-ne-nS., 

36,000 

Mocha, 

mo'-k^. 

7,000 

Yaroslay, 

ya-ro-slav'. 

35,000 

Monchoboo, 

mon-cho-boo'. 

4,000 

i^ORK, 

york. 

40,000 

Mosul, 

mo'-sul, 

40,000 

Zurich, 

zu'-rik. 

17,400 

Muscat, 

mus-kat'. 

40,000 

Nagpoor, 

uag-poor'. 

115,000 

Asia. 

Nanking, 

n^n-king', 

400,000 

Okhotsk, 

o-kotsk'. 

800 

Aden, 

I'-den, 

20,000 

Omsk, 

Omsk, 

11,500 

Ahmedabad, 

A-med-i-bad', 

100,000 

Oojein, 

oo-jan', 

Aleppo, 

a-lep'-po. 

75,000 

Osaka, 

o-sa'-ki. 

800,000 

Amarapoora, 

Sm-a-ra-poo'-ri, 

Patna, 

pat'-na, 

284,000 

Amherst, 

am'-erst. 

5,000 

Peking, 

pe^-king'. 

1,500,000 

Amoy, 

3,-moi,' 

300,000 

Peshawer, 

p&sh-ow'-er, 

60,000 

Amritseer, 

Sra-rit-seer', 

115,000 

Petra, 

pe'-tra, 

Ata, 

&^-va, 

25,000 

Petropualovski, 

pa-tro-pow-lov'-ske. 

900 

Bagdad, 

b&g-dad', 

65,000 

POONAH, 

poo'-na. 

90,000 

Bangkok, 

ban-kok', 

60,000 

Rangoon, 

r&ng^-goon', 

20,000 

Barnaul, 

bar-nowl', 

10,000 

Reshd, 

rSsht, 

50,000 

Baroda, 

bi-ro'-da, 

100,000 

Saghalien, 

si-g^-le'-en, 

PRONOI 

rNCING 

180,000 

VOCABULARY. 

187 

Saigon, 

6l-gon', 

MOMBAS, 

moin'-bJs, 

2,000 

Samarcahd, 

6a-mar-kdnd', 

10,000 

MONROVU, 

niou-ro'  ve-a, 

2,000 

Sana, 

e&-ua'. 

40,000 

MOORZOOK, 

moor-zook', 

3.5i)0 

Shanghai, 

ehaug^-bl'. 

190,000 

Morocco, 

mo-rok'-ko. 

100,000 

'       Shkeraz, 

she-raz'. 

30,000 

Mozambique, 

mo-zaiu-beek', 

4,0(i0 

'       Singapore, 

6ing^-g^-pore', 

60,000 

New  Benguela, 

new  beii-ga'-lii, 

'       Smyrna, 

emyr'-iia. 

150,000 

New  Dongola, 

new  doug-go-14, 

4,00(1 

;       Slrat, 

eoo^-rat'. 

157,000 

Obeid, 

o-bid'. 

30,000 

',     Tabreez, 

t4^-breez', 

60,000 

Oran, 

o-rau', 

24,U0(» 

,     Tashkend, 
Teentsin, 

tAsh-kend', 

40,000 

Pietermaritzburo, 

pe'-ter-iiii-iitz-burg, 

'2,00(1 

teent^-seen'. 

QriLlMANE, 

kc-le-ma'-iiii. 

2,01  (1 

Teheran, 

teh'^-her-an', 

60,000 

Rabatt, 

ra'-bat', 

27,000 

TlKLlS, 

tif'-lis, 

50,000 

Rosetta, 

xo-zet'-ta. 

4,01/0 

Tobolsk, 

to-bolsk', 

20,000 

Saccatoo, 

sak-ka-too', 

40,000 

Tomsk, 

tomsk. 

24,000 

San  Salvador, 

san  sal-va-dor'. 

20,000 

Trebizond, 

treb'-e-zond^, 

40,000 

Sego, 

se'-go,   . 

30,000 

Yakootsk, 

y^^-kootsk', 

7,000 

Sennaar, 

s5n-nar', 

4,000 

Tarkand, 

yar^-k^ud', 

100,000 

Sioot, 

se-oot', 

20,000 

Yeddo, 

yed'-do. 

1,600,000 

SOFALA, 

so-la'-la. 

Yekaterinboorg, 

ya-kS-ta-riu-boorg', 
Africa. 

15,000 

St.  Locis, 

St.  Paul  de  Loanda, 

Tamatav, 

Tananarivoo, 

sant  loo'-is, 
da  lo-an'-da, 
ta-ma-tav', 
ta-na-na^-re-voo', 

12,000 

12,000 

Abbeokoota, 

ab-bc-o-koo'-tJ, 

60,000 

Teemboo, 

teem '-boo, 

16,0(J0 

Abomey, 

ab^-o-ma', 

20,000 

TlMBUCTOO, 

teem-buk'-too. 

12,000 

Alexandria, 

al-ex-aii'-dre-a. 

60,000 

Tooggoort, 

toog-goort'-. 

Algiers, 

4l-jcerz', 

95,000 

Tripoli, 

trip'-o-le, 

15,000 

Angornou, 

Jii-gor-noo', 

30,000 

Tunis, 

tu'-uis, 

130,000 

Antalo, 

iu^tJi^bo;  _ 

8,000 

Zeyla, 

z4'-U 

500 

Bat  HIRST, 

batfi'-urst 
^5n-gT^' 

3,000 

ZUEELA, 

zoo-e  -la. 

Bexgazi, 

6,000 

Benin, 

ben-ecn', . 

15,000 

Oceanica. 

Rerbera, 

ber'-be-ra, 

15,000 

Bona, 

ko'-na. 

10,000 

ACHEEN, 

at-cheen'. 

40,000 

BOOPA, 

boo'-da, 

Adelaide, 

ad'-e-  lad, 

20,000 

Cairo, 

kl'-ro. 

250,000 

Albany, 

Sl'-ba-ne, 

Cape  Town, 

kap  town, 

23,000 

Banjermassin, 

ban-yer-mAs-sin', 

1,500 

Constantine, 

kou^-stau-teen'. 

28,000 

Batavia, 

ba-ta'-ve-a. 

120,000 

Coomassie, 

koo-nias'-sc. 

18,000 

Bencoolen, 

beu-koo'-len. 

6,000 

Damietta, 

da'm-e-&t'-ta. 

28,000 

Borneo, 

bor'-ne-o. 

22,000 

Derne, 

der'-nfeli, 

6,0u0 

Brisbane, 

briz'-ban, 

1,000 

Fez, 

fez. 

90,000 

Freemantle, 

fre  '-man-tl, 

Freetown, 

fre'-town, 

18,000 

HiLO, 

lil'-lo, 

Georgetown, 

jorj'towu, 

Hobart  Town, 

ho'-bart-town. 

26,000 

Gondar, 

gou'-dar. 

6,000 

IIoNOLUHr, 

hon^-o-loo'-loo, 

6,000 

Graham's  Town, 

gra'-hamz  town. 

6,000 

Kaaha, 

ka-a-h&', 

Kairwan, 

kir'-wan. 

60,000 

Kealakeakua, 

ka-la-ki\-a-koo'-d, 

Kano, 

ka^-iio'. 

30,000 

Lahaina, 

la-hl'-na, 

Katcnga, 

ka-tuug'-g^, 

18,00) 

Macassar, 

ma-kas'-sar, 

20,000 

Kemmoo, 

kem'-moo, 

Manilla, 

nia-ne'-la. 

140,000 

Khartoom, 

kar-toom', 

18,000 

Melbourne, 

mel'-burn, 

60,000 

Kobbe, 

kob'-be. 

6,0(0 

Padang, 

pa-dang', 

22,000 

KCRRICANE, 

kur-re-kS'-na, 

16,000 

Palembang, 

pa^-leni-b3ug', 

25,000 

Lattakoo, 

lat-ta-koo', 

Perth, 

pcrth, 

Loango, 

lo-aug'-go, 

20,000 

Portland, 

port'-iaud, 

Magadoxo, 

mag-a-dox'-o. 

4,000 

Samarang, 

sa-nia-  rang', 

50,000 

Mananzart, 

ma-nAn-zi'-re^, 

Sarawak, 

sa-ra'-wiik', 

12,000 

Massowah, 

mis'-so-wa. 

4,000 

Sydney, 

Bid '-lie, 

100,000 

Meqcinez, 

m&k'-e-n5z\ 

60,000 

Wairukf, 

Ira^u'^ka, 

Mesurata, 

inei-oo-r4'-t^ 

188 


PRONOUNCING    VOCABULARY. 


III.     OCEANS,  SEAS,  GULFS  AND  BAYS. 


Apen, 
Adriatic, 

A\OEA.S, 

Alhemarle, 

Algoa, 

All  Saints, 

Anadiu, 

Antarctic, 

Antoxgil, 

Appalachee, 

AUAIilAN, 

Aral, 

Archipelago, 

Arctic, 

Atlantic, 

Azof, 

Bakein's, 

Baltic, 

Bengal, 

Benin, 

Bembatooka, 

BlAFRA, 

Biscay, 

Black, 

Blanco, 

Bonavista, 

Boothia, 

]]OTANT, 

Bothnia, 

Brede, 

Bristol, 

BnRGAS, 

Cabes, 

California, 

Cambay, 

Cambridge, 

Campeachy, 

Carpentaria, 

Caribbean, 

Caspian, 

Chaleur, 

Charlotte, 

Chatham, 

Chesapeake, 

China, 

Cnoco, 

Chonos, 

conckpcion, 

Coral, 

Corea, 

Coronation, 

Corpus  Christi, 


S'-don,  or  a'-d6n. 
ad-re-at'-ik. 
e-je'-an. 
al'-be-mirl. 
al-go'-a. 
all  sants. 
^  A-na-deer'. 
ant-ark'-tik. 
an-tou-zhccl'. 
ap-pa-la'-che. 
ar-a'-be-an. 
ar'-al. 

Ar-ke-pcl'-a-go. 
ark'-tik. 
at-lan'-tik. 
a'-zof. 
baf'-finz. 
bfil'-tik. 
bcu-giir. 
ben-een'. 
bem-ba-too'-ka. 
be-af'-ra. 
bis'-ka. 
blak. 
blan'-ko. 
bo-iia-vis'-ta. 
boo'-the-il. 
bot'-a-nc. 
both'-iie-i\. 
bra'-di\. 
bris'-tol. 
boor-giis'. 
k4b'-cs. 
kal-e-for'-ne-a. 
kam-bi\'. 
kam'-brij. 
kam-pe'-chc. 
kilr-peu-tiV-re-a. 
kilr-rib-be'an. 
kds'-pe-au. 
slia-loor'. 
shar'-lot, 
chat'-am. 
ches'-a-peek. 
chi'-na. 
cho'-ko. 
ko'-uos. 
kon-s&p-se-on'. 
kor'-al. 
ko-re'-a. 
kor-o-na'-shim. 
kor'-pus  kris'-te. 


Critz, 

CUTCH, 

Darien, 

Dead, 

Delagoa, 

Delaware, 

Disco, 

Donegal, 

Eastern, 

English, 

Faxe, 

Finland, 

Forth, 

FUNDY, 

Galveston, 

Galttay, 

Genoa, 

Georgia, 

Great  Fish, 

guatamala, 

Guayaquil, 

Guaytecas, 

Guinea, 

Halifax, 

Honduras, 

Hudson, 

Humboldt, 

Indian, 

Irish, 

Islands,  Bay  of, 

James's, 

Japan, 

JlJIGINSK, 
KaMTCHATKAj 

Kara, 

Lena, 

Lyons, 

Madre  de  Dios, 

Maracaybo, 

Marmora, 

Martaban, 

Massachusetts, 

Matagorda, 

Mediterranean, 

Manaar, 

Melville, 

Mexico, 

Mobile, 

Monterey, 

Murray, 

Narragansett, 

North, 


krooz. 

kutch. 

da-ri-on'. 

d6d. 

del-a-go'-a. 

del'-a-war. 

dis'-ko. 

don'-e-gal. 

ist'-ern. 

ing'-lish. 

faks'-i\. 

fin'-laud. 

forth. 

fun'-de.    . 

gal'-ves-tun. 

gal'-wti. 

jeu'-o-a. 

jor'-je-a. 

grat  fish. 

gwa-to-nii\'-la. 

gwT-A-keel'. 

gwT-ta'-kas. 

ghin'-ne. 

hal'-e-fax. 

hon-doo'-ras. 

hud'-sun. 

hum '-bolt. 

in'-de-an. 

I'-rish. 

I'-laiids. 

janiz'-ez. 

ja-pau'. 

je-Je-ghinsk'. 

kani-chat'-ka. 

W-rL 

la'-Hil. 

li'-onz. 

mi\'-dra  di\  dc'-6s. 

ma-iii-kl'-bo. 

mar'-iiio-ra. 

mar^-ta-ban'. 

nias-sa-chu'-scts. 

mat-a-gor'-da. 

nied-i-ter-ra'- 

ma-na'.       ne-an. 

mel'-vil. 

mcx'-i-co. 

iDo-beel'. 

mon-ta-ra'. 

mur'-re. 

nar-ra-gan'-set. 

north. 


Notre  Dame, 

Obi, 

Okhotsk, 

Onega, 

Ormus, 

Pacific, 

Pamlico, 

Panama, 

Paranagua, 

Paria, 

Passamaquoddt, 

Pecheelee, 

Penas, 

Penjinsk, 

Penobscot, 

Pensacola, 

Persian, 

Pinzon, 

Placentia, 

Plenty, 

Prince  of  "Wales, 

Queen  Adelaide's, 

Red, 

Riga, 

San  Diego, 

San  Francisco, 

Shark's, 

SlAM, 
SiDRA, 

Spencer, 
St.  George's, 
St.  Helena, 
St.  Lawrence, 
St.  Matthias, 
Tampa, 
Taranto, 
Teheskaya, 
Teiiuantepec, 
Tomsk, 

TONQUIN, 

Ungava, 

Venezuela, 

Victoria, 

Walvisch, 

White, 

Yeddo, 

Yellow, 

Yenisee, 

Yesso, 

Zuyder  Zee, 


not'-r  diim. 

o'-be. 

o'-kotsk. 

o-ne'-ga. 

or'-nius. 

pa-si  f'-lk. 

pam'-le-ko. 

puii-a-ma'. 

pa-ra.-na'-gua. 

pil'-rc-il. 

pas-sa-ma- 

quod'-de. 
pi-che-le'. 
p6ii'-yas. 
pen-jinsk'. 
pc-nob'-skot. 
pen-sa-ko'-la. 
per'-shan. 
pin-zoii'. 
pla-.sen'-shi. 
picn'-tc. 
prins  of  wilz. 
ad'-e-lad. 
red. 
r6'-ga. 
R;\ii  de-c\'-go. 
Si\n  frau-sis'-ko. 
sharkz. 
6l'-am. 
sid'-ra. 
spoil '-scr. 
jor'-jcs. 
hel-e'-na. 
siiit  law'-rons. 
sant  iiiat-tlii'-as. 
taiii'-pa. 
til'-ran  to. 
ches-ki-a, 
ta  wanta-pck'. 
tomsk. 
ton -keen', 
fm-g^'-va. 
v?'n-^zwe'-Ia. 
"vik-to'-re-a. 
■wal'-vish. 
white, 
yed'-do. 
yel'-low. 
yon-e-ssV-e. 
yes'-so. 
zi-der-ze'. 


IV.     STRAITS  AND  CHANNELS. 


Barel  Mandkb, 

Bank, 

Barrow, 

Bass, 

Behrings, 

Bellisle, 

Bonifacio, 

Bosporus, 


bSb-61-man'-deb. 

bank. 

bar'-row. 

b&s. 

be'-ringz. 

bM-Tle'. 

bo-ne-fa'-cho. 

bos'-po-rus. 


Bristol, 

Canadian, 

Canso, 

Cattegat, 

Charlotte, 

Cook, 

Corea, 

Cu.MBERLAND, 


bris'-tol. 

ka-na'-de-an. 

kan'-so. 

kat'-te-gat. 

shar'-lot. 

kook. 

ko-re'-a. 

kum'-ber-land. 


Dardanelles. 

Davis, 

Dover, 

English, 

Florida, 

Formosa, 

FOVEAUX, 

Frobisheb, 


dar-da-nelz', 

da'-vis. 

do'-ver. 

ing'-lish. 

flor'-c-da. 

for-mo'-sa. 

fe-vo'. 

frob'-ish-er. 


PRONOUNCING    VOCABULARY. 

189 

Gibraltar, 

je-brSl'-ter. 

Mozambique,             mo-zam-beek'. 

Smith, 

smith. 

Hudson's, 

hud'-sunz. 

North,                        north. 

The  Sound, 

sound. 

Juan  de  Fuca, 

ju'-an  da  fu'-kd. 

Northumberland,    north-um'-ber- 

St.  Mary's, 

sint  ma'-riz. 

Lancaster, 

lan'-kas-ter. 

land. 

SUNDA, 

sun'-da. 

Le  Maire, 

le  mir. 

Norton,                     nor'-tun. 

Tartary, 

tar'-tar-re. 

Long  Island, 

long  T'-land. 

Ormus,                        or'-mus. 

Torres, 

tor'-res. 

Macassar, 

ma-kas'-sar. 

Otranto,                    o-tran'-to. 

Victoria, 

vik-to'-re-a. 

Magellan, 

ma-jel'-lan. 

Palk's,                       pawks. 

Wellington, 

wel'-ling-tun. 

Malacca, 

ma-lak'-ka. 

Perocse,                    pe-rooz'. 

Yenikale, 

ySn-e-ka'-la. 

Manaar, 

ma-nSr'. 

Prince  Regent's,     prins  re'-gents. 

Yesso, 

yes'-so. 

Mklville, 

mel'-vil. 

Prince  William,      prins  wil'-yum. 

Yucatan, 

yu-ka-tan'. 

Messina, 

mes-so'-nL 

Skager  Rack,            skag'-er  rak. 

V.     ISLANDS. 

North  America. 

Shoomagins,              shoo-m;V-gins. 

Bornholm, 

born'-holm. 

Sitka,                         sit'-ka. 

Candia, 

kan'-de-^. 

Anticosti, 

an-te-kos'-te. 

Southampton,           south-amp'-tun. ' 

Cephalonia, 

sef-a-lo'-ne-i. 

Antilles, 

aii-teel'. 

The  Three  Marias, ma-ri'-as. 

Cerigo, 

cher'-e-go. 
kor'-fu. 

Bahama, 

ba-ha'-ma. 

TiBURN,                      ti'-burn. 

Corfu, 

Baring, 

ba'-ring. 

Tortugas,                  tor-too'-gas. 

Corsica, 

kor'-se-ka. 

Bermudas, 

ber-moo'-da. 

Vancouver's,            van-koo'-verz. 

Cyclades, 

sik'-la-d^z. 

Boothia, 

boo'-thc-a. 

Victoria,                  vik-to'-re-a. 

Cyprus, 

si'-prus. 

Cape  Breton, 

kap  brit'-un. 

Dago, 

da  -go. 

Caribbees, 

kar'-re-b^z. 

South  America. 

Elba, 

el'-ba. 

Carmen, 

kar'-men. 

Falster, 

fal'-ster. 

Cerros, 

ser'-ros. 

Abrolhos,                 i-brol'-yose. 

Faroe, 

fa'-ro. 

COZUMEL, 

ko-zoo-mel'. 

Ballent,                   bal'-le-ne. 

FUNEN, 

fu'-nen. 

Cuba, 

ku'-ba. 

Barbadoes,               bar-ba'-doz. 

Gothland, 

goth'-land. 

Cumberland, 

kum'-ber-land. 

BuEN  Ayre,               bwen  Ir'-a. 

Great  Britain, 

grat  brit'-un. 

Disco, 

dis'-ko. 

Cananea,                   k3.-na-na'-4. 

Guernsey, 

ghurn'-ze. 

EspiRiTU  Santo, 

Ss-pir'-e-too 

Chiloe,                      cheel-o-a'. 

Hebridez, 

heb'-rid-ez. 

sSn'-to. 

CuRACOA,                   kn-ra-so'-a. 

Iceland, 

ise'-land. 

Florida  Keys, 

flor'-e-da  keez. 

Falkland,                 fdlk'-land. 

Ionian, 

i-o'-ne-an. 

Greenland, 

green'-land. 

Gallipagos,              gal-li-pa'-gos. 

Ireland, 

ire'-land. 

Georgian, 

jor'-je-an. 

Graham's  Land,       gra'-amz  land. 

IVICA, 

e-ve'-sa. 

Great  MANiTOi:LiNE,man-e-too'-lin. 

Grenada,                   gren-a'-da. 

Jersey, 

jer'-ze. 

Guanhani, 

gw^-ii^-h4'-ne. 

Hermit,                      her'-mit. 

Laaland, 

Id'-land. 

Hatti, 

h^'-te. 

Itamaraca,                e-ta-ma-ra'-ca. 

LiPARI, 

lip-a'-rc,  or 

Iceland, 

ise'-land. 

Joannes,                   jo-an'-nes. 

le'-p&-re. 

Jamaica, 

ja-mi'-ka. 

Juan  Fernandez,    ju'-an  fer-nan'- 

Loffoden, 

lof'-fo-den. 

Kodiak, 

ko'-de-ak. 

dez. 

Mageroe, 

maj'-er-o. 

Long, 

long. 

LoBos,                       lo'-bos. 

Majorca, 

ma-jor'-ka. 

Magdalen, 

mag'-da-len. 

Margarita,               mar-ga-re'-ta. 

Malta, 

mEl'-tl 

Manitouline, 

man-e-too'-lin. 

Puna,                        poo'-ml 

Man, 

man. 

Mansfield, 

maas'-feld. 

QuiBO,                       ke'-bo. 

Minorca, 

niin-or'-kS. 

Margarita, 

mar-ga-re'-ta. 

South  Georgian,    jor'-je-an. 

MiTYLENE, 

mit-e-le'-ne. 

Martha's  Vinetard,  mar'-thaz             | 

Staten  Land,           stat'-en  land. 

Negropont, 

neg'-ro-pont- 

vin'-jard. 

St.  Anne,                  sant  an. 

Oesel, 

e  -sel. 

Melville, 

mel'-vil. 

St.  Catharina,         sknt  ki\-ta-re'-na. 

Oland, 

o'-land. 

Nantucket, 

nan-tuk'-et. 

St.  Felix,                 sant  fe'-lix. 

Orkney, 

ork'-ne. 

Newfoundland, 

nu'-fund-land. 

St.  Sebastian,          sant  se-bast'-yan. 

Rhodes, 

rodz. 

North  Devon, 

north  dev'-on. 

St.  Vincent,             sant  vin'-sent. 

RUGEN, 

ru'-ghen. 

NUNNIVAK, 

noo-ne-vak'. 

Terra  del  Fuego,  ter'-ra  del  fwa'-go 

Samos, 

sa'-mos. 

Orleans, 

or'-le-anz. 

Tobago,                    to-ba'-go. 

Sardinia, 

sar-din'-e-a. 

Porto  Rico, 

p6r'-to  re'-ko. 

Trinidad,                  trin-i-dad'. 

Scarpanto, 

skar-pan'-to. 

Pines,  Isle  of. 

pines. 

Wellington,            wel'-ling-tun. 

SCILLY, 

sU'-le. 

Prince  Edward, 

prins  ed'-ward. 

SOROE, 

so'-ro. 

Prince  William, 

prins  wil'-yum. 

Europe. 

Spitzbergen, 

spitz-berj'-en. 

Queen  Charlotte, 

shar'-lot. 

Stalimni, 

8ta-liin'-ne. 

Rkvillagigedo, 

ra-veel'-yl-he- 

Aland,                      3.'-land. 

Wight, 

wit. 

hi\'-do. 

Anglesea,                 ang'-g'l-se. 

Zante, 

zJn'-te. 

Santa  Barbara, 

san'-t3,  bar'-ba-r^ 

Azores,                    az'-6rs. 

Zealand, 

ze'-land. 

190 


PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY. 


Asia. 

Pemba, 

pem'-ba. 

Melville, 

mel'-vil. 

Prince's, 

prins'-ez. 

Mindanao, 

min-da-n^'-o. 

Andaman, 

an-da-man'. 

Seychelles, 

sa-shel'. 

MiNDORO, 

min-do'-ro. 

Bahrein, 

b3,-rane'. 

SoCOTRA, 

sok-o'-trL 

Mitchell's, 

mitch'-elz. 

Bp;nRiNGa, 

be'-ringz. 

St.  Helena, 

sant  hel-e'-na. 

MOLOKAI, 

mo-lo-kl'. 

Ceylon, 

se'-lon. 

St.  Thomas, 

sant  torn '-as. 

Mortlock, 

mort'-lok. 

Coralline, 

kor'-al-lin. 

Zanzibar, 

zan'-ze-bar. 

MULGRAVE, 

mul'-grav. 

Cyprus, 

si'-prus. 

Navigator, 

nav'-i-ga-tor. 

Fadievskoi, 

fa-de-&v'-skoi. 

Oceanica. 

New  Britain, 

nu  brit'-en. 

Formosa, 

for-mo'-sa. 

New  Caledonia, 

nu  kal-e-do'-ne-a. 

Hainan, 

hi-ndii.' 

Admiralty, 

ad'-nii-ral'-te. 

New  Georgia, 

nu  jor'-|e-3.. 

Hong  Kong, 

hong  kong'. 

America, 

a-mer'-e-ka. 

New  Guinea, 

nu  gliin'-e. 

Jl;nk  Ceylon, 

junk  se'-lon. 

Anson's, 

an'-sunz. 

New  Hebrides, 

nu  hcb'-re-dez. 

Kioosioo, 

ke-oo'-se-oo'. 

Aruoo, 

ar-roo'. 

New  Ireland, 

nu  Tre'-land. 

KiSHM, 

kish'-cm. 

Austral, 

aws'-traL 

New  Leinster, 

nu  lin'-ster. 

Koorile, 

koo'-ril. 

Australasia, 

aws-tral-a'-she-a. 

New  Munster, 

nu  nnm'-stcr. 

KOTELNOI, 

ko-tel-noi'. 

Australia, 

aws-tra'-le-a. 

New  Ulster, 

nu  ul'-ster. 

Laccadive, 

Ek'-ka-div. 

Bally, 

bal'-le. 

New  Zealand, 

nu  ze'-land. 

LlAGHOFF, 

le-ag'-hof. 

Banca, 

bank'-|cJ. 

Nihau, 

ne-ho\v'. 

Loo  Ciioo, 

loo  cboo'. 

BONIN, 

bo-nccn'. 

Nookaheeva, 

noo-ka-he'-va. 

Maliuve, 

mal'-div. 

Borneo, 

bor'-ne-o. 

Norfolk, 

nor'-fiik. 

New  Sideria, 

nu  si-be'-rc-a. 

Caroline, 

kar'-o-lin. 

Oahu, 

w^'-hoo. 

NiCOBAR, 

uik'-o-bar. 

Celebes, 

sM'-e-bes. 

Owhyee, 

o-wi'-he. 

NiPHON, 

ni-fon'. 

Central, 

sen'-traL 

Palawan, 

pa-la-wan'. 

Nova  Zembla, 

no'-va  zem'-bla. 

Chatham, 

chat'-am. 

Palliser, 

pal-li'-ser. 

Pknang, 

pe-nang'. 

Christmas, 

kiist'-mas. 

Palmyras, 

pal-ml'-ras. 

QUELPAERT, 

kwel'-part. 

Cook's, 

kooks. 

Pearl, 

purl. 

Saghalien, 

s^-gil-le'-en. 

De  Peyster, 

dc  pl'-ster. 

Pelew, 

pe-lew'. 

SlKOKF, 

se-kof. 

DUCIE, 

du'-sc. 

Philippine, 

fil'-ip-in. 

Singapore, 

sing-ga-pore'. 

Easter, 

is'-ter. 

PiTCAIRN, 

pit'-kirn. 

SOCOTRA, 

sok-o'-tra. 

Egmont, 

eg'-niont. 

Radack, 

nVdik'. 

Staten, 

stat'-cn. 

Egoi, 

e-goi'. 

Rennell, 

ren-nel'. 

Sumatra, 

600-m3,'-tr&. 

Friendly, 

frend'-lc. 

Sandalwood, 

san'-dal-wood. 

TCHANTAR, 

cbUn'-td. 

Feejee, 

fe'-je. 

Sandwich, 

sand'-wich. 

Yesso, 

yes'-so. 

Flores, 

flo'-res. 

Sangir, 

san-gheer'. 

Gambier, 

gani'-bc-er. 

Samar, 

sa-inar'. 

Africa. 

Gilberts, 

gil'-bertz. 

Scarborough, 

skdr'-bur-ro. 

GiLOLO, 

je-lo'-lo. 

Society, 

so-si'-e-te. 

Ahd  el  Curia, 

abd  hi  koo-re'4. 

Guadalupe, 

gwa-da-loo'-pL 

Soloman's, 

sol'-o-munz. 

Amirante, 

am-e-rant'. 

Hall, 

lial. 

SOOLOO, 

soo-loo'. 

Annobon, 

an-no-bon'. 

Hapai, 

ha'-pT. 

Spice, 

spTs. 

Ascension, 

as-sen'-shun. 

Hawaii, 

ha-wa'-e. 

St.  Andrew's, 

sint  an'-drews. 

Azores, 

az'-orz. 

Java, 

ja'-va. 

St.  Paul's, 

sant  pawlz'. 

Bourbon, 

boor-bon'. 

Kahoolawe, 

kA-hoo-la'-we. 

Strong's, 

strongs. 

Canary, 

ka-na'-re. 

Kauhai, 

kow'-hi. 

Sumatra, 

soo-ina'-tra. 

Cape  Verde, 

kap  verd'. 

Keeling, 

keel'-ing. 

SUMBAWA, 

sooni-baw'-wa. 

Comoro, 

kom'-o-ro. 

Kermadec, 

ker-ma-dek'. 

Tahiti, 

ta-he'-te. 

Enderby, 

en'-der-be. 

Ladrones, 

lad-rouz'. 

Taswell's, 

tas'-wels. 

Fernando  Po, 

fer-n^n'-do  po'. 

Lanai, 

la'-nl. 

Timor, 

te'-mor. 

Kerguelen, 

kerg-e-len'. 

LOUISIADE, 

loo-e-ze-ad'. 

Tonga, 

ton'-ga. 

Madagascar, 

mad-a-gas'-kar. 

Luzon, 

loo-zon'. 

Torres, 

tor'-res. 

Madeira, 

ma-do'-ra. 

Magellan's, 

ma-jel'-lanz. 

Ulala!^, 

oo-la'-lan. 

Mascarentia, 

mas-ka-ren'-she-a 

Malaysia, 

mal-a'-she-a. 

Van  Dieman's  Land,  v^u  de'-manz 

Mauritius, 

mau-rish'-e-us. 

Marquesas, 

m3.r-ki'-sas. 

land. 

Monfia, 

mon-fe'-a. 

Maui, 

mow'-e. 

VL     PENINSULAS,  ISTHMUSES,  AND  CAPES. 


North  America. 

Bauld, 

Brewster, 

Alaska,                     al-as'-kL 

California, 

Ann,                           an. 

Canaveral, 

Barrow,                   bar'-ro. 

Canso, 

Bathurst,                  bath'-urst. 

Catoche, 

bawld. 

bru'-ster. 

kal-e-for'-ne-a. 

kan-av'-e-ral. 

kan'-so. 

ka-to'-che. 


Charles, 

Chudleigh, 

Cod, 

Conception, 

Corrientes, 

Darien, 


chirlz. 

chud'-le. 

kod. 

kon-sep'-shun. 

kor-re-en'-tes. 

da-re''-en'. 


PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY. 


191 


Des  Montes, 

Desconocida, 

Elizabeth, 

Farewell, 

Fear, 

Flattery, 

Florida, 

(xRAfllAS   A   Dios, 

Hatteras, 

Henlopen, 

Henry, 

Icy, 

labrador, 

Lookout, 

Malabar, 

May, 

Mendocino, 

MoRRO  Hermoso, 

North, 

Nova  Scotia, 

Orford, 

Falma, 

Prince  of  Wales, 

Race, 

Ray, 

Roman, 

Romanzoff, 

Roxo, 

Sable, 

San  Antonio, 

Sa.N   BlAS, 

San  Lazaro, 
St.  Lucas, 
•St.  Mary, 
St.  Lewis, 
Walsingham, 
Whittle, 
Yucatan, 


da  mon'-ta. 

da^-kou-o-se'-da. 

e-liz'-a-bcth. 

fare-wel'. 

fear. 

flat'-ter-re. 

flor'-e-da. 

gra'-se-as  3.  de'-6s. 

hat'-ter-as. 

hen-lo'-pen. 

hen'-ry. 

i'-se. 

lab'-ra-dor. 

look-out'. 

nial'a-bar. 

mi. 

men-do-se'-no. 

mor'-ro  her- 

nio'-so. 
north. 

no-va  sko'-she-a. 
or'-ford. 
pal'-ma. 
prins  of  wilz. 
ris. 
tL 

ro'-man. 
ro-man-zof. 
roks'-o. 
sa'-bl. 

s;\n  3,n-to'-ne-o. 
san  bias', 
san  14z'-a-ro. 
sant  loo'-kas. 
sant  ma'-re. 
sint  lu'-is. 
wal'-sing-ham. 
whit'-tle. 
yoo-ka-tdn'. 


South  America. 


Blanco, 
Corrientes, 
Darien, 
Frio, 


blan'-ko. 
kor-re-en'-tes. 
da-re-eu'. 
fre'-o. 


Gallinas, 

Horn, 

North, 

Orange, 

Pillar, 

San  Francisco, 

San  Lorenzo, 

St.  Antonio, 

St.  Roque, 


gal-ye'-nas. 

horn. 

north. 

or'-anj. 

pil'-lar. 

fran-sis'-ko. 

lo-ren'-zo. 

an-to'-ne-o. 

rok. 


Europe. 


Clear, 

CORSO, 

Crimea, 

Finisterre, 

Gata, 

La  Hogue, 

Land's  End, 

Matapan, 

Naze, 

North, 

Ortegal, 

Palos, 

Passaro, 

San  Martin, 

Spartivento, 

St.  Vincent, 

Sviatoi, 

Teulada, 

Trafalgar, 

Wrath, 


Cambodia, 
Chelagskoi, 

COREA, 

cormorin, 

East, 

isolettk, 

Kamtchatka, 

Kraw, 

LOPATKA, 

Negrais, 
Northeast, 


kl^r. 

kor'-so. 

krim'-e-a, 

fin-is-tair'. 

ga'-tl 

la  hog'. 

landz  end'. 

mat-a-pdn'. 

niz. 

north. 

or-ta-gal', 

pa'-los. 

pas-sa'-ro. 

s4n  mAr'-tin. 

spar-te-ven'-to. 

sint  vin'-sent. 

sve'^-toi. 

t§-oo-la'-d4. 

traf-al-gar'. 

rath. 


Asia. 


kam-bo'-de-a. 

cho-lag-skoi'. 

ko-re'-a. 

kom'o-rin. 

ht. 

e-so-let'. 

kSm-ch4t'-ka. 

kraw. 

lo-pat'-ka. 

ne-grise'. 

north-^st'. 


Rasalhad, 
Romania, 

St.  Thadqeus, 

Suez, 

Zelania, 


ris-al-h^d'. 
ro-ma'-ne-a. 
sant  thad'-de-us. 
soo-6z'. 
ze-la'-ne-ai 


Africa. 


Ambro, 
Agulhas, 
Bassas, 
Bon, 

BOJADOR, 

Blanco, 

Corrientes, 

Cross, 

Delgado, 

Frio, 

Guardafui, 

Good  Hope, 

Noon, 

Orfui, 

Palmas, 

St.  Mary, 

Suez, 

Verde, 


am'-bro. 

il-gool'yas. 

bas'-sas. 

bou. 

boj-a-dor'. 

blan'-ko. 

kor-re-en'-tSs. 

kros. 

del-ga'-do. 

free'-o. 

gwar-da-fwe'. 

good  hop'. 

noon. 

or'-fwe. 

pal'-mas. 

sant  ma'-re. 

soo  -ez'. 

vcrd. 


Oceanica, 


Bougainville, 

Chatham, 

Engano, 

Flattery, 

Howe, 

Hana, 

Kahaka, 

KOOLAU, 

Leeuwin, 
Leveque, 


boo-gan-vil'. 

chat'-am. 

Sn-ga'-no. 

flat'-ter-re. 

how. 

ha'-nj. 

ka-hil'-k^. 

koo'-lau. 

le'-win,  or  la' win. 

la-vak'. 


Maria  Van  DiEMAN,de'-nian. 

Northwest,  north-west'. 

Rodney,  rod'-ne. 

Sandy,  san'-de. 

TowNSEND,  town'-send. 

Upola,  oo-pa'-la. 

York,  york. 


VII.    MOUNTAINS. 


North  America. 


Alleghany, 

Arctic  Highlands, 

Black  Hills, 

Blue  Ridge, 

Cascade, 

Mt.  Hood, 

Mt.  St.  Helens, 

Mt.  Ranier, 

Catskill, 

Coast, 

C0SIGUIN4, 

Cumberland, 

Mt.  Fairweather, 


al-le-ga'-ne, 

ark'-tik  high'-lands. 

blak  hilz. 

blu'-rij, 

kas'-k^d. 

hood, 

s^nt  hel'-enz. 

ra'-neer. 

kats'-kil, 

kost. 

ko-se-ghe'-n3,. 

kum'-ber-land. 

fdr'-weth-er. 


HEiani 

IN  FEET. 

4,200 


6,470 
14,000 

3,800 
14,000 


Green, 

Katahdin, 

Ozark, 

Popocatapetl, 

Rocky, 

Mt.  Brown, 
Fremont's  Peak, 
Mt.  Hooker, 
Long's  Peak, 
Pike's  Peak, 
Spanish  Peak, 

Sierra  Madre, 

Sierra  Nevada, 

Mt.  St.  Elias, 

White, 


green, 

ka-ta'-din, 

o'-zark. 

po-po-kat-a-pet'-l, 

rok'-e. 

brown, 

fre-montz', 

hook'-er, 

longz, 

pikz, 

span'-ish. 

se-er'-ra  ma'-dra. 

se-er'-ra  na-va'-dJ. 

sint  e-li-'as, 

white, 


4,360 
5,380 

17,720 

16,000 
13,500 
15,700 
12,000 
11,500 


17,90't 
6,230 


192 


PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY. 


South  America. 

Catjcascs, 

kaw'-kil-sus, 

1S,4'.)3 

Dkmavend, 

dem-a-vend', 

14,7011 

ACAKAT, 

ak-a-ra'. 

Elbrooz, 

el'-brooz. 

Andes, 

au'-dez. 

Konjakofski, 

kon-ja-kof'-skl. 

Aconcagua, 

&-kon-kA'-gwX, 

23,900 

Ghauts, 

gawts, 

8,000 

Chimborazo, 

chim-bo-ra'-zo, 

21,425 

Himalaya, 

him-a-li'-a. 

Chuquibamba, 

choo-ke-bam'-ba. 

21,000 

Everett, 

ev'-er-et. 

Cotopaxi, 

ko-to-pax'-e, 

18,870 

KUNCHINGINGA, 

koon-chin-jing'-gS, 

28,177 

Gdalateiri, 

gwa^-l^-ti-e-re'. 

Hindoo  Koosh, 

hin'-do  koosh. 

Illimani, 

eer-ya-ma'-ne. 

21,150 

KniNGAN, 

king-gan'. 

SORATA, 

so-ra'-ti, 

21,280 

KUENLUN, 

kwen-looii'. 

14,700 

Brazilian, 

bra-zeel'-yan. 

Meling, 

nia-ling'. 

Geral, 

zha'-ral. 

Peling, 

pa-ling'. 

Pacaraima, 

pa-k^-ii'-mi. 

Ramleah, 

ram'-le-a. 

Sinai, 

si'-na,  or  si'-na-T, 

7,500 

Europe. 

Stanovoi, 

Taurcs, 

stii^-no-Yoi'. 
td'-rus, 

13,100 

Alps, 

ThIAN  SHAN, 

te'-uu  sh^n. 

Mount  Blanc, 

blank, 

15,800 

Apennines, 

ap'-en-nlnz. 

Africa. 

Mt.  Vesuviits, 

ve-soo'-ve-us. 

3,950 

AUYERGNE, 

o-vArn', 

6,221 

Abba  Yaret, 

ab'-bil  yi\'-rct, 

15,000 

Balkan, 

bal'-kJn, 

10,000 

Atlas, 

at'-las. 

Cantabrian, 

kan-ta'-bre-in, 

11,000 

Mt.  Miltseen, 

milt-secn'. 

11,400 

Carpathian, 

k4r-pa'-the-an. 

8,675 

Cameroons, 

kam-er-oons'. 

13,000 

Caccascs, 

kaw'-ka-sus, 

18,000 

Crystal, 

krist'-al. 

Ceyennes, 

sa-venu', 

5,820 

Kong, 

kong, 

4,000 

Mt.  Etna, 

ct'-na. 

10,885 

Liipata, 

loo-p&'-td. 

Grampian, 

gram'-pe-an. 

4,370 

Moon, 

moon. 

Mt.  Hecla, 

hek'-la, 

6,210 

Kenia, 

ke'-nc-a, 

20,000 

Montserrat. 

mont-ser-rat', 

3,300 

KiLIMANDJARO, 

kir-e-nii\n^-j^-ro', 

20,000 

Ptrenees, 

pir'-en-eez. 

11,425 

Radama, 

ra'-d3.-md\ 

Scandinavian, 

skan-de-na'-ve-an. 

8,720 

Red, 

rfed. 

Sierra  Morena, 

se  er'-ra  mo-ri'-nil, 

4,000 

Snow, 

8D0. 

Sierra  Netada, 

se-6r'-ri  ui-va'-dd, 

11,657 

Ural, 

yoo'-ral, 

5,300 

Oceanica. 

Asia. 

Australian  Alps, 

6s-tri'-le-an, 

12,000 

Blue, 

blu, 

3,380 

Aldan, 

ai-dila', 

4,260 

Kilauea, 

ke-lau'-e-a. 

Altai, 

ai-ti', 

12,210 

Mauna  Kea, 

mau'-na  ke'-a. 

Ararat, 

&'-ra-rat. 

17,000 

Mauna  Loa, 

mau'-na  lo'-a. 

Beloob, 

be-loor', 

20,000 

Ophir, 

o'-fur. 

VIII.     DESERTS  AND  OASES. 


South  America. 

Atacama,  a-t4-k&'-mJ. 


Asia. 


Akhap, 
Gobi, 


ko'-be. 


Great  Salt, 
Sandy, 


grat  salt, 
san'-de. 


Africa. 


Agadez, 

BiLMAH, 


S'-ga-dez. 
bil'-ma. 


Challehenga, 

Libyan, 

Nubian, 

Sahara, 

Seewah, 

Tibesti, 

Tdat, 


chil'-le-hen-gE. 

lib'-e-an. 

nu'-be-an. 

s^-ha'-ra. 

se'-wa. 

te^-bes-te'. 

too-at'. 


IX.    LAKES. 


North  America. 


Abbitibbee, 
Athabasca, 
Caniapuscaw, 


ab-be-tib'-e. 

ath-a-bas'-ka. 

kan^-e-ap'-us- 

kaw. 


Champlain, 

Chapala, 

Chesuncook, 

Deer, 

Erie, 

Georgian, 


sliam-plS,n'. 

chi-pi'-la. 

che-sun'-kook. 

deer. 

e'-re. 

jor'-je-an. 


Grand, 
Great  Bear, 
Great  Salt, 
Great  Slate, 
Green, 
Huron, 


grdnd. 

bar. 

silt. 

sliv. 

grin. 

hu'-ruc. 


PRONOUNCING 

VOCABULARY. 

193 

Klamath, 

kl&m'-it,  or  kid- 

South  America. 

Asia. 

math'. 

Little  Slave, 

Slav. 

Betedero, 

bi-vi-diV-ro. 

Baikal,                     bl'-kal. 

Manitoba, 

man^-e-to'-ba. 

COLUGUAPE, 

ko-loo-gwd'-pi. 

Balkash,                   b&l-kish'. 

Michigan, 

mish'-e-g&n. 

Ibera, 

e-bi\'-ri. 

Koko  Nor,               k6-k6  nSr' 

* 

MiSTISSINNY, 

mis^-tis-sin'-ny. 

Maracaybo, 

mir-i-kl'-bo. 

Lop  Nor,                  I6p  n6r'. 

MOOSEHEAD, 

moose'-head. 

MiRIM, 

me-reeng'. 

Ooroomeeyah,          oo-roo-me' 

-yL 

Nicaragua, 

nik-ar-3,'-g\vi. 

Patos, 

p&'-tos. 

PoYANG,                    po-ying'. 

Nicollet, 

nik-o-li'. 

Porongos, 

po-ron'-gos. 

Tchany,                    ch&'-ne. 

NlPISSINO, 

nip'-is-sing. 

Reyes, 

ri'-yos. 

Tontinghoo,             ton^-ting-hoo.           1 1 

NiTCHEGUON, 

nitch^-e-gwon'. 

Titicaca 

te-te-ka'-kd. 

Zaizan,                     zi-zdn'. 

Okechobee, 

o^'-ke-cho'-be. 

Zcrrah,                   zur'-ra. 

Ontario, 

on-ta'-re-o. 

EuroTse. 

Pontchartrain, 

pon-char-trin'. 

Africa; 

Pyramid, 
Rainy, 
Red, 
Saginaw, 

pir'-a-mid. 
ra'-ne. 
red. 
sag'-e-nd. 

CONSTANCB, 

Geneva, 

Ilmen, 

Ladoga, 

kon'-stanz. 
jen-e'-va. 
il-men',  or  il'-mea 
la-do '-gi. 

Debo,                       di'-bo. 
Dembea,                    dem'-be-a. 
Fittre,                      fit'-trL 
Maravi,                    md-r3.'-vc. 

SiMCOE, 

St.  Clair, 
St.  John, 
Superior, 
Terminos, 

sim'-ko. 
sant  klir'. 
sant  jon'. 
su-pe'-re-ur. 
ter'-me-nis. 

Maelar, 
Onega, 
Peipus, 
Platten  See, 
Purus, 

mi'-lar. 
o-ne'-ga. 
pi'-e-poos. 
pUt'-teu  si. 
poo'-roos. 

Melgig,                     m61-ghig'. 
Nqami,                      u'gA'-nie. 
Nyassi,                     ne-ds'se. 
SiBKAH,                      Bib'-ka. 
Tchad,                      chdd. 
Ukerewe,                 u-ka-ra'-we 

TULE, 

too'-le,  or  too'-li. 

Sego, 

si\'-go. 

Utah, 

yoo'-td. 

Vigo, 

ve'-go. 

Winnipeg, 

win'-e-peg. 

Wener, 

wa'-ner. 

Oceanica. 

Winnipegoos, 

wiu'-e-pe-goo8. 

Wetter, 

wet'-ter. 

Woods, 

woodz. 

Torrens,                  tor'-renz. 

X.     RIVERS. 

Worth  America. 

lENOTH 

Feather, 

feth'-er. 

IN  UILE3. 

Flint, 

flint. 

800 

Abbitibbee, 

ab-be-tib'-e. 

250 

Gallatin, 

gal'-la-tin. 

ISO 

Alabama, 

al-a-bam'-a. 

380 

Gatineau, 

gd-te-no'. 

400 

Albany, 

Sl'-ba-ne, 

S40 

Gila, 

heel'-a. 

4m 

Alleghany, 

al-le-ga'-ne, 

400 

Grand,  Mich., 

grand, 

270 

Altamahaw, 

il'-ta-ma-haw'. 

140 

Grande,  Mex., 

grand. 

800 

Androscoggin, 

an-dros-kog'-in. 

140 

Great  Fish, 

grit  fish. 

Appalachicola, 

ap^-pa-lah-che-ko'-Ia, 

100 

Great  Whale, 

grit  whil. 

Arkansas, 

Sr-kan'-sas, 

2,000 

Great  Pedee, 

grit  p6'-d6, 

300 

Athabasca, 

ath-i-bas'-ka, 

500 

Green,  Ky., 

green. 

300 

Balsas, 

bal'-sas. 

Harricanaw, 

har-re-ka'-nS, 

270 

Bear, 

bare, 

400 

Hudson, 

hud'-sun, 

300 

Big  Horn, 

big  horn, 

400 

Humboldt, 

hum'-bilt, 

350 

Big  Sandy, 

big  san'-dy, 

80 

Illinois, 

ir-lin-oi'. 

400 

Brazos, 

br4'-zos, 

900 

Iowa, 

I'-o-wa, 

300 

Canadian, 

ka-na'-de-an. 

900 

James, 

jimz, 

500 

Cape  Fear, 

kip  f^r, 

300 

Jefferson, 

jef'-fer-sun. 

Chattehooche, 

chat-ta-hoo'-che. 

650 

Kanawha, 

ki-naw'-wa, 

400 

Chowan, 

cho-wEn', 

50 

Kansas, 

kan'-sas, 

1,000 

Churchill, 

church'-il, 

•700 

Kaskaskia, 

kas-kas'-ke-a, 

300 

Clarke's, 

klarkz, 

650 

Kennebec, 

ken-ne-bek'. 

200 

Colorado,  Texas, 

kol-o-r&'-do, 

900 

Kentucky, 

ken-tuk'-e. 

260 

Colorado,  Cal., 

kol-o-ra'-do, 

»1,200 

Klamath, 

kld'-math, 

250 

Columbia, 

ko-lum'-be-a. 

1,000 

Koksak, 

kok'-sak. 

Connecticut, 

kon-net'-i-kut. 

400 

Lewis, 

lu'-is. 

900 

Cumberland, 

kum'-ber-land, 

600 

Mackenzie, 

mak-k§n'-ze, 

900 

Dm-aware, 

del'-a-ware, 

300 

Madawaska, 

mad-a-was'-ka. 

210 

Des  Moines, 

de  moin', 

400 

Madison, 

mad'-i-sun. 

Detroit, 

de-troit'. 

25 

Maumee, 

md-m^'. 

100 

East  Main, 

ist  mane', 

400 

Merrimac, 

mer'-ri-mak, 

110 

Miami, 

mi-i'-me. 

150 

11 

*  Including  the  Green. 

Minnesota, 

min-ne-so'-ta. 

450 

194 


PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY. 


MiRAMlCHI, 

Mississippi, 

Missouri, 

Mobile, 

Mohawk, 

monongahela, 

Moose, 

Muskingum, 

Nebraska, 

Neches, 

Nelson, 

Neuse, 

Niagara, 

Nicollet, 

North  Fork, 

Nueces, 

ocmulgee, 

Oconee, 

Ohio, 

Osage, 

Ottawa, 

Pascagoula, 

Peace, 

Pearl, 

Pecos, 

Penobscot, 

Potomac, 

Rappahannock, 

Red, 

Republican  Fork, 

Rio  Grande,  Mex., 

Rio  Virgen, 

Roanoke, 

Rock, 

Rupert, 

Sabine, 

Saco, 

Sacramento, 

Saguenat, 

Salmon, 

San  Joaquin, 

Santander, 

Santee, 

Saskatchewan, 

Savannah, 

Scioto, 

Severn, 

Slave, 

Smoky  Hill, 

SOREL,    OR   RlCHLIEU, 

South  Fork, 
St.  Clair, 
St.  Croix, 
St.  Francis, 
St.  Francis,  Miss., 
St.  John's,  Flor., 
St.  John, 
St.  Joseph's, 
St.  Lawrence, 
St.  Mary's, 
St.  Maurice, 
Susquehanna, 

SUWANEE, 

Tar, 

Tennessee, 
Tombigbee, 


mir'^-a-me''-she', 

mis-sis-sip -pe, 

mis-soo'-re, 

mo-beel', 

nio'-hMc, 

mo-non-ga-h^'-la, 

moos, 

mus-king'-gum, 

ne-bras'-ka, 

netch'-ez, 

nel'-sun, 

nuse, 

nI-A.g'-a-ra, 

nik^-o-li\'. 

north  fork, 

nwa'-ses, 

ok'-miil-gc, 

o-ko'-nfe, 

o-hl'-o, 

o'-saj, 

ot'-ta-wi, 

pas^-ka-goo'-la, 

pes, 

perl, 

pa'-kos, 

p6-nob'-skot, 

po-to'-mak, 

rap-pa-han'-nok, 

red, 

re-pub '-le-kan  fork, 

ri'-o  grand', 

re'-o  vor'-hen. 

ro-an-6k', 

rok, 

roo'-pert, 

sa-been', 

saw'-ko, 

sak-ra-men'-to, 

s4g-a-na', 

sal'-mun. 

san-ho^-ii-keen', 

san-tan'-der,- 

sau-t6', 

sas-k&tch'-e-won, 

sa-van'-na, 

sl-o'-to, 

sev'-urn, 

Slav, 

smo'-ke  hill', 

so'^-rel', 

south  fork'. 

sint  kli\r', 

kroi, 

fran'-sis. 

fran'-sis, 

jonz, 

jo'-zefs, 

liV-rens, 

ma'-riz, 

sant  m^'-ris, 

sus-kwe-han'-na, 

su-wa'-ne. 

tar. 

ten-nes-se', 

tora-big'-be. 


15 

3,160 

3,100 

50 

160 

250 

250 

110 

400 

150 

300 

300 

34 

800 
350 
300 
280 
950 
200 
800 
100 
800 
250 
100 
800 
400 
125 

1,200 
400 

1,800 

450 
330 
300 
500 
150 
370 
100 

350 
110 
150 
1,300 
450 
200 
350 
300 
8-00 
80 

40 
"75 

450 

250 
450 
250 

750 
100 
400 
400 


800 
450 


Trinity,  trin'-e-te,  550 

Tula,  too'-la,  200 

Usumasinta,  oo-soo-m3,-siii'-tll,  400 

Wabash,  w^'-bash,  550 

Washitaw,  wfch'-e-taw,  500 

Wateree,  w^-ter-e',  200 

White,  Ind.,  whit,  60 

White,  Ark.,  whit,  800 

Willamette,  wil-l&-met',  150 

Wisconsin,  wis-kon'-sin,  600 

Yaqui,  ya-ke',  400 

Yazoo,  yiVzoo',  290 

Yellow  Stone,  yel'-low  ston,  1,000 

South  America. 


Amazon, 

Aniba, 

Apure, 

Araguay, 

Arinos, 

Beni, 

BlOBIO, 

Berbice, 

Branco, 

Camarones, 

Caqueta,  or  Japura, 

Caroni, 

Cauca, 

Chico, 

Colorado, 

Cosiquare,  or 

Cassiquiare, 
Cuyaba, 
Demerara, 
Desaguadero, 

DULCE. 
ESSEQUIBO, 
GUAPAI, 
GUAPORE, 

guaviare, 

gurapy,  or  gurtipi, 

huallaga, 

Javary, 

JUKUA, 
JUTAY, 

Madeira, 

Magdalena, 

Mamore, 

Maranham,  or  Miarim, 

Marowyne, 

Meta, 

Napo, 

Negro, 

Orinoco, 

Oyapok, 

Para, 

Paraguay, 

Parahiba, 

Parana, 

Paranaiba, 

Parima, 

Parnahiba, 

Pilcomayo, 


am  -a-zon. 

4,000 

a-ne-ba'. 

&-poo'-ri. 

ar-&-gwl'. 

1,000 

S-re'-n6s, 

700 

bi-ne'. 

1,000 

be'-o-be'-o. 

200 

ber-bees', 

200 

bran'-ko. 

120 

kam-a-ro'-nez. 

kk-kk'-a, 

1,200 

ka-ro-ne'. 

400 

kow'-k&. 

600 

che'-ko, 

kor-o-ra'-do. 

800 

ko-se-ki\'-re. 

i;i0 

k&s-se-ke-3,'-ra. 

koo-vtl'-bi\. 

d6m^-er-l'-ra, 

180 

des'-a-gwa-di'-ro, 
dool'-si. 

180 

Ss-se-ke'-bo, 

450 

gwa-pl', 

650 

gwa-po'-ra. 

400 

gwd-ve-a'-ra. 

450 

goo-roo-pe'. 

250 

hw^l-ya'-gtl. 

500 

hA-va-re', 

450 

hoo-roo'-a. 

hoo-ti'. 

TOO 

ma-da'-ra, 

*  1,800 

mag-da-le'-na. 

900 

mk-mo-rk', 

500 

mar^-an-ham', 

350 

ma^-ro-win', 

400 

ma'-t^. 

500 

n&'-po. 

500 

na'-gro. 

1,000 

o-re-no'-ko. 

1,600 

o'-va-pok', 

180 

pa-ra', 

200 

pa-ra-gwa',  or  pS-rl-gwi 

,  1,600 

pa-ra-e'-ba. 

300 

pa-ra-na'. 

2,000 

pa-ra-n^-e'-b§,. 

500 

pa-re'-ma. 

par-n4-e'-ba, 

750 

pil-ko-ml'-o. 

1,000 

*  Including  the  Mamore. 


PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY. 


195 


Port  Desire, 

port  de-sir'. 

200 

Neva, 

PURDS, 

poo'-roos, 

500 

NiEMEN, 

PCTCMATO, 

poo-too-ml'-o, 

700 

Oder, 

■Rio  de  la  Plata, 

re'-o  d^  U  pW-t5., 

*2,500 

Oka, 

Rio  das  Mortes, 

re'-o  dAs  mor'-tes. 

Onega, 

Rio  Negro,  Pat., 

re'-o  na'-gro, 

600 

OOSA, 

Salado,  (148,) 

sa-la'-do. 

1,000 

Petchora, 

Salado,  (150,) 

sW&'-do, 

400 

Po, 

Santa  Cruz, 

sin'-ta  kroos, 

200 

Pripets, 

St.  Francisco, 

fran-sis'-ko. 

1,250 

Pruth, 

Slrixam, 

soo-riu-am'. 

300 

Rhine, 

Taccari, 

ta-ku'-a-re. 

Rhone, 

Tap  A  JOS, 

t^-pa'-zhos. 

500 

Samara, 

T.:rcero, 

tcr-sa'-ro. 

Saone, 

TlETE, 

te-a'-ta, 

500 

Sate, 

TofANTINS, 

to-kan-t^ns', 

1,000 

Seine, 

Tres  Barras, 

tres  bar'-ras. 

Severn, 

Trombetas, 

trom-ba'-tas. 

Shannon, 

Uaupes, 

wow'-pes. 

Skelleftea, 

UCAYALE, 

oo-kT-a'-la, 

500 

Sookhona, 

Uruguay, 

oo'-roo-gwi. 

800 

Sura, 

Vermejo, 

ver-ma'-ho. 

180 

Steer, 

XiNGU, 

shin-goo', 

1,300 

Tagus, 
Terek, 

Europe. 

Thames, 
Theiss, 

BlELAIA, 

be-a^-li'-a, 

500 

Tiber, 

Bog, 

bog, 

340 

TORNEA, 

Bug, 

bug, 

300 

Umea, 

Danube, 

dan'-ube, 

1,800 

Ural, 

Dahl, 

dai. 

VlATKA, 

Desna, 

dSs'-nS, 

600 

Vistula, 

Dnieper, 

ne'-per, 

1,230 

Vitchegda, 

Dniester, 

nees'-ter, 

500 

Volga, 

Don, 

don, 

1,000 

Volkhov, 

Donets, 

do-n§ts'. 

400 

Wartha, 

DORDOGNE, 

dor-don', 

220 

Weser, 

DOURO, 

doo'-ro. 

400 

Drammen, 

drim'-men. 

Drate, 

drkv, 

360 

DUNA, 

du'-na, 

400 

Aldan, 

DWINA, 

dwi'-na, 

830 

Amga, 

Ebro, 

e'-bro. 

840 

Am  00, 

Elbe, 

elb. 

550 

Amoor, 

Garonne, 

ga-ron', 

380 

Anabara, 

Glommen, 

glom'-men, 

280 

Anadir, 

GUADALQUITEBj 

gaw-dal-kwiv'-CF, 

280 

Angara, 

GUADIANA, 

gwa-de-a'-nl. 

880 

Argoon, 

HUMBER, 

hum'-ber. 

40 

Attruck, 

IXDAL, 

in'-dal. 

60 

Brahmapootra, 

Kama, 

k§,'-nil, 

1,400 

Cambodia, 

Kem, 

kem. 

100 

Chenaub, 

Keni, 

ke'-ni. 

Euphrates, 

Khoper, 

ko'-per, 

250 

Ganges, 

Klar, 

kiar, 

200 

GODATERT, 

KOOBAN, 

koo'-bSn, 

S80 

Helmund, 

Kooma, 

koo'-ml, 

300 

HoANG  Ho, 

Loire, 

Iwilr, 

640 

HOANG  KiANG, 

LULEA, 

loo'-Ie-a, 

200 

Indighirka, 

Man  ITCH, 

ma-neetch', 

800 

Indus, 

Maritza, 

mS-rit'-za, 

260 

Irrawaddy, 

>[ecse, 

muz, 

430 

Irtish, 

-Mezene, 

mfez-in'. 

450 

ISHIM, 

MiNHO, 

meen'-yo, 

130 

khatanga, 
Kolyma, 

*  Including  the  Paraguay. 

KOOR, 

na  -Ta, 

ne'-men, 

o'-der, 

o'-ki, 

o-ni'-gi, 

oo'-sa, 

petch'-o-ri, 

po, 

prip'-6ts, 

priith, 

rin, 

ron, 

sa-ma-ra', 

son, 

sav,  or  sJ,v, 

san,  or  sSn, 

sev'-ern, 

shan'-nun, 

skel-lef-te-a, 

soo-ko'-ni, 

soo'-r^, 

sver, 

ta'-gus, 

ta-rek', 

temz, 

tis, 

tl'-ber, 

tor'-ne-a, 

oo'-mc-a, 

yoo'-ral, 

ve-at'-kd, 

vis'-tu-la, 

Te-cheg'-di, 

voI'-gA, 

vol-kov', 

war'-t4, 

we'-ser, 

Asia. 

ai-dsln', 
Sm'-ga, 
S-moo', 
a-moor', 

A-ua-deer', 

Sng-ga-rA', 

ar'-goon'. 

at'-truk. 

brah^-ma-poo'-tra, 

kam-bo'-de-a, 

che-naub', 

u-fra'-tez, 

gan'-j^z, 

go-da'-ver-e, 

hfel-mund', 

ho-ang'  ho, 

ho-ang'  ke-Sng, 

in'^-de-ghir'-kS, 

in'-dus, 

ir^-ra-wi'-de, 

ir'-tish, 

ish'-im, 

kd-tjn'-gi, 

ko-le-mi', 

koor, 


40 
400 
550 
650 
250 
200 
900 
3-iO 
850 
360 
950 
540 
280 
320 
550 
500 
210 
220 
120 
250 
400 
130 
540 
850 
220 
500 
185 
230 
250 

1,800 
500 
530 
380 

2,500 
130 
450 
250 


300 

460 

1,300 

2,200 

400 

450 

1,000 


1,500 

1,800 

700 

1,800 

1,960 

700 

660 

2,000 

800 

750 

1,650 

1,200 

1,700 

700 

650 

700 

620 


196 

STATISTICAL     TABLES. 

KiSTNAH, 

iist'-na, 

600 

Chadda, 

chad'-da. 

Lena, 

e'-na. 

2,400 

COANZA, 

io-an'-za, 

600 

Mahanuddy, 

m&-ha-nud'-de, 

2.50 

Congo, 

kong'-go, 

240 

Menam, 

ma^-nam', 

800 

Gambia, 

gam'-be-a, 

1,000 

Nerbddda, 

ner-bud'-d&j 

620 

Gojeb, 

;o'-jeb^. 

Obi, 

o'-be. 

2,000 

Haines, 

lanz. 

Olenek, 

o-la-nfek'. 

800 

JUBA, 

zhoo'-bJ. 

* 

OOSOORI, 

oo^-soo-re'. 

340 

Matoni, 

m^-to'-ni. 

Pki  Ho,                                pa  h6. 

170 

Misselad, 

mis-se-lid' 

, 

Piasina, 

)e-a-se'-nS, 

250 

Niger, 

ni'-jer, 

2,500 

Salwin, 

sal'-win. 

Nile, 

ml, 

1,800 

Selenga, 

sa-lSng'-ga, 

500 

Orange, 

or'-inj, 

1,000 

Shilka, 

3hil'-k4. 

Ozi, 

o'-ze. 

SiHON,                                    si-hon', 

900 

Rio  Grandk, 

re'-o  grind'. 

SOONGARI, 

30on-g&'-re,  or  soon- 

Sabaki,                                  f 

ik-hk'-ke. 

ga-re', 

800 

Senegal, 

sen'-e-gal. 

1,000 

SuTLEj,                                 sut'-lej, 

950 

Shary, 

sh&'-re. 

Chikiri,                                 che-ke^-re', 

450 

St.  Paul, 

sant  pdl. 

300 

Tigris,                                 ti'-gris. 

1,150 

Tacazze, 

td-kit'-si. 

ToBOL,                                  to-bol'. 

500 

Umbre, 

oom'-brL 

TOONGOOSKA,                                    1 

toong-goos'-kS. 

Vaal, 

vkl 

Ural, 

yoo'-ral. 

1,800 

Volta, 

rol'-til. 

360 

VlTlM, 

pit'-im. 

900 

White,                                ^ 

nhit. 

1,200 

Yana,                                     yi'-na. 

600 

Yeoo,                                   ya-oo'. 

300 

Yangtse  Kiang, 

ydng^-tse  ke-ang', 

2,500 

Za^beze, 

zam-ba'-ze 

Yarkand, 

rar^-kand', 

500 

Yenisei,                               ; 

rkD>-e-sk' -e. 

2,500 

Australia. 

Africa. 

Darling,                              < 

lar'-ling, 

1,000 

Lachlan, 

ak'-Mn, 

400 

Ambriz,                                 am'-briz. 

Lynd, 

ind. 

Bembaroughe,                     bem-ba-roqj'. 

Murray,                              i 

mur'-ra. 

1,400 

Blue,                                   blu, 

800 

Swan. 

swan. 

STATISTICAL    TABLES. 

• 

RAILROADS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Total 

Miles 

Actual 

Total 

Miles 

Actu.%1 

states. 

length  of 

in 

length  la 

STATES. 

length  of 

in 

length  in 

lines. 
1,822.4 

operation, 

state. 

lines. 

operation. 
365.4 

•state. 

Alabama,  .        .        . 

798.6 

628.9 

Mississippi,    . 

445.1 

691.1 

Arkansas, 

701.3 

38.5 

38.5 

Missouri,  . 

1,337.3 

723.2 

723.2 

California, 

S08.8 

22.5 

22.5 

New  Hampshire,  . 

699.9 

665.2 

561.7 

Connecticut, 

820.7 

665.6 

599.3 

New  Jersey, 

658.9 

556.4 

656.4 

Delaware, 

117.9 

117.9 

127.1 

New  York,    . 

3,610.6 

2,756.4 

2,779.8 

Florida, 

730.5 

289.8 

289.8 

North  Carolina, 

1,020.2 

770.2 

703.2 

Georgia,    . 

1,617.2 

1,241.7 

1,234.5 

Ohio,      .... 

4,084.7 

3,008.2 

3,016.7 

Illinois, 

3,500.7 

2,752.7 

2,727.7 

Oregon,     . 

300.0 

Indiana,     . 

1,839.0 

1,327.9 

2,005.4 

Pennsylvania, 

3,995.1 

3,081.1 

2,787.1 

Iowa,     .... 

1,806.8 

395.3 

395.3 

Rhode  Island,  .        . 

86.9 

63.6 

100.9 

Kentucky, 

698.4 

458.5 

510.5 

South  Carolina,   . 

1,136.0 

807.3 

900.3 

Louisiana,     . 

1,160.0 

419.0 

294.0 

Tennessee, 

1,434.4 

1,062.3 

977.5 

Maine, 

618.1 

544.6 

476.4 

Texas,   .... 

2,667.0 

2S4.5 

284.5 

Maryland  &  Dist.  Col., 

889.3 

833.3 

478.1 

Vermont,  . 

588.5 

637.9 

561.1 

Massachusetts, 

1,507.3 

1,428.3 

1,391.1 

Virginia,       .        . 

2,058.5 

1,525.7 

1,755.7 

Michigan, 

1,747.8 

1,132.8 

796.9 

Wisconsin, 

2,224.3 

826.0 

876.0 

Minnesota, 

1,167.5 

STATISTICAL     TABLES. 

197 

POPULATION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  FOR  EVERY  TWENTY  YEARS,  FROM  1800  TO  1860. 

STATES. 

1800. 

1820. 

1840. 

1860. 

STATES. 

1800. 

1820. 

1S40. 

1860. 

Alabama, 

127,901 

590,756 

964,296 

Minnesota, 

162,022 

Arkansas, 

14,273 

97,574 

435,427 

Mississippi, 

8,S50|       75,448 

375,651 

791,395 

California, 

380,015 

Missouri, 

66,586 

383,702 

1,173,317 

Connecticut, 

251,002 

275,202 

309,978 

460,151 

New  Hampshire, 

183,762     244,161 

284,574 

326,072 

Delaware, 

64,273 

72,749 

78,U85 

112,218 

New  Jersey, 

211,949     277,575 

373,306 

672,031 

Florida, 

54,477 

140,439 

New  York, 

586,75 

6  1,372,812 

2,428,921 

3,887,542 

Georgia, 

162,101 

840,987 

691,392 

1,057,327 

North  Carolina, 

478,103      638,829 

753,419 

992,667 

Illinois, 

55,211 

476,183 

1,711,753 

Ohio, 

45,365      581,434 

1,519,467 

2,339,599 

Indiana, 

4,875 

147,178 

685,866 

1,350,479 

Oregon, 

52,464 

Iowa, 

43,112 

674,948 

Pennsylvania, 

602,365|l,049,458 

1,724,033 

2,906,370 

Kansas, 

107,110 

Rhode  Island, 

69,12 

2        83,059 

108,830 

174,621 

Kentucky, 

220,955 

564,317 

779,828 

1,155,713 

South  Carolina, 

345,591      502,741 

594,398 

703,312 

Louisiana, 

153,407 

352,411 

709,433 

Tennessee, 

105,602     422,813 

829,210 

1,109,847 

Maine, 

151,719 

298,335 

501,793 

628,276 

Texas, 

601,039 

Maryland, 

541,548 

407,350 

470,019 

687,034 

Vermont, 

154,465      235,764 

291,948 

315,116 

Massachusetts, 

123,245 

523,287 

737,699 

1,231,065 

Virginia, 

880,200  1,065,379 

1,239,797 

1,596,083 

Michigan, 

8,896 

212,267 

749,112 

Wisconsin, 

1 

30,945 

775,873 

HISTORICAL  TABLE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

'            STATES   AND  TERRITORIES. 

■RTien 
settled. 

TVTiere 
settled. 

By  whom 
settled. 

"When  admitted 
into  the  Union. 

Virginia, 

1607 

Jamestown,  . 

English, 

June  26th, 

1788 

New  York, 

1614 

Albany,     . 

Dutch,        .... 

July  26th, 

1788 

Massachusetts,    . 

1620 

Plymouth,     . 

English,         .         .         . 

February  6th, 

1788 

New  Hampshire, 

1624 

Dover, 

English,     .... 

June  21st, 

1788 

New  Jersey, 

1624 

Bergen, 

Dutch  and  Danes, 

December  18th,      1TS7      II 

Delaware, 

1627 

Cape  Henlopen, 

Swedes  and  Finns, 

December  7th 

,        1787 

Connecticut, 

1633 

Windsor, 

Emigrants  from  Massachuset 

ts, 

January  9th, 

1788 

Maryland, 

1624 

St.  Mary's, 

English 

April  28th, 

1788 

Rbode  Island, 

1636 

Providence,  . 

Roger  Williams,     . 

May  29th, 

1790 

North  Carolina, 

1663 

Albemarle,         . 

English,     .... 

November  21st,      1789       II 

South  Carolina, 

1670 

Port  Royal,  . 

Enslish, 

May  23d, 

1788 

Pennsylvania, 

1682 

Philadelphia,     . 

English,     .         .         ,    •    , 

December  12th,      1787       II 

Georgia, 

1733 

Savannah, 

English, 

January  2d, 

1788 

Florida,  . 

1565 

St.  Augustine,  . 

Spanish,     .... 

March  3d, 

1845 

Maine, 

1625 

Bristol, 

English, 

March  5th, 

1820 

Wisconsin, 

1669 

Green  Bay, 

French,      .... 

May  29th, 

1848 

Michigan,     . 

1670 

Detroit, 

French,          .         .         . 

January  26th, 

1837 

Arkansas, 

1685 

Arkansas  Post, . 

French,      .... 

June  15th, 

1836 

Texas, 

1690' 

San  Antonio, 

Spanish,          .         .         , 

December  29th,      1845 

Indiana,   , 

1690 

Vincennes, 

French,      .... 

December  11th,      1816 

Louisiana,   . 

1699 

Abbeville, 

French, 

April  8th, 

1812 

Alabama,          , 

1711 

Mobile, 

French,      .... 

December  14th,      1819 

Mississippi,  . 

1716 

Natchez, 

French, 

December  10th,      1817 

Illinois,  . 

1720 

Kaskaskia, 

French,      .         .    ~     . 

December  3d, 

1818 

Vermont, 

1725 

Fort  Dummer, 

Emigrants  from  Massachusett 

s, 

March  4th, 

1791 

Tennessee, 

1757 

Fort  London,     . 

Emigrants  from  North  CaroU 

Qa, 

June  1st, 

1796 

Missouri, 

1764 

St.  Louis, 

French,      .... 

August  10th, 

1821 

California, 

1769 

San  Diego, 

Spanish,         .... 

September  9th 

,       1850 

Kentucky,    . 

1775 

Boonesboro', 

Daniel  Boone,    . 

June  1st, 

1792 

Ohio, 

1788 

Marietta,   . 

Emigrants  from  New  Englanc 

November  29th,     1832       || 

Iowa,  . 

1833 

Burlington,   . 

Emigrants  from  New  Englanc 

March  3d, 

1845 

Minnesota, 

1865 

St.  Paul,    . 

Emigrants  from  the  East, 

May  11th, 

1858 

Oregon, 

1839 

Astoria, 

Emigrants  from  the  East,  . 

February  14th 

,        1859 

Kansas,    . 

Emigrants  from  the  East, 

1861 

1 — - ' 

198 

STATISTICAL     TABLES. 

' 

COLLEGES  AND  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

BOWDOIN, 

Brunswick, 

Me. 

Wesleyan  Female, 

Macon, 

Ga 

Watertille, 

Waterville, 

Me. 

University  of  Alabama, 

Tuscaloosa, 

Ala. 

Dartmouth, 

Hanover, 

N.  H. 

Florence  Wesleyan, 

I'lorcnce, 

Ala. 

University  of  Vermont, 

Burlington, 

Vt. 

Howard, 

Marion, 

Ala. 

MinDLEBURY, 

Middlebury, 

Vt. 

Madison, 

Sharon, 

Miss. 

Norwich  University, 

Norwich, 

Vt. 

University  of  Mississippi, 

Oxford, 

Miss. 

Harvard  University, 

Cambridge, 

Mass. 

Mississippi, 

Clinton, 

Miss. 

Williams, 

Williamstown, 

Mass. 

Semple  Broaddus, 

Centre  Hill, 

Miss. 

Amherst, 

Amherst, 

Mass. 

University  of  Louisiana, 

New  Orleans, 

La. 

Holy  Cross, 

Worcester, 

Mass. 

Centenary, 

Jackson, 

La. 

TCETS, 

Medford, 

Mass. 

Washington, 

Washington  Co. 

La. 

Brown  University, 

Providence, 

R.  L 

Dolbear's  Commercial, 

New  Orleans, 

La. 

Yale, 

New  Haven, 

Conn. 

Aranama, 

Goliad, 

Texas. 

Trinity, 

Hartford, 

Conn. 

University  of  Nashville, 

Nashville, 

Tenn. 

Wesleyan  University, 

Middlotown, 

Conn. 

Franklin, 

Near  Nashville, 

Teim. 

COLITMBIA, 

New  York, 

N.  Y. 

East  Tennessee, 

Knoxville, 

Tenn. 

Union, 

Schenectady, 

N.  Y. 

Cumberland  University, 

Lebanon, 

Tenn. 

Hamilton, 

Chnton, 

N.  Y. 

Jackson, 

Columbia, 

Tenn. 

Maihson  University, 

Hamilton, 

N.  Y. 

Union, 

Murfreesboro', 

Tenn. 

HoBART  Free, 

Geneva, 

N.  Y. 

Greenville, 

Greenville, 

Tenn. 

University  of  City  of  N.  York 

,  New  York, 

N.  Y. 

Transylvania, 

.  Lexington, 

Kv. 

University  of  Rochester, 

Rochester, 

N.  Y. 

St.  Joseph's, 

Bardstown, 

Ky. 

St.  John's, 

Fordham, 

N.  Y. 

Centre, 

Danville, 

Ky. 

College  of  New  Jersey, 

Princeton, 

N.  J. 

Georgetown, 

Georgetown, 

Kv. 

Rutgers, 

New  Brunswick, 

N.J. 

Kentucky  Military  Institute, 

Franklin  Springs 

Kv. 

Universityof  Pennsylvania, 

Philadelphia, 

Peun. 

Kentucky, 

Harrodsburg, 

Ky. 

Dickinson, 

Carlisle, 

Penn. 

Ohio  University, 

Athens, 

Ohio. 

Jefferson, 

Canonsburg, 

Penn. 

Miami  University, 

Oxford, 

Ohio. 

Washington, 

Washington, 

Penn. 

Franklin, 

New  Athens, 

Ohio. 

Alleghany, 

Meadville, 

Penn. 

Western  Reserve, 

Hudson, 

Ohio. 

Pennsylvania, 

Gettysburg, 

Penn. 

Kenyon, 

Gambler, 

Ohio. 

Lafayette, 

Easton, 

Penn. 

Denison, 

Granville, 

Ohio. 

Franklin  and  Marshall, 

Lancaster, 

Penn. 

Marietta, 

Marietta, 

Ohio. 

University  at  Lewisburg, 

Lewisburg, 

Penn. 

Oberlin, 

Oberlin, 

Ohio. 

Polytechnic, 

Philadelphia, 

Penn. 

Ohio  Wesleyan  University, 

Delaware, 

Ohio. 

Delaware, 

Newark, 

Del. 

Wittenberg, 

Springfield, 

Ohio. 

St.  Mary's, 

Wilmington, 

Del. 

Urbana  University, 

Urbana, 

Ohio. 

St.  John's, 

Annapolis, 

Md. 

Antioch, 

Y'ellow  Springs, 

Ohio. 

St.  Charles's, 

Ellicott's  Mills, 

Md. 

Indiana  State  University, 

Bloomington, 

Ind. 

Mount  St.  Mary's, 

Emmetsburg, 

Md. 

Hanover, 

South  Hanover, 

Ind. 

St.  James's, 

Washington  Co. 

Md. 

Wabash, 

Crawfordsville, 

Ind. 

Washington, 

Chestertown, 

Md. 

Indiana  Asbury  University, 

Greencastle, 

Ind. 

Georgetown, 

Georgetown, 

D.  C. 

Illinois, 

Jacksonville, 

111. 

Columbian, 

Washington, 

D.  C. 

Shurtleff, 

Upper  Alton, 

HI. 

William  and  Mary, 

Williamsburg, 

Va. 

McKendree, 

Lebanon, 

HI. 

Hampden-Sidney, 

Prince  Ed.  Co., 

Va. 

Knox, 

Galesburg, 

III. 

Washington, 

Lexington, 

Va. 

University  of  Chicago, 

Chicago, 

111. 

University  of  Virginia, 

Charlottesville, 

Va. 

St.  Louis  University, 

St.  Louis, 

Mo. 

Randolph-Macon, 

Boydon, 

Va. 

Masonic, 

Lexington, 

Mo. 

Emory  and  Henrt, 

Washington  Co. 

Va. 

University  of  State  of  Mo., 

Columbia, 

Mo. 

Bethany, 

Bethany, 

Va. 

St.  Charles, 

St.  Charles, 

Mo. 

Richmond, 

Richmond, 

Va. 

University  of  Michigan, 

Ann  Arbor, 

Mich. 

Virginia  Military  Institute, 

Lexington, 

Va. 

Wisconsin  University, 

Madison, 

Wis. 

University  of  North  Carolina, 

Chapel  Hill, 

N.  C. 

Beloit, 

Beloit,  Rock  Co. 

,  Wis. 

Davidson, 

Mecklenburg  Co 

,  N.  C. 

Lawrence  University, 

Appleton, 

Wis. 

Wake  Forest, 

Forestvillc, 

N.  C. 

Milwaukee  Female, 

Milwaukee, 

Wis. 

Charleston, 

Charleston, 

s.  c. 

Carroll, 

Waukesha 

Wis. 

Soi'Tii  Carolina, 

Columbia, 

s.  c. 

Racine, 

Racine, 

Wis. 

Franklin, 

Athens, 

Ga. 

Iowa  State  University, 

Iowa  City, 

Iowa. 

Oglethorpe, 

Milledgeville, 

Ga. 

Iowa  Wesleyan  University, 

Mt.  Pleasant, 

Iowa 

Emory, 

Oxford, 

Ga. 

Santa  Clara, 

Near  San  Jose, 

Cal. 

Mercer  University, 

Penfield, 

Ga. 

STATISTICAL     TABLES, 


199 


THEOLOGICAL     SCHOOLS . 


Baxgor  Theological  Semisakt, 
Mktii.  Gkx.  Bib.  Institute, 

GiLMANTO.N  TheOL.  SeMINART, 

N.  Hampton  Theol.  Seminary, 
Theological  Seminary, 
DiTixiTY  School,  Harv.  Unit., 
Theological  IxsTirrTioN, 
Theol.  Dep.,  Yale  College, 
Theol.  Inst,  of  Connecticut, 
Bkukley  Divinity  School, 
Theol.  Inst.,  Epis.  Church, 
Union  Theological  Seminary, 
Theol.  Seminary  of  Auburn, 
Hamilton  Theol.  Seminary, 
Rochester  Theol.  Seminary, 
Hartwich  Seminary, 
Theol.  Sem.  Ass.  Ref.  Church, 
Th.  Sem.  Dutch  Ref.  Church, 
Th.  Sem.  Presbyterian  Church, 

WiTTEMBURG  Til.  SEMINARY, 

German  Reformed, 
Western  Theol.  Seminary, 
Theological  School, 
Theological  Seminary, 
Western  Theological  School, 
Th.  Dep.  Lewisbueg  Univ., 


Bancjor, 

Me. 

Concord, 

N.  H. 

Gilmanton, 

N.  H. 

New  Hampton, 

N.  H. 

Andover, 

Mass. 

Cambridge, 

Mass. 

Newton, 

Mass. 

New  Haven, 

Conn. 

East  Windsor, 

Conn. 

iliddletown, 

Conn. 

New  York, 

N.Y. 

New  Yorli, 

N.  Y. 

Auburn, 

N.Y. 

Hamilton, 

N.Y. 

Rochester, 

N.Y. 

Hartwich, 

N.Y. 

Newburg, 

N.  Y. 

New  Brunswick, 

N.J. 

Princeton, 

N.J. 

Gettysburg, 

Penn. 

Mercersburg, 

Penn. 

Alleghauv, 

Penn. 

Canonsburg, 

Penn. 

Pittsburg, 

Penn. 

Meadville, 

Penn. 

Lewisburg, 

Penn. 

St.  Mary's  Seminary, 
Epis.  Theol.  School  of  Va., 
Union  Theological  Seminary, 
Virginia  Baptist  Seminary, 
Theological  Seminary, 
Theological  Seminary, 
FuRMAN  Theol.  Seminary, 
Th.  Sem.  of  Mercer  Univ., 
Howard  Th.  Institution, 
Western  Bap.  Th.  Institution, 
Danville  Theol.  Seminary, 
Southwest  Theol.  Seminary, 
Th.  School  Cumb.  Univ., 
Th.  Dep.  St.  Louis  Univ., 
Lane  Seminary, 
Theol.  Dep.  Kenyon  Coll., 
Theol.  Dep.  West.  Res.  Coll., 
Granville  Theol.  Dep't, 
Oberlin  Theol.  Dep't, 
Th.  Sem.  Ass.  Ref.  Church, 
Wittenberg, 

Bibl.  Dep.  Ohio  Wesl.  Univ., 
New  Albany  Th.  Seminary, 
Theological  Seminary, 
Alton  Theol.  Seminary, 
Nashotah  Theol.  Seminary, 


Baltimore, 

Md. 

Fairfax  Co., 

Va. 

Prince  Ed.  Co., 

Va. 

Richmond, 

Va. 

Columbia, 

S.  C. 

Lexington, 

S.  C. 

Pairfield  Dist., 

s.  c. 

Penfield, 

Ga. 

Marion, 

Ala. 

Georgetown, 

Kv. 

Danville, 

Ky. 

Maryville, 

Tcnn 

Lebanon, 

Tenn 

St.  Louis, 

Mo. 

Cincinnati, 

Ohio. 

Gambler, 

Ohio. 

Hudson, 

Ohio. 

Granville, 

Ohio. 

Oberlin, 

Ohio. 

Oxford, 

Ohio. 

Springfield, 

Ohio. 

Delaware, 

Ohio. 

Hanover, 

Ind. 

Chicago. 

111. 

Upper  Alton, 

111. 

Nashotah, 

Wis. 

MEDICAL  SCHOOLS. 


Medical  School  op  Maine, 
X.  H.  Medical  School, 
Castleton  Medical  Coll., 
Med.  Dep.  Univ.  Vermont, 
Vermont  Medical  Coll., 
Medical  School,  Harv.  Univ., 
Berkshire  Medical  School, 
Medical  Inst.,  Yale  Coll., 
Coll.  Phys.  and  Surg.,  N.  York, 
Geneva  Medical  Coll., 
Med.  Faculty,  Univ.  N.  Y., 
Albany  Medical  Coll., 
Med.  Dep.,  Univ.  Penn., 
Jefferson  Medical  CoLl., 
Med.  Dep.,  Penn.  Coll., 
Philadelphia  Coll.  of  Med., 
Med.  School,  Univ.  Md., 
Washingto-n  Med.  Coll., 
Nat.  Med.  Coll.,  Columb.  Coll., 
Med.  Dep.,  Georgetown  Coll., 


Brunswick, 

Me. 

Hanover, 

N.  II. 

Castleton, 

Vt. 

Burlington, 

Vt. 

Woodstock, 

Vt. 

Boston, 

Mass. 

Pittsfield, 

Mass. 

New  Haven, 

Conn. 

New  York, 

N.Y. 

Geneva, 

N.Y. 

New  York, 

N.  -Y. 

Albany, 

N.  Y. 

Philadelphia, 

Penn. 

Philadelphia, 

Penn. 

Philadelphia, 

Penn. 

Philadelphiaj 

Penn. 

Baltimore, 

Md. 

Baltimore, 

Md. 

Washington, 

D.  C. 

Washington, 

D.  C. 

Med.  School,  Univ.  Va., 
Med.  Dep.,  Hamp.-Sid.  Coll., 
Winchester  Med.  Coll., 
Med.  Coll.  State  of  S.  C., 
Med.  Coll.  of  Georgia, 
Med.  Dep.,  Univ.  Louisiana, 
Med.  Dep.,  Univ.  Nashville, 
Med.  Dep.,  East  Ten.n.  Univ., 
Med.  Dep.,  Transylvania  Univ. 
Med.  Dep.,  Univ.  Louisville, 
Med.  Dep., West.  Reserve  Coll. 
Medical  College  of  Ohio, 
West.  Coll.  Homeopathic  Med, 
Starling  Medical  Coll., 
Rush  Medical  Coll., 
University  of  Michigan, 
St.  Louis  Medical  Coll., 
Med.  Dep.  of  Missouri  Univ., 
Med.  Dep.  of  State  Univ., 
Med.  Dep.  State  Univ., 


Charlottesville, 

Va. 

Richmond, 

Va. 

Winchester, 

Va. 

Charleston, 

S.  C. 

Augusta, 

Ga. 

New  Orleans, 

La. 

Nashville, 

Tcnn 

Knoxville, 

Tenn 

,  Lexington, 

Kv. 

Louisville, 

Kv. 

,  Cleveland, 

Ohio. 

Cincinnati, 

Ohio. 

,  Cleveland, 

Ohio. 

Columbus, 

Ohio. 

Chicago, 

111. 

Ann  Arbor, 

Mich. 

St.  Louis, 

Mo. 

Columbia, 

Mo. 

Keokuk, 

Iowa. 

Madison, 

Wis. 

LAW  SCHOOLS. 


Dane  Law  School,  H.  Univ., 
Law  School,  Yale  Coll., 
University  of  Albany, 
L.vw  School,  Columbia  Coll., 
University  of  Pennsylvania, 
William  and  Maky  College, 
Law  School,  Univ.  of  Va., 
North  Carolina  University, 
University  of  Louisiana, 
University  of  Louisville, 


Cambridge, 

Mass. 

New  Haven, 

Conn. 

Albany, 

N.Y. 

New  York, 

N.Y. 

Philadelphia, 

Penn. 

Williamsburg, 

Va. 

Charlottesville, 

Va. 

Chapel  Hill, 

N.  C. 

New  Orleans, 

La. 

Louisville, 

Ky. 

Franklin  Springs,  Ky. 


Kentucky  Military  Inst., 

Cumberland  University,  Lebanon,  Tenn, 

Law  School,  Cincin.  Coll.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Indiana  State  University,  Bloomington,  Ind. 

Indiana  Asbury  L'xiversity,        Greencastle,  Ind. 

Maynard  L.  S.,  Hamiltox  Col.,  Clinton,  N.  Y. 

N.  Y.  State  axd  Natioxal  L.  S.,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. 

L^xivERsiTY  OF  Mississippi,  Oxford,  Miss. 

L'xivERSiTY  OF  MICHIGAN,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich- 


200 


STATISTICAL     TABLES, 


NORMAL    SCHOOLS. 


State 
State 
State 
State 
State 
State 
State 
State 


Normal 
Normal 
Normal 
Normal 
Normal 
Normal 
Normal 
Normal 


School, 
School, 
School, 
School, 
School, 
School, 
School, 
School, 


Framingham, 

Westfield, 

Bridgewater, 

Salem, 

Bristol, 

New  Britain, 

Albany, 

Trenton, 


Mass. 
Mass. 
Mass. 
Mass. 
R.  L 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
N.  J. 


State  Normal  School,  Millersville, 

State  Normal  School,  Edenboro, 

*  Chester  County  Normal  School,  Westchester, 

*  McNeelt  Normal  School,  Hopedale, 

*  S.  W.  Normal  School,  Lebanon, 
State  Normal  School,  Ypsilanti, 
State  Normal  University,  Bloomington, 
State  Normal  School,  Winona, 


Penn. 

Penn. 

Penn. 

Ohio. 

Ohio. 

Mich. 

111. 

Minn. 


TELEGRAPH    LINES. 


LENGTH    OF   LINES    OF    LAND    TELEGRAPH. 


America,  (United  States,) 

America,  (British  Provinces,) 

America,  (other  parts,  and  islands,^) 

Australia, 

Austria  and  Germany,   . 

Bavaria  and  Saxony, 

Beloium,  .... 

England,         .  .  . 

France,    .... 


.     35,000 

India, 

, 

. 

5,000 

Italy, 

, 

5,000 

Prussia, 

, 

, 

1,200 

Russia,     . 

, 

.     10,000 

Switzerland, 

. 

1,700 

Rest  of  Europe,  . 

550 

Other  parts  of  the 

World, 

, 

10,000 

8,000 

Total, 

. 

6,000 
2,500 
4,000 
5,000 
1,500 
1,400 
500 

96,350 


lines  of  submarine  telegraph, 

Dover  and  Calais,    '.  .  .  .  . 

Dover  and  Ostend,  ...... 

Holyhead  and  Howth,  ...... 

England  and  Holland,    ...... 

Port  Patrick  and  Donaghadee,        ..... 

Port  Patrick  and  Donaghadee,  (second  cable,) 

Across  the  Soland,  Isle  of  Wight,  (England,) 

Across  the  Frith  of  Forth,  (Scotland,) 

Denmark,  across  the  Great  Belt,  .... 

Denmark,  across  the  Little  Belt,  .... 

Denmark,  across  the  Sound,  .  .  .  ... 

Petersburg  to  Cronstadt,  ..... 

Italy  and  Corsica,     .  ...... 

Corsica  and  Sardinia,     .  .  .  ^  .  . 

Messina  to  Reggio,.  ...... 

Across  the  Danube  at  Shumla,  .... 

Six  cables  across  the  mouth  of  the  Danube  at  the  Isle  of  Serpents,  (each 
having  one  conductor,)    ...... 

Varna  and  Balaklava,  (across  the  Black  Sea,) 

Balaklava  and  Eupatoria,    ...... 

Across  the  Bosporus  at  Kandili,  .... 

Across  the  Hoogly  River,    ...... 

Across  the  St.  Lawrence,  ..... 

Across  the  Straits  of  Northumberland,  (Prince  Edward's  Island,) 

Across  the  Gut  of  Canso,  (Nova  Scotia,) 

Across  the  St.  Lawrence  at  QuebeCj  .... 

Across  the  Mississippi  at  Paduca,  .  . 

Small  River  Crossings,  ... 


one  mile  lon< 


Miles. 

"Wires. 

Date. 

25 

4 

1851 

.      75 

6 

1852 

65 

1 

1852 

.     115 

3 

1853 

13 

6 

1853 

.       13 

6 

1853 

3 

4 

1855 

4 

4 

1854 

15 

3 

1854 

5 

3 

1854 

12 

3 

1855 

.       10 

1 

1856 

65 

6 

1854 

.       10 

6 

1854 

5 

1856 

1 

1855 

'  and 

6 

1857 

.     340 

1855 

60 

1855 

1 

1856 

2.51 

.       74 

1856 

10.51 

1856 

3 

1856 

1 

1855 

1 

1851 

20 

Total  length  of  Submarine  Cables, 


955 


*  Private  Institutions. 


^ 


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